Looking back to the thirty years of Baltic musicologists' conferences we can distinguish their two main functions, the fulfilling of which has taken place inseparably from one another. First of all, they have had an unvaluable social importance preserving and reinforching our Baltic identity and solidarity. At the same time they habe been one of the main audience before which we have during tens of years acquainted one another with the best achievements of our musicological thought.

This thesis has compared the distribution of certain types of Viking Age Eastern Baltic bronze artefacts discovered on Gotland. This was done in order to observe different parts of Gotland´s interaction with different groups in the Baltic Sea region and how this might have influenced the identities and ideas of the individuals involved in the interaction. The objects and their finding contexts were subjected to a geographical analysis and applied to a map of Viking Age Gotland. Different distribution patterns can be observed for different types of artefacts, as well as a shift in pattern of interaction in the Baltic Sea region over time.

Thesis (doctoral)--Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen, 1985. / Text in German, summary in Dutch. Errata slip laid in. Includes bibliographical references (p. 434-459) and index.

Thesis (doctoral)--Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen, 1985. / Text in German, summary in Dutch. Errata slip laid in. Includes bibliographical references (p. 434-459) and index.

Thesis (doctoral)--Helsingin yliopisto, 1998. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. [234]-247) and index.

Thesis (doctoral)--Helsingin yliopisto, 1998. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. [234]-247) and index.

No description available.

Since the re-establishment of Estonian navy, Baltic naval cooperation has played various roles for the Estonian navy. During different periods, Estonian involvement in cooperation has been fluctuating and in 2014, Estonia decided to withdraw from afloat cooperation, yet continuing with other forms of it. In 2018, Estonia proposed new concept and goals for Baltic Naval cooperation. To better understand the current state of affairs, the main motives behind Estonia’s acting in cooperation from establishing the cooperation until today are studied and presented. The main aim of this thesis is high-light which factors are favourable to carry out the ideas presented in the concept for future cooperation, Baltic Naval Vision 2030+. Results show that there are factors indicating favourable conditions to carry out the plans, nevertheless, there are also factors less favourable. The most salient favouring factor is the strategic culture which is similar in Baltic countries, the most salient hindering factor is lack of top-down political support.

The aim of this paper is to reveal how the European – Russian political cooperation in the common Baltic Sea Region developed over the last twenty years, ending up at the recently adopted European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, which excludes Russian participation. This single case study is divided into two well-defined historical periods: starting from the fall of the Berlin Wall until the Eastern Bloc European enlargement and from 2004 to the adoption of the European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea region in 2009; where comparison and process-tracing methods are applied to connect different variables that matter for clarifying the current state of relations. Furthermore, the analysis is conducted with the help of Constructivist and Neo-Realist theories for two purposes – to achieve stronger scientific explanation and to avoid too loose interpretation of the events. The results show that the Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region is often seen and understood differently by the various political actors, but consequently this leads to a situation in which the role of Russia in the common region remains unclear. When it comes to defining the Russian position today, the Baltic Sea Region provides a good climate for collaboration but so far, the European Union has failed to recognize that the Russian Federation although with a limited access to the sea, remains an actor that should not be ignored. Russia, as well appears confused about its overall foreign policy towards the European Union. Nevertheless, another significant outcome reveals that the levels of regional cooperation have been continuously increasing over the last twenty years, which is an indicator that the Russian presence did not diminish. Finally, the study suggests the European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region is perhaps the beginning of a new tendency towards macro-regional policy development, which will play a future important role in the international relations.

This thesis focuses on toxicity and occurrence of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (OH-PBDEs) in Baltic Sea biota. The aims were to assess OH-PBDEs potency for disruption of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and determine their and related compounds exposure in Baltic blue mussel, herring and long-tailed duck. A method for analysis of OH-PBDEs in herring and long-tailed duck plasma was also evaluated. Relevant OH-PBDEs were tested in vitro for OXPHOS disruption, using a classic rat mitochondrial respiration assay and a cell mitochondrial membrane potential assay. All compounds were found to disrupt OXPHOS either by protonophoric uncoupling and/or via inhibition of the electron transport chain. 6-OH-BDE47 and 6-OH-BDE85, were identified as particularly potent OXPHOS disruptors. Strong synergism was observed when OH-PBDEs were tested as a mixture corresponding to what is present in Baltic blue mussels. Baltic blue mussel is main feed for several species of mussel feeding sea ducks which have decreased dramatically in numbers. To assess long-tailed ducks exposure to brominated substances, liver tissue from long-tailed ducks wintering in the Baltic Sea and blue mussels were analysed. The result confirms that long-tailed duck are exposed to OH-PBDEs via their diet. However, low concentrations were found in the duck livers, which suggest low retention of these compounds despite daily intake. How the nutritional value of blue mussels as feed for sea ducks are affected by OH-PBDE exposure still needs further studies. Other species of sea ducks foraging on Baltic blue mussels during summer months can also be more exposed due to seasonal variation in primary production. Herring sampled in the Baltic Proper and Bothnian Sea, were found to contain OH-PBDEs and high levels of their methylated counterpart, MeO-PBDEs. As demethylation of MeO-PBDEs is known to occur in fish, MeO-PBDEs may pose as additional source for more toxic OH-PBDEs in herring and their roe. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>