La préparation de polymères à base d’acides biliaires, molécules biologiques, a attiré l'attention des chercheurs en raison des applications potentielles dans les domaines biomédicaux et pharmaceutiques. L’objectif de ce travail est de synthétiser de nouveaux biopolymères dont la chaîne principale est constituée d’unités d’acides biliaires. La polymérisation par étapes a été adoptée dans ce projet afin de préparer les deux principales classes de polymères utilisés en fibres textiles: les polyamides et les polyesters. Des monomères hétéro-fonctionnels à base d’acides biliaires ont été synthétisés et utilisés afin de surmonter le déséquilibre stoechiométrique lors de la polymérisation par étapes. Le dérivé de l’acide lithocholique modifié par une fonction amine et un groupement carboxylique protégé a été polymérisé en masse à températures élevées. Les polyamides obtenus sont très peu solubles dans les solvants organiques. Des polyamides et des polyesters solubles en milieu organique ont pu être obtenus dans des conditions modérées en utilisant l’acide cholique modifié par des groupements azide et alcyne. La polymérisation a été réalisée par cycloaddition azoture-alcyne catalysée par l'intermédiaire du cuivre(Ι) avec deux systèmes catalytiques différents, le bromure de cuivre(I) et le sulfate de cuivre(II). Seul le bromure de cuivre(Ι) s’est avéré être un catalyseur efficace pour le système, permettant la préparation des polymères avec un degré de polymérisation égale à 50 et une distribution monomodale de masse moléculaire (PDI ˂ 1.7). Les polymères synthétisés à base d'acide cholique sont thermiquement stables (307 °C ≤ Td ≤ 372 °C) avec des températures de transition vitreuse élevées (137 °C ≤ Tg ≤ 167 °C) et modules de Young au-dessus de 280 MPa, dépendamment de la nature chimique du lien. / Bile acids have drawn attention in the synthesis of polymers for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications due to their natural origin. The objective of this work is to synthesize main-chain bile acid-based polymers. The step-growth polymerization was used to prepare two important classes of polymers used in textile fibers, polyamides and polyesters. Heterofunctional bile acid-based monomers were synthesized and used in order to overcome stoichiometric imbalances during step-growth polymerization. The lithocholic acid derivative bearing amine and protected carboxylic functional groups was polymerized in bulk at high temperatures, yielding polyamides that were poorly soluble in common organic solvents. Soluble triazole-linked polyamides and polyesters were obtained when the cholic acid derivative bearing azide and alkyne functional groups was polymerized under mild conditions via copper(Ι)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Two different catalytic systems, copper(Ι) bromide and copper(ΙΙ) sulfate, were tested. Only copper(Ι) bromide proved to be an effective catalyst for the system, allowing the synthesis of the polymers with a degree of polymerization of ca. 50 and an unimodal molecular weight distribution(PDI ˂ 1.7). The main-chain cholic acid-based polymers are thermally stable (307 °C ≤ Td ≤ 372 °C) with high glass transition temperatures (137 °C ≤ Tg ≤ 167 °C) and Young’s moduli in excess of 280 MPa, depending on the chemical structure of the linker.

Hydrazine and monomethylhydrazine are widely used as propellants in aerospace and defense industries. However these chemicals are volatile, carcinogenic, and sensitive to impact, which impose serious threats during their usage. In this thesis, we have demonstrated two novel ways to immobilize hydrazine chemicals. In one approach hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine have been gelled using carbon dioxide. Chemical and structural properties of these gels are studied by NMR (1H, 15N, 13C), diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy, and Cryo-HRSEM. Thermal reversibility of these gels is also demonstrated. In another approach, hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine are reacted with 5-methyltetrazole to form ionic liquids. Synthesis of novel tetrazole monomers and polymers, .and new method for encapsulating sodium azide have also reported in this thesis

A solução de cobalto(lI) em meio de perclorato de sódio apresenta uma onda polarográfica de redução próxima a -1,4 V em relação ao ECS a 25°C. A adição do ligante azoteto, N3-, causa a antecipação desta onda catódica para a região mais positiva de potencial. A máxima antecipação - de 320 mV - é atingida pela adição de 0,600 M do ligante. A antecipação da onda por ocasião da adição de azoteto, é explicada pela capacidade deste Iigante se adsorver sobre a superfície do mercúrio, formando uma ponte entre o eletrodo e o cátion metálico, facilitando a transferência de elétrons. A diminuição de sobretensão verificada com a adição do ligante reflete a queda da energia de ativação necessária para que ocorra a transferência de elétrons e como o azoteto é o responsável por este fenômeno, ele pode ser chamado de ligante catalítico. Critérios de caracterização para processos de eletrodo mostraram que a adição do ligante diminui o grau de irreversibilidade do processo de redução do cobalto(lI) - na técnica de pulso - em relação ao meio de perclorato. Em concentrações de azoteto inferiores a 0,600 M ocorre a antecipação gradativa da onda de redução do cobalto(lI) com um desdobramento em duas ondas com potenciais de meia-onda próximos a -1,1 V e -1,4 V, respectivamente. Da análise das curvas de distribuição das espécies complexas em equilíbrio concluiu-se ser a onda em -1,1 V correspondente à redução do azoteto-complexo de cobalto(ll) (presente já no seio da solução ou formado na superfície do eletrodo) e a onda em -1,4 V relacionada ao aquo-íon de cobalto(II). Especificamente na concentração de azoteto 0,160 M a onda na região de -1,1 V na polarografia de pulso diferencial apresentou um desdobramento bem nítido. Tal fato foi interpretado como transferência de elétrons por etapa ou, em outras palavras, entrada de elétrons com velocidades diferentes, possibilitando a existência de cobalto no estado monovalente ainda que por um lapso de tempo curto. Medições coulométricas a potencial controlado foram feitas em dois potenciais da onda do azoteto-complexo: (1) potencial em que ocorreu o desdobramento e (2) potencial limite. Em (1) o número de elétrons obtido foi menor que 2, a solução turvou-se devido à elevação do pH e a análise de toque na solução final detectou a presença do cátion amônio. Em (2) o número de elétrons obtido foi 2, a solução permaneceu límpida, e a análise de toque não determinou a presença de amônio. Os fatos observados em (1) reforçaram a hipótese da formação do intermediário de cobalto(l) que seria reoxidado a cobalto(lI) pelo HN3 produzindo NH4+ e N2. No caso (2), por sua vez, a redução possivelmente leva à formação de cobalto metálico, que não interage com o HN3. Outras evidências da formação de cobalto(l) obtidas foram: a) o número de elétrons fracionado e maior que 3 quando aumentou-se a concentração de HN3 no caso (1); b) a elevação significativa apenas da corrente associada ao primeiro pico (supostamente atribuído ao Co(l)) com a elevação da concentração de HN3 em solução; c) a quebra em duas retas, nas curvas de polarização, cujos coeficientes angulares foram maiores na presença de 0,160 M de azoteto e, finalmente d) a relação Ic/la, próxima de 1 quando o Ei no PPR foi fixado no potencial do desdobramento, e bem maior que 1, com Ei fixado no limite. / The electroreduction of Co(ll) in perchloric media gives origin to a polarographic wave about -1.4 V VS. SCE at 25°C. With the addition of the azide ligand, N3-, that wave shifts towards more positive potentials. The higher value of the potential shift, 320 mV, is recorded for the concentration 0,600 M of ligand. The shift can be explained by the adsorption of the azide ion on mercury electrodes, bridging the electrode and the metal ion, and promoting, then, the electron transfer more easily. With intermediary ligand concentrations the reduction wave of the cobalt ion breaks in two curves having walf-wave potentials around -1.1 and -1.4 V. Taking into account the distribution curve of the complexes species in equilibrium, it is concluded that the first wave corresponds to the azide complex of cobalt(lI) (already present in the solution or formed on the electrode surface), and the second one is related to the Co(lI) aquo íon. The wave correspondent to the reduction of azide complex, in the differential pulse polarography, too shows a splitting in two curves. This behavior dependents of the ligand concentration can be interpreted in terms of a stepwise charge transfer reaction, with the possible production of a labil Co(l) intermediate. Coulometric experiments performed at the potential where the breaks occurs, confirmed the supposition of the presence of Co(l) species, which could be oxidized to Co(ll) by HN3 yielding NH4+ and N2. Two linear regions exhibited by polarization curves in the solution 0,160 M azide and the Ic/la current ratio equal to 1, obtained by reverse pulse polarography with the initial potential coinciding with the potential at which break occurs, gave further evidences of the possible formation of Co(l) species.

Na parte inicial deste trabalho faz-se estudo monográfico sobre o íon azoteto e sua estrutura. Também nesta parte encontram-se reunidas referências sobre o íon uranilo em meio aquoso e os possíveis produtos de hidrólise, propostos na literatura, bem como, em presença de azoteto. Algumas considerações sobre a formação de complexos mistos polinucleares são também apresentadas. Sendo o ácido azotídrico um eletrólito fraco, as mudanças de pH nos tampões N-3/HN3 podem ser acompanhadas após a introdução de íons U2O2+5, potenciometricamente, com eletrodo de vidro. No intuito de obtenção de medidas mais precisas, determinou-se a resposta Nernstiana do eletrodo utilizado. O tratamento de dados aplicado à obtenção das constantes de formação, em meio azoteto, através do numero médio de ligantes e do grau de complexação, a diferentes concentrações de ligante, força iônica 2,00 M e temperatura de (25,0 ± 0,l) ºC, permitiu a avaliação de três constantes de equilíbrio: β1 = 2,136 x 104 (M-1), β2 = 6,090 x 105 (M-2), β3 = 1,421 x 108 (M-3). Tais constantes de formação, nas condições estudadas, bem como o crescimento da estabilidade especialmente do primeiro complexo, sugerem a existência dos seguintes equilíbrios: (Ver arquivo PDF). É proposto um método alternativo , para a determinação de acidez livre das soluções padrões de câtions de metais hidrolisáveis, por medidas de pH condicional, à força iônica constante, por adição de padrão ácido. Correção de pH para respostas não Nernstianas do eletrodo de vidro recomenda o processo para resultados analíticos mais precisos. Estudos espectrofotométricos em meio aquoso complementam os estudos de hidrólise para o íon uranilo. Estudos das características espectrais dos sistemas U(VI), Fe(III) e Cu(II) em meio azotídrico, sugerem apresentação de um método analítico, para a determinação simultânea destes íons, baseado nas altas absortividades molares dos complexos formados: (Ver arquivo PDF). Em decorrência do estudo de interferentes, após extenso estudo sobre a oxidação e estabilidade dos sistemas cobalto (II) e níquel(II), em meio azotídrico, baseado nas trocas espectrais de cobalto(II) à cobalto(III), é apresentado um método alternativo para a detecção de traços de cobalto em diferentes sais de níquel (perclorato, nitrato, sulfato e cloreto), após estudo monográfico apresentando os clássicos para tal finalidade. Em meio 2,9 M de ‌N-3‌ e 0,10 M ‌HN3‌ pela ação de 10 mM de H2O2 à 365 - 353 nm marcantes diferenças espectrais devidas à oxidação de íons de cobalto recomendam o método da adição de padrão para limites entre 0,59 - 1,7 mg de Co(II) com interferências de níquel(II) em concentrações superiores à 250 mg . Medidas potenciométricas permitiram uma estimativa da constante global de formação da espécie ‌Co(N3)6‌3- por oxidação anódica de íons de cobalto(II) em meio não complexante, a baixas temperaturas e pela ação de oxidante químico, PbO2, em meio complexante, como sendo da ordem de 1016 (M-6) em força iônica 2,00 M (NaClO4) à (25,0 ± 0,1) °C. / The study starts with a monographic study about the azide ion and its structure. In this part we can also meet bibliographic references about the uranyl ion, in aqueous medium, and its possible hydrolysis products is proposed in the literature. Some considerations of the mixed polinuclear complex formation are also presented. Being hydrazoic acida weak electrolyte, the change of pH in N-3/HN3 buffers can be followed after introduction of U2O2+5 ions, potentiometrically, with glass electrode. In order to obtain accurate measurements the Nernstian response of this electrode was determined. Data treatment was applied to obtain the hydrolysis formation constants , in azide medium, through the average ligand number and complexity function, at several ligand concentrations, ionic strenght 2.00 M and temperature of (25.0 ± 0.l) ºC. The following constants are avaliable: β1 = 2,136 x 104 (M-1), β2 = 6,090 x 105 (M-2), β3 = 1,421 x 108 (M-3). Referred to the equilibria (3) - (5): (See file PDF). It has been proposed an alternative method for the determination of free strong acid in standard solutions of hydrolysable cations, can be achieved by measurements of the conditional pH, at constant ionic strenght, with standard acid addition. Corrections of the measured pH for non Nernstian response of the glass electrode is a recomended procedure for more accurate analytical results. Spectrophotometric studies, in aqueous medium, are completing the hydrolysis studies of uranyl ion. Spectral studies of the U(VI), Cu(II) and Fe(III) systems, in azide medium, to render possible a new analytical method, for simultaneous determination of these ions, based in high molar absortivities of the complex formed (See file PDF). Running allway of the foreign ins study, after the great study about the oxidation and stability of cobalt(II) and nickel(II) systems, in azide medium, based in spectral changes of cobalt(II) to cobalt(III), it has been formed an alternative method for determination of traces of cobalt in different nickel salts (perchlorate, nitrate, sulphate, and chloride). A monographic study, giving the different methods of the literature, has been completed. In 2.9 M ‌N-3‌ and 0.10 M ‌HN3‌ by the action of 10 mM of H2O2 at 365 - 353 nm a marked spectral differences arosen from oxidation of cobalt(II). A standard addition method leved to determination of 0.59 - 1.7 mg Co of nickel interferes when in concentrations higher than 250 mg, i.e., higher than 0.010 M. Potentiometric measurements lead to an estimation of overall formation constant of ‌Co(N3)6‌3- specie by anodic oxidation of cobalt(II) ions, in non complexing medium, at low temperatures and by chemical oxidant action, PbO2, in complexing medium, as being 1016 (M-6) order in ionic strenght 2.00 M (NaClO4) at (25.0 ± 0.1) ºC.

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNR) are essential enzymes that catalyze the reduction of ribonucleotides to 2'-deoxyribonucleotides, which is a critical step that produces precursors for DNA replication and repair. The inactivation of RNR, logically, would discontinue producing the precursors of the DNA of viral or cancer cells, which then would consequently end the cycle of DNA replication. Among different compounds that were found to be inhibitors of RNR, 2'-azido-2'-deoxynucleotide diphosphates (N3NDPs) have been investigated in depth as potent inhibitors of RNR. Decades of investigation has suggested that the inactivation of RNR by N3NDPs is a result of the formation of a nitrogen-centered radical (N•) that is covalently attached to the nucleotide at C3' and cysteine molecule C225 [3'-C(R-S-N•-C-OH)]. Biomimetic simulation reactions for the generation of the nitrogen-centered radicals similar to the one observed during the inactivation of the RNR by azionuclotides was investigated. The study included several modes: (i) theoretical calculation that showed the feasibility of the ring closure reaction between thiyl radicals and azido group; (ii) synthesis of the model azido nucleosides with a linker attached to C3' or C5' having a thiol or vicinal dithiol functionality; (iii) generation of the thiyl radical under both physiological and radiolysis conditions whose role is important in the initiation on RNR cascades; and (iv) analysis of the nitrogen-centered radical species formed during interaction between the thiyl radical and azido group by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). Characterization of the aminyl radical species formed during one electron attachment to the azido group of 2'-azido-2'-deoxyuridine and its stereospecifically labelled 1'-, 2'-, 3'-, 4'- or 5,6-[2H2]-analogues was also examined. This dissertation gave insight toward understanding the mechanism of the formation of the nitrogen-centered radical during the inactivation of RNRs by azidonucleotides as well as the mechanism of action of RNRs that might provide key information necessary for the development of the next generation of antiviral and anticancer drugs.

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Yes / The synthesis of cyclic amphiphilic graft copolymers with a hydrophobic polycarbonate backbone and hydrophilic poly(N-acryloylmorpholine) (PNAM) side arms via a combination of ring-opening polymerization (ROP), cyclization via copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), and reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is reported. The ability of these cyclic graft copolymers to form unimolecular micelles in water is explored using a combination of light scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM) analyses, where particle size was found to increase with increasing PNAM arm length. Further analysis revealed differences in the solution conformations, loading capabilities, and morphologies of the cyclic graft copolymers in comparison to equivalent linear graft copolymer unimolecular micelle analogues. Furthermore, the cyclic and linear graft copolymers were found to exhibit significantly different cloud point temperatures. This study highlights how subtle changes in polymer architecture (linear graft copolymer versus cyclic graft copolymer) can dramatically influence a polymer’s nanostructure and its properties. / Royal Society (Great Britain), Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), European Research Council (ERC)

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit sind Versuche zur Synthese von 1-Azido-1 alkinen (Ethinylaziden). Diese instabilen Verbindungen zersetzen sich leicht unter Stickstoffabspaltung zu hochreaktiven Carbenen, welche mit verschiedenen Reagenzien, explizit Tolan, Cyclooctin, DMSO sowie DMF, abgefangen werden konnten. Obwohl eine direkte spektroskopische Beobachtung der Titelverbindungen mittels Tieftemperatur-NMR-Spektroskopie nicht verwirklicht werden konnte, gelang der eindeutige Nachweis von Ethinylaziden via deren 1,3-dipolarer Cycloaddition mit dem hochgespannten cyclischen Alkin Cyclooctin. Als Strategie für die Synthese der Titelverbindungen wurden sowohl Substitutionsreaktionen ausgehend von (Chlorethinyl)aromaten als auch Eliminierungsreaktionen ausgehend von substituierten Vinylaziden herangezogen. Es konnten zahlreiche Sulfoxonium-Ylide sowie alpha-Oxocarbonsäureamide als eindeutige Folgeprodukte der Titelverbindungen isoliert und vollständig – größtenteils sogar anhand von Röntgeneinkristallstrukturanalysen – charakterisiert werden.