Le droit d'auteur – dont l'identité reste controversée – n'échappe pas à la discussion quant à la nature et au régime des contrats qui le mettent en œuvre. D'une terminologie légale ancrée dans une certaine tradition, mais hasardeuse, on infère l'originalité de l'ensemble des contrats de la matière. Or, la spécificité n'est sur ce point qu'apparente. De l'édition littéraire aux contrats de l'audiovisuel et aux œuvres diffusées sur les réseaux, l'analyse démontre que si l'auteur peut "céder" son œuvre – ce que dit la loi – il peut aussi la louer, c'est-à-dire en concéder la licence – ce qu'elle ne dit pas. Ce constat s'appuie sur une méthode de lecture renouvelée des contrats du droit d'auteur. L'attention portée par la loi impérative à certains contrats (édition, production audiovisuelle, etc.), a pu perturber l'étude de la licence, l'acte par lequel l'auteur se borne à autoriser l'exploitation de son œuvre pour un temps. Or, si la licence apparaît dans un premier temps en contrat spécial du droit d'auteur, elle sera également amenée à devenir la composante élémentaire d'un contrat complexe organisant une exploitation. Il importe donc de distinguer ces deux objets pour mieux en apprécier ensuite les interactions. Le droit d'auteur, droit "spécial", fait ainsi la preuve de son aptitude à accueillir - autant que de raison - les mécanismes du droit des contrats, droit "commun". Cette étude a pour ambition une meilleure compréhension de cette matière complexe des contrats du droit d'auteur, sans omettre le principal objectif de notre loi : la protection de l'auteur. / In the field of the author's right (a concept with a controversial identity), the nature and regime of many contracts is a subject for debate. A traditional but somehow uncertain terminology has often led to infer the originality of most of these contracts. However, this peculiarity is only apparent. From literary publishing to audiovisual contracts through creations published on networks, not only can the author of a work "assign" it – as stated by the law – but also rent it, or in other words license it – even though the law does not state it. This observation rests on a renewed reading method applied to the author's right contracts. Focusing on some of these contracts (e. g. books publishing, audiovisual production, etc.), mandatory copyright law hindered the study of license itself, i. e. the act by which an author authorizes the exploitation of his work for a fixed time. License is a special contract in the field of author's right ; it is also a basis element in a complex agreement designed to organize an exploitation. These two objects should therefore be distinguished and their interactions thoroughly analysed. A "special" right, the author's right nevertheless proves able to host (to a certain extent) the typical process of contract right – a "common" right. The present study aims to attain a better understanding of a complex matter, the author's right contracts, not forgetting the main purpose of the law itself : the protection of the author.

The thesis focuses on Cyprus financial crisis which began in 2012 and on reform tools used by Cyprus government under the Economic Adjustment Programme in order to fix consequential fiscal and monetary imbalances in the economy. Thesis provides description of main factors leading Cyprus in the crisis and broadly analyses reform tools under the EAP. Thesis positively valuates government success in implementing EAP reform tools and describes way the program was financed. Macroeconomic indicators such as GDP, inflation, unemployment and external balance are analyzed and strong influence of reform measures mainly on development of unemployment and external balance is highlighted. Cyprus banking crisis is also a first case of using banks bail-in as a tool to fix financial market imbalances. Shortly discussed is role of Cyprus bank crisis in bail-out to bail-in paradigm change and possible influence of bail-in measures on creditors' behavior and stability of financial institutions.

Text in English / Every victim wants to see the perpetrator or offender of serious crimes convicted for their criminal actions. Each victim in a case is supported by witnesses and the community in wanting accused persons to be locked away behind bars. Having the accused persons locked away in prison is an achievement of every role player involved in the process of putting that accused where he/she belongs. The ultimate goal of investigation is to see successful bail opposing to ensure the safety of witnesses. There are accused who are released from custody by the court despite many attempts made by an investigator to keep that criminal in custody until trial. Victims and witnesses are struggling to get their offenders punished for the crimes they committed. It is the wish of every investigator of crime to satisfy every complainant in cases but it does not always happen, not because of any lack of skills, but because of many factors which come along with the successful prosecution in a case. Once the accused is released on bail, the chances and hopes of putting him/her back in prison are equal to the chances of getting him/her back in the community for good. This difficulty is caused by the fact that, once the accused is out on bail he/she might evade trial or the docket will be in and out of court for further evidence until the court declines to prosecute. / Criminal and Procedural Law / M.A. (Criminal Justice)

Le droit est le produit de la société humaine. On le trouve lorsque cette société est au sommet de son succès et ses traces sont plus flagrantes lorsque celle-ci est bouleversée par des crises diverses. La loi vient pour s'adapter à ces divers états. Cette idée est citée entre autres par M. BURDEAU1 : "la désintégration du concept de loi n'est pas explicable par les seules données de l'univers juridique ; elle est le reflet d'un phénomène sociologique". On comprend alors que parfois, les crises sociales entraînent une atteinte à la loi, à son autorité transcendante. Des auteurs expliquent que cette atteinte entraîne une perte des caractères essentiels de cette loi qui sont la généralité, l'impersonnalité et l'universalité. Cette perte vient au profit du principe de stabilité de la société. Les statuts spéciaux des baux d'habitation sont un exemple de l'atteinte aux caractères principaux de la loi. A la fin de la 2ème guerre mondiale en France et de la guerre civile au Liban, les législateurs français et libanais se sont trouvés face à la réparation des crises sociales et humanitaires provenant de la guerre. De nombreuses lois sociales ont été promulguées, surtout en matière de baux d'habitation. De nouveaux statuts juridiques ont vu le jour. Le législateur devait prendre en compte l'intérêt du locataire, sans oublier celui du bailleur. Il devait garantir l'intérêt général par le respect de la liberté personnelle et la protection des propriétés privées considérées comme principes fondamentaux dans la constitution des deux pays et dans les conventions des Droits de l'Homme. Notre étude se basera sur ces lois spéciales (loi du 1er septembre 1948 en France et loi du 23 juillet 1992 au Liban), sur leurs caractéristiques, fonctionnement et régimes. Nous examinerons leur impact social, économique et juridique pour savoir s'ils apparaissent comme une solution à la crise sociale, sans aboutir à une crise législative. / The law is the product of human society. It's found when this society is at the top of its success and its tracks are more blatant when this one is affected by various crisis. The Act has to adapt to these various states.This idea is summarized among others by Mr. BURDEAU : “The disintegration of the concept of law is not explainable by the only data of the legal universe; it's a reflection of a sociological phenomenon”. Then we understand that sometimes, social crises lead to an infringement of the law, to its transcendent authority. Some authors explain that this impairment brings loss of the essential characters of this law which are the generality, the impersonality and the universality. This loss is for the benefit of the principle of stability of the society. The special status of residential leases are an example of the impairment of the main characters of the Act.After the 2nd World War in France and the civil war in Lebanon, French and Lebanese legislators found themselves repairing the social and humanitarian crises from the war. Many social laws have been enacted, particularly in residential leases. New legal statutes have emerged. The legislator had to consider the interests of the tenant, without forgetting that of the lessor. He had to ensure the general interest by respect for personal freedom and the protection of private property considered as fundamental principles in the constitution of the two countries and the human rights conventions.Our study will be based on these special laws (act of September 1, 1948 in France and July 23, 1992 in Lebanon), on their characteristics, operation and plans. We will examine their social, economic and legal impact to see if they appear as a solution to the social crisis, without leading to a legislative crisis.

Au-delà de la variété des techniques juridiques réalisant une opération de crédit, le contrat de crédit possède une définition qui lui est propre. Il revêt la forme d'un prêt d'argent, d'une ouverture de crédit, d'un crédit-bail ou d'une location-vente. L'affirmation d'une unité conceptuelle et d'une autonomie de ce contrat spécial implique toutefois de dépasser les problématiques liées à son interdépendance avec le contrat financé, au monopole bancaire et ses nombreuses exceptions, et enfin, à la distinction notionnelle professionnel/consommateur. L'unité fonctionnelle apparaît dans l'adaptation des principes du droit commun des contrats par les règles applicables aux contrats de crédit. Le consensualisme, la liberté contractuelle et la force obligatoire des contrats sont confrontés aux mécanismes caractéristiques des contrats de crédit (formalités, devoir de mise en garde, délai de rétractation, interdépendance, remboursement anticipé, déchéance du terme, etc.). Toutefois, cette unité est mise à mal par le constat de dispositions spécifiques aux contrats de crédit consentis à des consommateurs. / Beyond the diversity of legal techniques aimed at performing a credit operation, the credit agreement has its own unique definition. It can take the form of a money loan, a credit opening, a leasing agreement or a hire purchase. However, claiming the existence of a conceptual unity and autonomy for this special agreement implies going beyond the issues related to its interdependence with financed agreements, to the banking monopoly and its numerous exceptions, and to the distinction to be made between professional and consumer. Functional unity is visible in the adaptation of ordinary law of agreements principles through the rules applicable to credit agreements. Consensualism, contractual freedom and the binding force of agreements are confronted with credit agreements' typical mechanisms (formality, duty to warn, period of withdrawal, interdependence, early repayment, repayment by acceleration, etc.). This unity is nevertheless compromised by the acknowledgement of provisions specific to credit agreements granted to consumers.

Cette thèse est destinée à démontrer l’existence d’un principe de solidarité dans le cadre de l’Union bancaire européenne (UBE). Ce travail est divisé en trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre vise à retracer les différentes nuances qui caractérisent la sémantique du mot ‘solidarité’. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à l’évaluation des dispositions des traités qui se réfèrent à la notion de solidarité. Le troisième chapitre analyse la façon dont le principe de solidarité est développé dans l’UBE. En conclusion, la thèse tente de prouver que dans ce nouveau cadre juridique européen, la « règle » continue d’être la non-solidarité; en revanche, l’ « exception » continue d’être la solidarité, comme cela a été confirmé par les nouveaux outils, qui pourraient être déclenchées par l’autorité compétente uniquement en présence de difficultés sérieuses dans le secteur bancaire. / The thesis is intended to demonstrate the existence of a principle of solidarity in the European Banking Union (EBU). This work is divided into three chapters. The first chapter aims to retraces which are the various nuances that characterize the semantics of the word ‘solidarity’. The second chapter is devoted to the assessment of the provisions of the Treaties which refer to the concept of solidarity. The third chapter analyses how it is declined the principle of solidarity in the EBU, which has introduced innovative methods to manage the resolution of the banks in distress. In conclusion, the thesis tries to prove that also in this renewed EU legal framework, the ‘rule’ continues to be the non-solidarity; by contrast, the ‘exception’ continues to be the solidarity as confirmed by the new tools, which could be activated by the competent authority only in presence of serious difficulties in the banking sector.

The relationship between gender and bail is an important yet understudied area of research. Studies that have found a relationship between gender and bail generally overlook important differences that shape how men and women enter into crime and the types of conditions imposed on their recognisances. This study utilizes 115 bail cases from the Provincial Courthouse in Kitchener, ON to examine the effect of accused gender on bail outcome. Results show that accused gender did influence decisions to grant or deny bail. While almost all accused persons required a surety and/or bail conditions to be released, the regression analysis suggests that women were more likely to be released compared to men. Based on the deep sample exploratory analysis, gender differences emerged around issues of mental health and drug use. Theoretical and policy implications from this study are discussed as are avenues for future research.

The question of whether or not to release an accused on bail pending case resolution involves an evaluation of the risk the accused poses to the community. In addition to this evaluation, the risk posed to the reputation of the criminal justice system should the accused re-offend while on bail has come to influence the timeliness of the bail decision as well as the conditions of the release order. It appears that questions of institutional risk have intensified strategies of process, whereby the bail decision making process has come to take considerably longer as court actors postpone making the release decision. This organizational culture of risk aversion is evidenced in the growing remand population, the dominance of adjournment requests, the presumption of surety supervision, as well as the imposition of numerous restrictive conditions of release that are questionably related to the grounds for detention and allegations of the offence. Due to the additional protections contained in the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA), the expectation is bail should be more liberally used for youths. However, despite the additional legislated protections, bail practices for both adults and youths are operating in remarkably similar ways. Indeed, it appears that routine bail practices for both adults and youths are inconsistent with the essential principles of the bail process. In Canada there is a presumption in favour of release on bail and a presumption of release on the least restrictive form of release appropriate in the circumstances. Despite these principles there has been a relatively steady increase in the size of the remand population in Canada. Focusing on the situation in Ontario, this dissertation examines the bail process in an effort to understand how the remand population has come to exceed the population of sentenced prisoners in provincial prisons for both adults and youths.

The question of whether or not to release an accused on bail pending case resolution involves an evaluation of the risk the accused poses to the community. In addition to this evaluation, the risk posed to the reputation of the criminal justice system should the accused re-offend while on bail has come to influence the timeliness of the bail decision as well as the conditions of the release order. It appears that questions of institutional risk have intensified strategies of process, whereby the bail decision making process has come to take considerably longer as court actors postpone making the release decision. This organizational culture of risk aversion is evidenced in the growing remand population, the dominance of adjournment requests, the presumption of surety supervision, as well as the imposition of numerous restrictive conditions of release that are questionably related to the grounds for detention and allegations of the offence. Due to the additional protections contained in the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA), the expectation is bail should be more liberally used for youths. However, despite the additional legislated protections, bail practices for both adults and youths are operating in remarkably similar ways. Indeed, it appears that routine bail practices for both adults and youths are inconsistent with the essential principles of the bail process. In Canada there is a presumption in favour of release on bail and a presumption of release on the least restrictive form of release appropriate in the circumstances. Despite these principles there has been a relatively steady increase in the size of the remand population in Canada. Focusing on the situation in Ontario, this dissertation examines the bail process in an effort to understand how the remand population has come to exceed the population of sentenced prisoners in provincial prisons for both adults and youths.

Les centres commerciaux sont devenus une composante majeure de notre environnement. Mais si le paysage commercial a évolué au cours des cinquante dernières années, les cadres juridiques habituels tels que la copropriété, la concession immobilière, et l’attribution en jouissance se sont révélés inadaptés. Le présent travail propose de démontrer dans un premier temps que le bail commercial demeure l'outil contractuel le plus adapté pour organiser les relations au sein d'un centre commercial. Le succès du bail commercial pourrait toutefois interpeller. Comment une technique juridique construite autour de l’idée de protection et d’indépendance du commerçant traditionnel, peut-elle constituer la technique privilégiée d’organisation des centres commerciaux ? Si la matière demeure gouvernée en partie par l’ordre public, l’analyse de l’évolution de la jurisprudence et des clauses rédigées dans ces types de contrat révèle que le champ d’expression de la liberté contractuelle n’est pas négligeable et que le statut des baux commerciaux s’est adapté aux spécificités des centres commerciaux. En témoigne notamment la jurisprudence sur les clauses-recettes. L’importance quantitative du phénomène, combinée aux problématiques multiples qu’il n’a cessé de soulever et aux évolutions jurisprudentielles et législatives qu’il a engendrées ne doit-il pas conduire à considérer qu’il existerait une catégorie de baux commerciaux dérogatoire pour les centres commerciaux ? C’est ce que notre étude propose de démontrer dans un second temps. / Commercial picture has changed over the past fifty years. Shopping centers now occupy a key position in real estate. However, usual legal frameworks such as coownership (copropriété), concession (concession immobilière) and attribution into possession (attribution en jouissance) have proven to be inappropriate. The present study provides to first demonstrate that the commercial lease remains the most appropriate contractual tool to organise relationships within a shopping center. One could however be surprised by such a success. Indeed, how could one explain that this legal technique, which was first created to protect traditionnal shopkeepers and their business from any eviction, soon became the favorite technique to organise shopping centers ? It can certainly not be ignored that commercial leases are partially governed by imperative rules. However, either the evolution of case-laws and the terms and conditions negotiated in such contracts intend to prove that the the so-called statut des baux commerciaux has adapted to specific characteristics of shopping centers. The present study intends to demonstrate that there is a class of commercial leases which is specifically adapted to shopping centers and derogates from the common status.