Magister Philosophiae - MPhil

This paper analyses if European citizens are willing to show solidarity with debt-ridden EU member states during the recent crisis. Based on a theoretical concept comprehending four di-mensions of solidarity - generalised willingness to support, existence of social cleavages, rea-sons of supporting others, acceptance of conditions a crisis country has to meet to receive as-sistance - we derived hypotheses stating that the existence of a European wide solidarity is rather unlikely. We analysed data from two Eurobarometer surveys 2010 and 2011 and a unique survey conducted in Germany and Portugal in 2012. Descriptive and multilevel analyses indi-cated that in 2010 and 2011, a narrow majority of all EU citizens supported fiscal assistance for crisis countries, and socio-economic and cultural cleavages in attitudes regarding financial as-sistance for crisis countries were rather low. Findings from the two country comparison showed that the willingness to show solidarity was predominantly guided by moral reasoning instead of the respondent’s self-interest. However, German and Portuguese respondents disagree on austerity measures, with the exception of social spending cuts. Taken all together, we come to the conclusion that recent years have brought a new legitimacy to the use of EU bailout measures which are now a given European practice.

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa guarantees every person a fair trial; the right to a fair trial right trial must begin and conclude within a reasonable time and without undue delay. Internationally the same guarantees and protections are available to unconvicted suspects. However, the South African criminal justice system lacks behind internationally and falls short of promoting these guarantees. Investigation was done on delays in commencing and finalising trials in light of constitutional provisions, the consequence and the impact of the delay with discussion on prison conditions and overcrowding with reference to the Constitutiton, legislation and case law. Delayed trial, prison overcrowding and poor prison conditions are still an issue in South Africa and there needs to be positive change to enforce and practice prescribed directives. South Africa‟s justice system through its servants, need to do more to gain a higher status of having a constitutionally democratic country that fully promotes‟ rights of detainees. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LLM

Desde a prospecção do minério bauxita, passando pelo seu beneficiamento até a sua entrada no processo Bayer, tem-se como principais índices de qualidade e de processo os parâmetros químicos: alumina aproveitável (Al2O3Ap) e sílica reativa (SiO2Re), determinados segundo um procedimento que simula a digestão Bayer em escala de laboratório. Uma grande inovação para a indústria da bauxita seria fazer o controle por parâmetros mineralógicos, % gibbsita e % caulinita, via difratometria de raios X, intenção buscada nesse trabalho pela proposta de um método combinado Rietveld-Le Bail-Padrão Interno, cujos resultados são bem promissores para bauxitas gibbsíticas tipo-Paragominas, matriz para qual foi desenvolvido. Tal combinação não só melhorou a qualidade da quantificação de gibbsita e caulinita, como diminuiu o peso de cálculo tornando o procedimento mais prático e rápido. A alta correlação (r2=0,99) entre os resultados mineralógicos pelo método combinado e os resultados químicos pelo método tradicional, os deixam em igual escolha, pois foram iguais estatisticamente. No entanto, ressalta-se que o método tradicional subestima o valor de caulinita pela conversão da SiO2Re, enquanto o método combinado se aproxima mais do valor verdadeiro. Obter um resultado pelo método combinado mostrou ser mais prático e rápido que pelo método tradicional. Enquanto o tempo total estimado pelo combinado é < 3 h, pelo tradicional é de no mínimo 6 h. Como proposta de validação do método combinado, um segundo foi desenvolvido para quantificação de Al-goethita por DSC, o qual mostrou boa precisão. E muito embora o uso da técnica no controle industrial seja pouco provável por questões de praticidade e tempo de análise, usá-la na validação de antigos e novos métodos de quantificação mineralógica de bauxitas pode ser muito útil. A ordem crescente de substituição de Fe por Al pretendida pelas sínteses planejadas (7 variedades) foi confirmada pelos resultados de DRX, FRX, DSC e MEV, e assim um pequeno banco de dados de entalpias padrão de desidroxilação de Al-goethitas foi estabelecido. A produção de padrões complexos, misturas de variedades goethíticas, é tão importante quanto produzir uma só goethita, pois tais misturas são termodinamicamente comuns na natureza e, portanto, comuns em bauxitas. Após uma identificação clara da limitação do método tradicional para estimar caulinita pela conversão de SiO2Re em bauxitas tipo-Paragominas, um estudo de otimização do método Alcan foi realizado com base em um planejamento fatorial completo 23. As variáveis escolhidas foram temperatura, concentração cáustica e tempo para duas situações: bauxita com baixa SiO2Re e bauxita com alta SiO2Re. A temperatura foi a variável mais importante, apresentando um efeito positivo sobre a quantidade de SiO2Re, uma vez que o aumento na temperatura aumentou a taxa de conversão completa de caulinita em sodalita. Modelos empíricos de 1ª ordem foram apropriadamente obtidos para predição da quantidade de SiO2Re como função da temperatura, concentração cáustica e tempo, os quais responderam com as seguintes condições ótimas: (1) sem presença significante de quartzo - temperatura de 180 °C, concentração cáustica de 10 % com tempo de 60 min para baixa SiO2Re e 25 min para alta SiO2Re, e (2) com presença significante de quartzo - temperatura de 150 °C, concentração cáustica de 20 % e tempo de 60 min, para ambas as situações estudadas. / In the bauxite industry - exploration, beneficiation and refinery - two main chemical parameters are used for the quality control: available alumina (AvAl2O3) and reactive silica (RxSiO2). They are determined by a procedure that simulates the Bayer process in laboratory scale. A great innovation for this industry would be to make this control by mineralogical parameters, i.e., the % of gibbsite and % of kaolinite via Powder X-ray Diffraction Analysis. This is one of the main purposes of this work by means of a combined Rietveld-Le Bail-Internal Standard Method, whose results were very promising for the Paragominas-type bauxites. This combination not only improved the quality of gibbsite and kaolinite quantification, as decreased computer processing time, making it a more convenient and fast procedure. The high correlation (r2=0.99) between the mineralogical results from the combined method and chemical results by the traditional method, leave them the same choice, as they were statistically equal. However, it is noteworthy that the traditional method underestimates the kaolinite value obtained from the conversion of RxSiO2, while the combined method is closer to the true value. Obtaining a result by the combined method proved to be more convenient and faster (< 3 hours) than the traditional method (at least 6 hours). As a validation for the proposed combined method, a second method was developed to quantify Al-goethite by DSC, which showed good accuracy. Although the use of DSC technique in industrial control is unlikely for practical reasons and analysis time, its use can be very helpful in the validation of old and new methods for the mineralogical quantification of bauxites. XRD, XRF, DSC and SEM results confirmed the increasing order of Al for Fe replacement intended for the planned synthesis (7 types). Thus, a small database of standard enthalpies of Al-goethites dehydroxylation was built. The production of standards of goethites mixtures is as important as producing a single goethite standard, because these are thermodynamically common in nature and thus bauxites with complex mixtures of goethites are also common. After clearly identifying the limitations of the traditional method to estimate kaolinite from the conversion of RxSiO2 in the Paragominas-type bauxites, an optimization study of the Alcan method was carried out based on a 23 full factorial design. The chosen variables were temperature, caustic concentration and time, for two main situations: bauxite with low RxSiO2 and bauxite with high RxSiO2. The temperature was the most important variable, with a positive effect on the amount of RxSiO2, since the increase in temperature increased the rate of full kaolinite to sodalite conversion. First-order empirical models were properly obtained to predict the amount of RxSiO2 as a function of temperature, caustic concentration and time, which responded to the following optimal conditions: (1) without significant amount of quartz - 180 °C, NaOH 10 % and 60 min for low RxSiO2 and 25 min for high SiO2Re, and (2) with significant amount of quartz - 150 °C, NaOH 20 % and 60 min for both situations.

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa guarantees every person a fair trial; the right to a fair trial right trial must begin and conclude within a reasonable time and without undue delay. Internationally the same guarantees and protections are available to unconvicted suspects. However, the South African criminal justice system lacks behind internationally and falls short of promoting these guarantees. Investigation was done on delays in commencing and finalising trials in light of constitutional provisions, the consequence and the impact of the delay with discussion on prison conditions and overcrowding with reference to the Constitutiton, legislation and case law. Delayed trial, prison overcrowding and poor prison conditions are still an issue in South Africa and there needs to be positive change to enforce and practice prescribed directives. South Africa‟s justice system through its servants, need to do more to gain a higher status of having a constitutionally democratic country that fully promotes‟ rights of detainees. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LLM

Desde a prospecção do minério bauxita, passando pelo seu beneficiamento até a sua entrada no processo Bayer, tem-se como principais índices de qualidade e de processo os parâmetros químicos: alumina aproveitável (Al2O3Ap) e sílica reativa (SiO2Re), determinados segundo um procedimento que simula a digestão Bayer em escala de laboratório. Uma grande inovação para a indústria da bauxita seria fazer o controle por parâmetros mineralógicos, % gibbsita e % caulinita, via difratometria de raios X, intenção buscada nesse trabalho pela proposta de um método combinado Rietveld-Le Bail-Padrão Interno, cujos resultados são bem promissores para bauxitas gibbsíticas tipo-Paragominas, matriz para qual foi desenvolvido. Tal combinação não só melhorou a qualidade da quantificação de gibbsita e caulinita, como diminuiu o peso de cálculo tornando o procedimento mais prático e rápido. A alta correlação (r2=0,99) entre os resultados mineralógicos pelo método combinado e os resultados químicos pelo método tradicional, os deixam em igual escolha, pois foram iguais estatisticamente. No entanto, ressalta-se que o método tradicional subestima o valor de caulinita pela conversão da SiO2Re, enquanto o método combinado se aproxima mais do valor verdadeiro. Obter um resultado pelo método combinado mostrou ser mais prático e rápido que pelo método tradicional. Enquanto o tempo total estimado pelo combinado é < 3 h, pelo tradicional é de no mínimo 6 h. Como proposta de validação do método combinado, um segundo foi desenvolvido para quantificação de Al-goethita por DSC, o qual mostrou boa precisão. E muito embora o uso da técnica no controle industrial seja pouco provável por questões de praticidade e tempo de análise, usá-la na validação de antigos e novos métodos de quantificação mineralógica de bauxitas pode ser muito útil. A ordem crescente de substituição de Fe por Al pretendida pelas sínteses planejadas (7 variedades) foi confirmada pelos resultados de DRX, FRX, DSC e MEV, e assim um pequeno banco de dados de entalpias padrão de desidroxilação de Al-goethitas foi estabelecido. A produção de padrões complexos, misturas de variedades goethíticas, é tão importante quanto produzir uma só goethita, pois tais misturas são termodinamicamente comuns na natureza e, portanto, comuns em bauxitas. Após uma identificação clara da limitação do método tradicional para estimar caulinita pela conversão de SiO2Re em bauxitas tipo-Paragominas, um estudo de otimização do método Alcan foi realizado com base em um planejamento fatorial completo 23. As variáveis escolhidas foram temperatura, concentração cáustica e tempo para duas situações: bauxita com baixa SiO2Re e bauxita com alta SiO2Re. A temperatura foi a variável mais importante, apresentando um efeito positivo sobre a quantidade de SiO2Re, uma vez que o aumento na temperatura aumentou a taxa de conversão completa de caulinita em sodalita. Modelos empíricos de 1ª ordem foram apropriadamente obtidos para predição da quantidade de SiO2Re como função da temperatura, concentração cáustica e tempo, os quais responderam com as seguintes condições ótimas: (1) sem presença significante de quartzo - temperatura de 180 °C, concentração cáustica de 10 % com tempo de 60 min para baixa SiO2Re e 25 min para alta SiO2Re, e (2) com presença significante de quartzo - temperatura de 150 °C, concentração cáustica de 20 % e tempo de 60 min, para ambas as situações estudadas. / In the bauxite industry - exploration, beneficiation and refinery - two main chemical parameters are used for the quality control: available alumina (AvAl2O3) and reactive silica (RxSiO2). They are determined by a procedure that simulates the Bayer process in laboratory scale. A great innovation for this industry would be to make this control by mineralogical parameters, i.e., the % of gibbsite and % of kaolinite via Powder X-ray Diffraction Analysis. This is one of the main purposes of this work by means of a combined Rietveld-Le Bail-Internal Standard Method, whose results were very promising for the Paragominas-type bauxites. This combination not only improved the quality of gibbsite and kaolinite quantification, as decreased computer processing time, making it a more convenient and fast procedure. The high correlation (r2=0.99) between the mineralogical results from the combined method and chemical results by the traditional method, leave them the same choice, as they were statistically equal. However, it is noteworthy that the traditional method underestimates the kaolinite value obtained from the conversion of RxSiO2, while the combined method is closer to the true value. Obtaining a result by the combined method proved to be more convenient and faster (< 3 hours) than the traditional method (at least 6 hours). As a validation for the proposed combined method, a second method was developed to quantify Al-goethite by DSC, which showed good accuracy. Although the use of DSC technique in industrial control is unlikely for practical reasons and analysis time, its use can be very helpful in the validation of old and new methods for the mineralogical quantification of bauxites. XRD, XRF, DSC and SEM results confirmed the increasing order of Al for Fe replacement intended for the planned synthesis (7 types). Thus, a small database of standard enthalpies of Al-goethites dehydroxylation was built. The production of standards of goethites mixtures is as important as producing a single goethite standard, because these are thermodynamically common in nature and thus bauxites with complex mixtures of goethites are also common. After clearly identifying the limitations of the traditional method to estimate kaolinite from the conversion of RxSiO2 in the Paragominas-type bauxites, an optimization study of the Alcan method was carried out based on a 23 full factorial design. The chosen variables were temperature, caustic concentration and time, for two main situations: bauxite with low RxSiO2 and bauxite with high RxSiO2. The temperature was the most important variable, with a positive effect on the amount of RxSiO2, since the increase in temperature increased the rate of full kaolinite to sodalite conversion. First-order empirical models were properly obtained to predict the amount of RxSiO2 as a function of temperature, caustic concentration and time, which responded to the following optimal conditions: (1) without significant amount of quartz - 180 °C, NaOH 10 % and 60 min for low RxSiO2 and 25 min for high SiO2Re, and (2) with significant amount of quartz - 150 °C, NaOH 20 % and 60 min for both situations.

The primacy objective of this study is to determine if the acceptance of electronic payments will improve the service delivery at SAPS King William's Town? The secondary objectives are: * To determine if the SAPS are complying with sections 2 (d), (g) and (k) of the ECT Act * To make recommendations that can be used by management of the SAPS with regards to the acceptance of electronic payments as an e-government principle. Will the acceptance of electronic payments improve the service delivery of the SAPS King William's Town? The research design for the purpose of this mini dissertation will be that on an exploratory study. Data will be collected by means of questionnaires. The purpose of the mentioned technique is firstly to collect information from the SAPS to determine if the electronic payment of fines and bail would improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the SAPS at King William's Town. The population sample for this research project will be the employees of the South African Police Service in the Eastern Cape, members of the community and the clerks of the court Data was analyzed using qualitative methods. / Economics / M. Tech. (Business Administration)

PRÁVO STAVBY V ČESKÉM A FRANCOUZSKÉM PRÁVU, 2015 Abstract (English) Superficial Right of Construction in Czech and French Law The Superficial Right of Construction is one of the new institutions of civil law after the entry into force of the new Czech Civil Code on January 1st , 2014. But the institute is not quite unknown to Czech law, because it was a part of it until 1964. This fact enables to compare the current legislation with the previous provisions and to follow up the development of the explored institute's concept, both in terms of the shift of its nature from public to private, as well as of its content. It is also possible to identify the characteristics of "new" Czech Superficial Right of Construction which reflect not only the development of law in the last fifty years in general, but also of a similar institute in other (European) countries. One of such an institute is undoubtedly French bail à construction, existing since 1964 which seems appropriate for comparison with Czech Superficial Right of Construction mainly due to its continual development and a fairly frequent practice use in its home country. Apart from the relation of Superficial Right of Construction to the Roman principle superficies solo cedit, identification of the expression and legal nature of the institute, excursion into...

L'opération de crédit bail est un ensemble contractuel dans lequel plusieurs contrats participent à la réalisation d'un but commun. Il s'agit du financement en vue de l'acquisition ou de la construction d'un bien mobilier ou immobilier. L'opération met en scène un contrat principal autour duquel s'agglomèrent d'autres contrats accessoires. La recherche de la sécurité étant « l'obsession » de l'établissement financier, l'opération se traduit par l'exigence par celui ci de diverses assurances dont chacune couvre un risque bien déterminé. L'assurance apparaît ainsi pour l'établissement financier comme le principal pilier sur lequel repose la sécurité du financement. « L'assurance dans l'opération de crédit bail » vise donc à étudier les différentes assurances exigées par l'établissement financier pour se protéger et protéger les intervenants à l'opération et le bien crédit baillé. Le nombre des protagonistes à l'opération, leurs intérêts souvent communs, parfois opposés, les modes de construction retenus, les techniques d'assurance utilisées complexifient l'opération. Cette thèse juge de l'efficacité de l'assurance dans le crédit-bail en appréhendant les droits et obligations des parties au crédit bail et de l'assureur. Sous le prisme de la couverture des risques de l'opération et de la survenance du sinistre, elle identifie les obstacles auxquels peuvent être confrontées les parties au crédit bail et les remèdes pour les surmonter. L'étude de l'assurance dans l'opération de crédit bail, vise ainsi à servir les intérêts pratiques des opérateurs économiques dans un double souci de sécurité et d'efficacité juridique. / The leasing transaction is a contractual package in which several contracts are involved in achieving a common goal. It is a source of funding for the acquisition or construction of a movable or immovable property. This operation features a main contract around which are established other ancillary contracts. In view of financial institutions "obsession" over security, the operation involves the requirement by the latter of various insurances each covering a specific risk. In fact, the institution considers insurance the main pillar for securing the funding."Insurance in Leasing Transactions" therefore aims to explore the various insurances required by the financial institution to protect itself as well as the other parties involved in the transaction and leased property. The number of stakeholders in the transaction; their often common, and sometimes conflicting, interests; the construction methods adopted and the insurance underwriting techniques used are likely to complicate the operation. This thesis assesses the effectiveness of the insurance in leasing by appraising the rights and obligations of the stakeholders of the leasing transaction and the insurer. In terms of hedging, the risks of the transaction and of the occurrence of the insured event, it identifies the obstacles which may be encountered by the parties to the leasing and provides solutions to overcome them. Thus, the study of insurance in leasing operations aims to serve the practical interests of the economic operators, for the sake of both security and legal efficiency.

La cession est une solution incontournable du droit des entreprises en difficulté.Déterminer les droits des créanciers dans le cadre d’un plan de cession s’avère pourtant une tâche délicate.Le droit des entreprises en difficulté a fait l’objet de réformes importantes (loi du 26 juillet 2005, ordonnance du 18 décembre 2008 et ordonnance du 12 mars 2014 dans une moindre mesure).Dans le même temps, le droit des sûretés subissait des évolutions nombreuses (ordonnance du 23 mars 2006, loi du 19 février 2007, loi du 04 août 2008, ordonnance du 30 janvier 2009) mais parcellaires, preuve du manque de cohérence du législateur en la matière.Les réformes du droit des entreprises en difficulté et du droit des sûretés ont révélé l’absence de ligne directrice claire en ce qui concerne l’articulation de ces deux droits. Les réformes du droit des entreprises en difficulté et du droit des sûretés aboutissent à un enchevêtrement des textes, rendant leur application particulièrement complexe.Les nombreuses interrogations tant théoriques que pratiques créent une insécurité juridique.Dès lors, en me basant notamment sur les difficultés rencontrées dans le cadre de mon activité professionnelle ou sur celles pointées du doigt par la doctrine et les commentateurs de textes, consécutives aux évolutions législatives récentes, l’objectif de ce travail de recherche est de procéder à des recommandations à l’endroit des professionnels ainsi que de réaliser des propositions visant à un meilleur équilibre des intérêts en présence. / The sale of a business is one of the most important insolvency solutions.However it’s a hard task to determinate creditor’s rights under these circumstances.Insolvency law has deeply changed consequently to main reforms (Act of July 26, 2005 called the “Safeguard Act”, Order of December 18, 2008 and to a lesser extent Order of March 12, 2014).At the same time, guarantee law has been modified by lots of reforms too (Order of March 23, 2006, Act of February 19, 2007, Act of August 4, 2008, Order of January 30, 2009).These reforms were fragmented. Furthermore they have been built without guideline. As a result, the articulation between insolvency law and guarantee law is very difficult.The theoretical and practical questions generate a real legal insecurity.The goal of this research work is to make insolvency practitioners propositions based on, amongst others, doctrine’s comments and criticism. The objective of these propositions is to establish a better balance between the pluralities of interests involved.