Yes / This study examines the effect of carbon price uncertainty on stock price crash risk. Utilizing the dynamic panel model on the data of Chinese listed firms from 2011 to 2018, we find that high carbon price uncertainty increases stock price crash risk. The impact of carbon price uncertainty is more prominent in the heavily polluting industries and during the post-period of the Paris agreement. The two underlying channels through which carbon price uncertainty induces stock price crashes are managers' hoarding of bad news and investors' heterogeneity. Furthermore, reducing information asymmetry inside and outside the firms can mitigate the influence of carbon price uncertainty on stock price crash risk. Our findings demonstrate that carbon price uncertainty as a newly underexplored factor induced by the prevailing curb of catastrophe risks has unintended but important implications on stock prices. / This study was supported by the Project of Social Science Achievement Evaluation Committee of Hunan Province (Grant No. XSP22YBZ160), Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 2022JJ40644 and No. 2022JJ40647). / The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 24th Oct 2024.

In master thesis called Negativity in Television News we dealt with the structure of television news from good news vs. bad news angle of view and in context both public service and commercial based media. We focused on two main TV news programmes Události (Czech television) and Televizní noviny (TV Nova). Bad news category was analysed in depth then. The text starts with a chapter about relationship between media contents and reality so we were describing social constructivism theory in media context. Then we dealt with mechanisms and influences, which affect form of media outputs; we focused on concept of news values and processes of tabloidization and commercialization. Next chapter was dedicated to definition of negativity in news. In this context we described presence of bad news in coverage during the history; we dealt with media violence and its effects on audience; we defined media negativity and set up the typology of bad news. The analysis showed us percentage of bad news in two main news programmes of Czech television and TV Nova. We found out, which negative topics were predominating and they were analysed in depth then. In this part of analysis we were researching through what particular factors of negativity the negative impression of news is being increased.

L'annonce d'une mauvaise nouvelle en cancérologie constitue un exercice anxiogène pour les médecins. La théorie de la régulation émotionnelle laisse à penser que les médecins vont avoir recours à des stratégies afin de réguler leurs émotions au moment de l'annonce. Nous nous sommes interrogés sur l'impact des stratégies de régulation émotionnelle des médecins confrontés à l'annonce d'une mauvaise nouvelle, sur l'ajustement psychologique de leurs patients. Pour y répondre, quatre études ont été menées. La première visait à analyser l'anxiété des médecins et deux stratégies de régulation émotionnelles ( la réévaluation cognitive et la suppression expressive), à l'annonce d'une mauvaise nouvelle. Dans la seconde étude, les résultats de l'analyse quantitative d'entretiens menés auprès de médecins nous ont permis d'élargir l'éventail des émotions (négatives et positives) et des stratégies de régulation émotionnelle des médecins à l'annonce d'une mauvaise nouvelle. Dans la troisième étude, l'analyse IPA du discours des médecins a fait émerger deux éléments clés de compréhension de l'expérience subjective des médecins face à l'annonce : le sens que les médecins donnent à l'annonce et à leur rôle, et le lien établi avec leurs patients. La dernière étude s'est focalisée sur l'analyse des liens entre l'anxiété, les stratégies de régulation émotionnelle et les compétences relationnelles des médecins au moment de l'annonce, et l'ajustement psychologique de leurs patients quinze jours après l'annonce. Les résultats de ces quatre études apportent de nouveaux éléments de réflexion concernant les formations à l'annonce de mauvaises nouvelles proposées aux médecins. / Breaking bad news in oncology is a difficult task for physicians, generating anxiety. The theory of emotion regulation suggests that physicians are using emotion regulation strategies to influence their emotions when breaking bad news to patients. The literature has led us to question the impact of the emotion regulation strategies of physicians facing giving bad news in oncology, on their patient's psychological adjustment. To address this topic, four studies were carried out. The first one enables us to analyse physicians' anxiety and two emotions regulation strategies (expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal) at three different stages of the announcement : just before, just after and a week later. In the second study, the results of qualitative analysis from semi-structured interviews with physicians allow us to expand the range of emotions (negative and positive) and physicians' emotion regulation strategies when announcing a bad news. In the third study, the interpretative phenomenological analysis of the physicians' interviews enables us to understand two key elements of the subjective experience of physicians facing the announcement : the importance that physicians give to the announcement and their role, and the relationship established with their patients. Tha last study focusses on the analysis of the link between anxiety, emotion regulation strategies and the physicians' interpersonal skills when breaking bad news in oncology, and the patient's psychological adjustment fifteen days after the announcement. The results of these four studies allow to provide new lines of approach regarding the training in breaking bad news currently available for physicians.

Le projet ANR ACORFORMed, dans lequel s’inscrit cette thèse, a pour objectif la création (par des informaticiens) d’un agent conversationnel animé « patient » comme outil de formation à l’annonce, par la simulation et à l’aide d’un environnement virtuel. A l’aide de la méthodologie issue des études de la gestuelle et des apports de la littérature sur l’organisation des interactions, nous tentons de répondre à la question suivante : quelle est l’organisation structurelle globale de l’interaction patient-médecin, lorsque ce dernier se forme à l’annonce d’un dommage associé aux soins ? Les analyses menées dans cette thèse nous permettent de décrire l’interaction patient/médecin lors de formations à l’annonce en proposant différentes phases composants l’interaction, ainsi que des précisions quant à leur découpage et leurs articulations. Elles constituent une base indispensable et utilisable par les informaticiens pour concevoir et implémenter un agent conversationnel « patient » crédible qui pourra être utilisé dans la formation des médecins. Située au coeur d’un projet interdisciplinaire, cette thèse en linguistique permet donc de transposer les pratiques interactionnelles des médecins en vue de l’implémentation d’un agent virtuel par des informaticiens. / The ACORFORMed ANR project, in which this PhD project is integrated, aims at the creation (by computer scientists) of a "patient" animated conversational agent as a training tool for announcing, simulating and using a virtual environment. Using the methodology resulting from gestures studies and contributions of the literature on the organisation of interactions, we try to answer the following question: what is the overall structural organisation of the doctor/patient interaction, when this last is training to break the news of a damage associated with care? The analyses carried out in this thesis allow us to describe the doctor/patient interaction during training to break the news by proposing different phases that make up the interaction, as well as details about their division and their articulations. They are an indispensable and usable base for computer scientists to design and implement a credible "patient" conversational agent that can be used in physician training. Located at the heart of an interdisciplinary project, this thesis in linguistics makes it possible to transpose the interactional practices of physicians with a view to the implementation of a virtual agent by computer scientists.

本論文的目的，在探討我國自願性財物預測公告與公告與證券信用交易之間的關係。信用交易的增減代表使用信用交易的投資者對某特定資訊的瞭解與使用，因此實證檢視財務預測的修正行為與信用交易增減的關係，可以敏銳地瞭解，是種特定投資者在哪個時點對財務預測修正進行理性預期，並予使用且做了較實際的交易行為。因此，本研究的測試可以瞭解使用信用交易的投資者如何使用財務預測等相關資訊。據此，本研究的結果有助於了解使用信用交易的投資者如何運用自願性財務預測資訊來做投資決策。 研究期間是以民國八十四年至八十六年的資料為分析的對象，研究的結果顯示： 一、在季報（半年報、年報）公告前公佈的財務預測，好消息會引起融資顯著增加，融券增加幅度雖不如融資大，但結果亦為顯著；壞消息會使融資及融券同樣顯著增加，但融資增加幅度亦較融券顯著。 二、在季報（半年報、年報）公告後公佈的財務預測，好消息會引起融資顯著增加，融券增加幅度雖不如融資大，但結果亦為顯著；壞消息會使融資及融券同樣顯著增加，但融資增加幅度亦較融券顯著。 / This study aims to examine the relationship between an announcement of voluntary forecasts and credit transactions, including margin and short transactions. In general, an announcement of good news would attract investor to employ margin for a long position, and vice versa. Since only noisy trader can employ credit transaction in Taiwan, this study hypothesizes that investors would follow the announcement for making rational expectation. The results of this study could help understand how noisy traders use a financial forecast. This study selects the samples occurred between 1995 and 1997 to test the established hypotheses. The empirical results can be summarized as follows. ● If the announcement of voluntary forecast occurred prior to the release of quarterly, semiannual, and annual reports, both good and bad news simultaneously cause an increase of margin and short transactions during this period. However, the magnitude of margin transactions is significantly higher than that of short transactions. ● If the announcement of voluntary forecast occurred subsequent to the release of quarterly, semiannual, and annual reports, both good and bad news simultaneously cause an increase of margin and short transactions during this period; however, the magnitude of margin transaction is significantly higher than that of short transaction. Since noisy traders are essentially information follower, their judgement significantly relates to functional efficiency of informational intermediaries. These empirical results imply the function of informational intermediaries requires further improvement.

This thesis examined the delivery of medical bad news as a situational dilemma. When physicians have to convey distressing information, they must apparently choose between two negative communicative alternatives: To convey the diagnosis directly may distress and harm the patient, but to deny the diagnosis, in order to protect the patient and preserve hope, would risk compromising informed decision-making. Following Bavelas’ (1983) and Bavelas, Black, Chovil, and Mullet’s (1990) theory of situational dilemmas, the author predicted that experienced physicians would solve this dilemma by communicating the bad news indirectly (i.e., using honest but mitigated, softened, or hedged language). The experimental test of this prediction compared the language that physicians used when they communicated a diagnosis of metastasized cancer (the bad news condition) vs. a diagnosis of benign hemangiomas (the good news condition). In a within-subjects design, eight physicians with experience in palliative medicine conveyed these two diagnoses to 16 different volunteers who role-played the patients. The physicians and volunteers each had a schematic scenario with the medical background, but they otherwise improvised their interview, which was videotaped in split screen. Microanalysis of the physicians’ language focused on the sections where the physicians presented the good or the bad news for the first time. This analysis reliably assessed whether the physicians used direct or indirect terms in their naming of the diagnosis and in their evaluation of the news; whether they expressed certainty about the diagnosis; how they referred to the receiver of the diagnosis; and who they identified as the bearer of the news. The results of the microanalysis supported the prediction in this thesis: The physicians used indirect terms at a significantly higher rate when the news was bad than when the news was good. These results suggest that indirect language was the solution that these experienced physicians found for the situational dilemma of delivering bad news. In addition, the volunteer patients’ report after the bad news interview indicated that all of the volunteers understood the diagnosis and that virtually all appreciated the way the physician conveyed the bad news. These results provide evidence to support the effectiveness of indirect language in allowing physicians to convey bad news honestly while still being tactful. The findings of this study have direct implications for training physicians on how to break bad news in a manner that is both accurate and humane.

People are reluctant to transmit bad news, which is named as the MUM effect in the literature. One explanation of this effect suggests that people do not want to construct negative impressions by being associated with bad news. On the other hand, people are also willing to transmit good news which is largely ignored in the literature. In this study, transmission of good news is examined from an impression management perspective. It was suggested that people would be more likely to transmit good news and less likely to transmit bad news when they were dependent on the recipient of the news than when they were not. Four variables, likeability, perceived favor doing, expectations of gratitude and ulterior motives were hypothesized as potential mediators. Also, self &ndash / esteem, self &ndash / monitoring, Narcissism and Machiavellianism were assessed as personality variables. University students (N = 306) participated in a scenario study, with the valence of the news (good / bad) and outcome dependence on the recipient (high / low) as independent variables. The main dependent variable was transmission likelihood of the news. Results showed that, high dependence participants were more likely to transmit good news than low dependence participants. In contrast, high dependence participants were less likely to transmit bad news than low dependence participants. Moreover, likeability was found to be a partial mediator of the relationship. Participants tend to think that they would be perceived as more likeable if they transmit good news and thus they were more likely to communicate the good news. From the personality variables only Machiavellianism had a significant effect. High Machs were more likely to transmit good news in high dependence condition than did low Machs. The results of the study were discussed in the relevant literature.

This thesis examined the delivery of medical bad news as a situational dilemma. When physicians have to convey distressing information, they must apparently choose between two negative communicative alternatives: To convey the diagnosis directly may distress and harm the patient, but to deny the diagnosis, in order to protect the patient and preserve hope, would risk compromising informed decision-making. Following Bavelas’ (1983) and Bavelas, Black, Chovil, and Mullet’s (1990) theory of situational dilemmas, the author predicted that experienced physicians would solve this dilemma by communicating the bad news indirectly (i.e., using honest but mitigated, softened, or hedged language). The experimental test of this prediction compared the language that physicians used when they communicated a diagnosis of metastasized cancer (the bad news condition) vs. a diagnosis of benign hemangiomas (the good news condition). In a within-subjects design, eight physicians with experience in palliative medicine conveyed these two diagnoses to 16 different volunteers who role-played the patients. The physicians and volunteers each had a schematic scenario with the medical background, but they otherwise improvised their interview, which was videotaped in split screen. Microanalysis of the physicians’ language focused on the sections where the physicians presented the good or the bad news for the first time. This analysis reliably assessed whether the physicians used direct or indirect terms in their naming of the diagnosis and in their evaluation of the news; whether they expressed certainty about the diagnosis; how they referred to the receiver of the diagnosis; and who they identified as the bearer of the news. The results of the microanalysis supported the prediction in this thesis: The physicians used indirect terms at a significantly higher rate when the news was bad than when the news was good. These results suggest that indirect language was the solution that these experienced physicians found for the situational dilemma of delivering bad news. In addition, the volunteer patients’ report after the bad news interview indicated that all of the volunteers understood the diagnosis and that virtually all appreciated the way the physician conveyed the bad news. These results provide evidence to support the effectiveness of indirect language in allowing physicians to convey bad news honestly while still being tactful. The findings of this study have direct implications for training physicians on how to break bad news in a manner that is both accurate and humane.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-22T13:14:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Selene Afonso.pdf: 1245054 bytes, checksum: 2f32f23c4bee253cc0e91923f996308c (MD5) license.txt: 1914 bytes, checksum: 7d48279ffeed55da8dfe2f8e81f3b81f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Esta pesquisa versa sobre os sentidos que as notícias difíceis transmitidas por profissionais de saúde assumiram para os familiares das crianças com fibrose cística em tratamento no Instituto Fernandes Figueira, hospital de referência para a doença, localizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo é apreender o que os narradores consideram notícias difíceis, como tais comunicações são recebidas por eles e como influenciam suas vidas diárias com os filhos. Os sujeitos da pesquisa — nove mães e um pai de crianças entre dois e doze anos de idade — tinham seus filhos em tratamento nos ambulatórios especializados desta instituição. O crescente interesse pelos estudos das percepções dos usuários sobre as comunicações entre profissionais e pacientes/familiares e o conhecimento de que a comunicação tem grande interferência em como estes aderem e se conduzem diante do adoecimento reforça a importância deste estudo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa através do método de narrativas que ocorreu entre os meses de maio e junho de 2010, quando o assunto central da pesquisa foi apresentado e sobre o qual os narradores puderam falar livremente. Desse material foram extraídos os aspectos proeminentes em todas as narrativas; foram percebidas disparidades entre algumas delas e sobre estas foram feitas considerações. O método baseou-se em trabalhos de Javchelovitch & Bauer e Gomes & Mendonça, Thompson e Good. Os resultados procedentes das narrativas foram cotejados com o referencial teórico, o que levou a concluir que a comunicação entre profissionais e pacientes/familiares ainda é um ponto fraco nas interações em saúde. Tais comunicações, ao contrário do que ocorre nas superespecializações da área, se dão quase sempre espontaneamente, sem preparo, estudo ou crítica, causando, muitas vezes, mais dor e dificuldades àqueles que já sofrem em razão de uma doença, com reflexo sobre a vida das pessoas para além dos muros do hospital. Mesmo as notícias/informações simples podem ser percebidas como difíceis pelos pacientes/familiares, dependendo da forma como são transmitidas e quando as particularidades dos usuários e os aspectos sociais, culturais, econômicos e espirituais que os envolvem não forem levados em conta pelos profissionais. / This research is about the multiple meanings that bad news takes on as they are transmitted by health professionals to supporting family members of young cystic-fibrosis patients undergoing treatment at Instituto Fernandes Figueira - a hospital located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, considered a benchmark in the treatment of patients with this chronic disease. The aim is to understand what the narrators considered bad news, how such conveyances are conceived by this group and how this communication impacted their daily routines with their children undergoing treatment. The subject of this research – nine mothers and one father of children between the ages of two and twelve – had children undergoing treatment in the specialized clinics in the aforementioned hospital. The growing interest in studies about communication between professionals and patients/familiars as well as the underlining knowledge that this communication has great impact in how the subjects in the receiving end adhere and conduct themselves the illness, reinforces the importance of this study. This study is the result of a research conducted for a master level dissertation. The data was collected in meetings held between May and July of 2010, when the main topic of this study was presented and the participants were then asked to talk about it freely. Aspects which stood out in all of the narratives were extracted from the bulk material. The discrepancies observed were analyzed generating additional considerations. The method applied was that of narrative analysis based on the works of Javchelovitch & Bauer and Gomes & Mendonça, Thompson and Good. The findings derived from the narratives of the participants were collated to the theoretical references on which this study is based and from which the conclusion is drawn that communication in health-care is still a weak link between professionals and patients/familiars. Different than what happens in specialized medical fields, this relaying of information frequently takes place spontaneously, without any sort of preparation, study or review, causing greater pain and suffering for those already in distress resulting from the illness. This aggravated condition impacts the life of these families far beyond the hospital facilities. Information that would, otherwise, be deemed simple and straight-forward, is often perceived as difficult by patients/familiars when their particularities, as well as their social, cultural, economic and spiritual circumstances are not taken in consideration by healthcare professionals.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Bad news in the hospital scenario creates difficulties for professionals who need to accomplish this task. But, also, it is a difficult time and that changes the perspective of patients and their families about their future. Faced with this assumption, the research that led to this thesis aimed to understand the process of bad news communication in the context of the Intensive Care Unit for adults, from the perspective of physicians and family members involved in the hospitalization. This is a qualitative study of an exploratory and descriptive nature, covering all 23 participants, including 12 doctors, working in the Intensive Care Unit of a teaching hospital in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul, and 11 family members of patients admitted in this unit. We interviewed all doctors working in the unit, while the number of family participants was achieved by the criterion of sample saturation. We used semi-structured interviews and non-participant observation to collect the information, which was analyzed from the content analysis. The categories of information coming from the analysis were described and discussed in two articles that make up the essence of this work. The results show that each doctor search, in line with your style, a way of communicating based on personal experience and common sense. Both the lack of formation as the difficulty of dealing with suffering and death are related to the difficulty in communicating bad news by the doctor, giving it the need to exclude the feelings, coming from the hospital routine through the use of mechanisms aimed at appeasement of emotions. One should also consider that the family is in a moment of anguish, which can cause difficulty in understanding the information given by the doctors. Based on these appointments is considered that, in the doctor/family relationship the communication is even more technical and prioritizes unique clarifications the disease and treatment. The doctors did not feel prepared to communicate, and especially to listen to the suffering. But one should also consider how the families are underserved. / Comunicar más notícias no cenário hospitalar gera dificuldades para os profissionais que precisam realizar essa tarefa. Porém, igualmente, é um momento difícil e que altera a perspectiva do paciente e de seus familiares em relação ao seu futuro. Frente a este pressuposto, a pesquisa que originou a presente dissertação teve como objetivo geral compreender o processo de comunicação de más notícias no contexto da uma Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo para adultos, na perspectiva de médicos e familiares envolvidos na situação de internação. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, de cunho exploratório e descritivo, que abrangeu a totalidade de 23 participantes, sendo 12 médicos, atuantes na Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo de um hospital escola do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, e 11 familiares de pacientes internados nesta unidade. Foram entrevistados todos os médicos que trabalham na unidade, já o número de familiares participantes foi atingido mediante o critério de saturação da amostra. Foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação não participante para a coleta das informações, que foram analisadas a partir da análise de conteúdo. As categorias procedentes da análise das informações foram descritas e discutidas em dois artigos, que compõem a essência do presente trabalho. Os resultados apontam que cada médico, busca, em concordância com seu estilo, uma forma de comunicar baseada em experiências pessoais e no senso comum. Tanto a falta de formação quanto a dificuldade de lidar com o sofrimento e a morte relacionam-se na dificuldade do médico em comunicar más notícias, trazendo a este a necessidade de excluir os sentimentos, oriundos da própria rotina hospitalar, através do uso de mecanismos voltados ao apaziguamento das emoções. Deve-se considerar, ainda, que o familiar se encontra em um momento de angústia, o que pode ocasionar dificuldades em compreender as informações passadas pelos médicos. Partindo destes apontamentos considera-se que, na relação médico/familiar, a comunicação ainda é mais técnica e prioriza esclarecimentos exclusivos da doença e do tratamento. Os médicos não se sentem preparados para comunicar e, principalmente, para escutar o sofrimento. Mas, se deve ponderar igualmente o quanto os familiares estão desassistidos.