[pt] Esta pesquisa está inserida no universo dos portadores de necessidades especiais e pretende desenvolver uma nova tecnologia para projetar a estrutura de cadeira de rodas. Tal estrutura será composta por um módulo tensegrity composto de varas de bambu e cabos tensionados e adota todos os padrões antropométricos com a observância aos estudos ergonômicos e necessidades individuais de uso dos cadeirantes. Esse novo conceito de design de estrutura, por ser inédito, resulta num produto inovador e permite novas interpretações e desdobramentos. Essa pesquisa também inicia uma nova interpretação do tensegrity por sua aplicação a órteses para reabilitação que atualmente é amplamente difundido nas artes plásticas, arquitetura e no design de produto. O seu emprego pode suprir algumas necessidades como adaptação corporal favorável pela maleabilidade da estrutura que absorve os movimentos mais bruscos que possam causar incômodos, lesões e má acomodação do usuário à cadeira de rodas. / [en] This research is part of the universe of people with special needs and aims to develop a new technology to design the wheelchair frame. This structure will consist of a compound tensegrity module bamboo poles and tensioned cables and adopts all anthropometric standards with respect to ergonomic studies and individual needs of use of the wheelchair. This new concept of structure design, to be unheard of, resulting in an innovative product and allows new interpretations and developments. This research also initiates a new interpretation of tensegrity by its application to orthoses for rehabilitation that is currently widespread in art, architecture and product design. Your job can fill some needs as body adaptation favor the flexibility of the structure that absorbs the most sudden movements that may cause nuisance, injuries and poor user accommodation to the wheelchair.

[pt] O potencial de autoconstrução de estruturas adaptáveis de bambu é o foco deste trabalho que visa ampliar a ótica do design como método projetual com ênfase no processo e não no produto final e como produtor de significados, podendo gerar autonomia de grupos em uma produção local pautada na educação ambiental/sustentabilidade. A adaptabilidade destas estruturas é um conceito central onde o objeto e o seu processo construtivo é determinado pelas condições locais de material, mão de obra e demanda de uso. O campo do design se estabeleceu no Brasil de acordo com a ótica do desenho industrial concebido nos países desenvolvidos que prioriza a fabricação, distribuição e comercialização dos objetos em grande escala. Neste contexto a atividade projetual deixa de focar no ser humano para se dedicar ao consumo em massa. Acreditamos que por meio do design é possível formar cidadãos conscientes da problemática ambiental planetária conduzindo-os através de metodologias participativas desenvolvidas no LILD PUC-Rio. O meio acadêmico (universidades e escolas) se apresenta como contexto geográfico favorável para aplicação destas metodologias que se baseiam na autonomia de grupos para a produção de objetos utilitários localmente. A esfera local/ regional é o ponto de partida para a concepção do design do objeto, determinando recursos materiais disponíveis, demandas de uso e aspectos culturais. Destacamos a metodologia de Técnicas & Convivência onde os professores-técnicos orientam os alunos-voluntários na concepção, construção e uso das estruturas adaptáveis de bambu em diversas aplicações. Neste processo os voluntários são coautores e são levados a pensar o objeto a partir de seu ciclo de vida – concepção, fabricação, uso, manutenção e descarte/pós-uso. O bambu representa um material acessível, de grande resistência com versatilidade para ser aplicado em diversos usos e é explorado aqui para fins estruturais. A abordagem transdisciplinar envolvendo os campos do design, arquitetura, engenharia e geografia nos leva a uma analise complexa do processo construtivo e do objeto final, contextualizando a produção no espaço. Em estudos de campo no Brasil e nos EUA concluímos que esta ótica de design com base na produção em esfera local/regional pautada na educação ambiental/sustentabilidade, tem grande acessibilidade e pode ser potencializada a partir da colaboração transdisciplinar para outros usos na sociedade, seja com foco na educação, na autonomia produtiva ou no uso diversificado das estruturas adaptáveis de bambu. / [en] The self-building potential of adaptable bamboo structures is the focus of this work that is aiming to enlarge the concept of design as a projetual method with emphasis on the process rather than the end product and as a producer of meanings, which can generate autonomy groups in a local production based in the environmental education / sustainability. The adaptability of these structures is a central concept where the object and its constructive process is determined by local conditions of material, labor and demand of use. The design field was established in Brazil in accordance with the perspective of industrial design in developed countries that prioritizes the production, distribution and marketing of large-scale objects. In this context the projetual activity fails to focus on the human being necessities to devote to mass consumption. We believe that through the design is possible to form citizens aware of global environmental issues leading them through participatory methodologies developed in LILD PUC-Rio. The academia (universities and schools) is presented as favorable geographic context for the application of these methodologies that are based on the autonomy of groups for the production of utilitarian objects locally. The local / regional level is the starting point for the design of object design, determining material resources available, use, social demands and cultural aspects. We are highlighting the methodology of Techniques & Coexistence where technicians-teachers guide the students-volunteers in the design, construction and use of adaptable bamboo structures in various applications. In this process the volunteers are co-authors and are led to think the object starting from his lifecycle - design, manufacture, use, maintenance and disposal / post-use. Bamboo is an accessible material; high strength with versatility to be applied to various uses and is explored here for structural purposes. The transdisciplinary approach involving the fields of design, architecture, engineering and geography leads to a complex analysis of the construction process and the final object, contextualizing the production space. In field studies in Brazil and the United States we concluded that this concept of design based in the local/regional production lined in the environmental education / sustainability, has great accessibility and can be enhanced from the transdisciplinary collaboration to other uses in society and is focusing on education, productive autonomy or diversified use of adaptable structures of bamboo.

<p>Past theory and research have documented several stereotypes that explain why biases against Asian Americans (AAs) in U.S. organizations can occur, such as the Model Minority Stereotype (MMS) and Perpetual Foreigner Syndrome (PFS). The current project expands on past work by proposing a new perspective of stereotypes driving (mis)treatment of AAs: Mechanistic dehumanization. Specifically, I argue that AAs are seen as more robot-like compared to other racial groups in the U.S., which may explain some of the negative workplace treatments they face. To test this phenomenon, I conducted a set of five pre-registered studies to examine the extent to which AAs tend to be more mechanistically dehumanized than other racial groups in the U.S., and its workplace implications. In a pilot study (N = 1,003), the results revealed that East, South, and Southeast AAs tended to be mechanistically dehumanized and internalized this dehumanization more than other groups. In Study 1 (Study 1a, N= 255; Study 1b, N = 427), a survey and experimental study provided support that AA coworkers are more mechanistically dehumanized than White American coworkers, and this mediated the relationship between coworker race and negative work outcomes (e.g., less perceived leadership potential, more exploitative treatment, and less workplace friendship). In another survey study, Study 2 (N = 473) found that mechanistic dehumanization exhibited incremental validity in predicting negative work outcomes for AAs, above and beyond MMS and PFS. Finally, in Study 3 (N = 477), an all-Asian sample found that AAs’ internalization of mechanistic dehumanization predicted more negative work outcomes (e.g., increased burnout, less workplace friendship), above and beyond MMS and PFS. Altogether, the current work supports a mechanistic dehumanization account of bias against AAs, reveals racial subgroup differences, and provides a novel explanation for why AAs experience certain workplace inequities. </p>

[pt] A pesquisa aborda métodos e técnicas para desenvolvimento de compósitos laminados concebidos a partir de materiais naturais, derivados de técnicas construtivas vernaculares e mais especificamente de técnica denominada de Fibrobarro, direcionadas às comunidades rurais. Estas técnicas utilizam materiais encontrados na natureza e em especial no próprio LILD, modos de fazer comuns das regiões rurais, seguindo a metodologia empírica, traduzida em novos conceitos de design participativo, que determina vivências e convivências que influenciam as relações sociais de ensino e trabalho destas comunidades. O conjunto de métodos e técnicas utilizados ao longo da pesquisa contribui para o processo de desenvolvimento dos compósitos, no qual se aplica a metodologia projetual do LILD, que segue o uso de tecnologias limpas de baixo impacto ambiental e o uso de materiais regionais, objetivando a sustentabilidade no processo e no uso. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios e experimentos, ao longo da pesquisa, demonstraram a existência de possibilidade de aplicação destes materiais feitos com terra crua, fibras naturais e poliuretano vegetal para atenderem demandas reais na construção de objetos de design e arquitetura, gerando novos materiais e técnicas que substituam as demandas tradicionais que usam materiais convencionais. Descobriu-se no material enorme potencial de uso, tanto em processos bioconstrutivos, que utilizam estruturas adaptáveis feitas com bambu; sujeitos a menores carregamentos como revestimento e vedação, tais como painéis e divisórias e mais especificamente como telhas em sistemas de coberturas residenciais; como em processos construtivos convencionais. / [en] The research deals with methods and techniques for development of composites laminates designed from natural materials, derived from vernacular building techniques and more specifically of technique called Fibrobarro, directed at rural communities. These techniques use materials found in nature and in particular own LILD, ways of doing common rural regions, following the empirical methodology, translated into new concepts of participatory design, which determines experiences and relationships that influence the social relations of teaching and work of these communities. The set of methods and techniques used throughout the research contributes to the development process of composites, in which applies the design methodology of LILD, which follows the use of clean technologies for low environmental impact and the use of materials regional, aiming at sustainability in the process and in use. The results obtained in the tests and experiments, over the poll, demonstrated the existence of possibility of application of these materials made with raw land, natural fibers and vegetal polyurethane to meet actual demands in the construction of objects of design and architecture, creating new materials and techniques that replace traditional demands that use conventional materials. It was discovered in the huge potential of material use, both in bioconstructives processes, which use adaptive structures made with bamboo; subject to smaller shipments as coating and sealing, such as panels and partitions and more specifically as tiles in residential roofing systems; as in conventional construction processes.

[pt] No presente trabalho foi investigada a microfabricação de reatores fotocatalíticos de polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS) para o estudo comparativo de aumento de escala entre micro- e mesorreatores, e lignocelulósicos de bambu para reação de cicloadição alcino-azida catalisada por cobre(I) (CuAAC) em fluxo contínuo. Nesse cenário, foi desenvolvida uma configuração experimental de scale-up e numbering-up de sistemas meso- e microfluídicos fotocatalíticos, respectivamente, para comparar a eficiência de fotodegradação de TiO2/P25 em rodamina B (RB) e azul de metileno (em inglês, Methylene Blue, MB) sob irradiação UV. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o aumento do volume (scale-up) reduz os valores de D(por cento), enquanto que numbering-up mantém a eficiência fotocatalítica com redução significativa do tempo de reação. M6-60 (micro)L apresentou melhor desempenho entre os dispositivos, com degradação total do MB (1,2 x 10-5 mol L-1) em apenas 1h, e foto-oxidação total de fenol (1,2 x 10-4 mol L-1) em 4h. Além disto, M6-60 (micro)L apresentou menor consumo de energia elétrica por ordem (0,012 kWh m-3) e maior rendimento quântico (2,6 x 10-2) em comparação com os outros dispositivos. O desenvolvimento de suportes sólidos lignocelulósicos apresentou importantes características para os processos de funcionalização de TEMPO-TAL com íons Cu(II) e Zn(II) e CuNPs. Os suportes foram devidamente caracterizados por MEV/EDS e FT-IR. Os resultados para a reação de CuAAC mostraram rendimentos de 79-82 por cento com reciclabilidade de até 7 vezes e lixiviação média de cobre de 1,30 ppm, e foram importantes para o desenvolvimento do microrreator de bambu. A microfabricação do microrreator lignocelulósicos de bambu (L(micro)R) foi realizada a partir de etapas de cortes, sem utilização de técnicas caras e sala limpa. L(micro)R mostrou fácil prototipagem e rápida oxidação com N-oxil-2,2,6,6-tetrametilpiperidina (TEMPO) e funcionalização com íons cobre (Cu-L(micro)R) e nanopartículas de cobre (CuNPs-L(micro)R). O desempenho de CuAAC em fluxo contínuo do Cu-L(micro)R foi demonstrado através da realização de estudos de reciclabilidade e rendimentos em diferentes taxas de fluxo (0,1 a 0,8 mL min-1). Cu-L(micro)R apresentou rendimentos de 60 por cento a 96 por cento para 5 tipos de reações CuAAC, indicando promissora aplicação na área de catálise em dispositivos microfluídicos. Todas as reações foram realizadas em regime de fluxo com MeOH:H2O (2:1) e lixiviação de cobre inferior a 6,0 ppm, produzindo uma série de 5 derivados de 1,2,3-triazol 1,4-dissubstituídos com boa eficiência em um ambiente com poucos recursos. CuNPs-L(micro)R apresentou limitação para realização de CuAAC por não alcançar as condições ideais de aquecimento, exigidas para ocorrência da reação. / [en] The present work had two main objectives. The first refers to the development of polydimethylsiloxane photocatalytic microreactors (PDMS) for the comparative scale-up study between micro- and mesoreactors. The second focused on the development of bamboo lignocellulosic microreactors for copper(I) catalyzed alkine-azide cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC). In this scenario, an experimental scale-up and numbering-up configuration of photocatalytic meso- and microfluidic systems were developed, to compare, respectively, the photodegradation efficiency of TiO2-P25 in rhodamine B (RB) and methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation. The obtained results suggest that the scale-up reduces the values of D (percent), while numbering-up maintains the photocatalytic efficiency with a significant reaction time reduction. The best photocatalytic microfluidic system was M6-60 (micro)L, which presented total MB degradation (1.2 x 10-5 mol L-1) in only 1h, and total phenol photo-oxidation (1,2 x 10-4 mol L-1) in 4h. Furthermore, M6-60 (micro)LM6 had lower electrical energy consumption (0,012 kWh m-3) and higher quantum yield (2,6 x 10-2) compared to others. The development of solid lignocellulosic supports showed important characteristics for the TEMPO-TAL functionalization processes with Cu(II), Zn(II) ions and CuNPs. The supports were properly characterized by SEM/ EDS and FT-IR. The results for the CuAAC reaction showed yields of 79-82 percent with recyclability of up to 7 times and average copper leaching of 1.30 ppm, and were important for the development of the bamboo microreactor. The microfabrication of the bamboo lignocellulosic microreactor (L(micro)R) was performed from cutting steps, without using expensive techniques and clean room. L(micro)R showed easy prototyping and rapid oxidation with N-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMPO) and functionalization with copper ions (Cu-L(micro)R) and copper nanoparticles (CuNPs-L(micro)R). Cu-L(micro)R continuous flow CuAAC performance was demonstrated by conducting recyclability and yield studies at different flow rates (0.1 to 0.8 mL-1). Cu-L(micro)R presented 60 percent to 96 percent yields for 5 types of CuAAC reactions, indicating promising application in the area of catalysis in microfluidic devices. All reactions were performed under a MeOH:H2O (2:1) flow regime and copper leaching below 6.0 ppm, producing a series of 5 efficiently 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazols derivatives in a resource-poor environment. CuNPs-L(micro)R presented limitation for CuAAC because it did not reach the ideal heating conditions required for the reaction to occur.

[pt] Entre materiais renováveis de baixo impacto ambiental o bambu se destaca devido ao seu crescimento rápido, alta resistência à tração, baixo peso específico e flexibilidade. É um material compósito natural com fibras longas alinhadas unidirecionalmente, anisotrópico, que não está sendo usado amplamente nas construções civis por razão de falta de informações técnico-científicas. O bambu é um material inteligente com a distribuição das fibras longitudinais como functionally graded composite material (FGM). O objetivo deste trabalho é continuação dos estudos sobre o comportamento de bambu para aplicação nas obras de engenharia, que inicio na PUC-Rio em 1979. Neste estudo específico foi observado comportamento de bambu da espécie Phyllostachys pubescens (Mosô) (através dos ensaios experimentais) sujeito a carga de torção e flexão pura (realizados com utilização do sistema de reconhecimento de imagem) e simulações computacionais em programa de elementos finitos Abaqus. Os ensaios foram feitos para os corpos de prova inteiros (de 1 metro de comprimento) e os mesmos corpos de prova foram posteriormente fissurados no meio, alargando a fissura para cada ensaio até a ruptura. / [en] Among renewable materials with low environmental impact bamboo stands out because of rapid growth, high tensile strength, low specific weight and flexibility. It is a natural composite anisotropic material with unidirectionally aligned long fibers, which is not widely used in civil construction yet due to lack of technical and scientific information. Bamboo is an intelligent material with the distribution of longitudinal fibers as functionally graded composite material (FGM). The objective of this work is to continue the study the behavior of bamboo for application to engineering works, which started at PUC-Rio in 1979. In this specific study was observed the behavior of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) through the experimental observation of pure torsion and bending (realized with utilization of image recognition system) and computer simulations in finite element program Abaqus. The tests were done for the whole bamboo specimens (1 meter long) and the same specimens were subsequently cracked in the middle extending the crack for each test until failure.

[pt] O crescimento populacional descontrolado e o desenvolvimento urbano desordenado têm testemunhado danos severos em assentamentos humanos no mundo. Fenômenos naturais extremos, como consequência de uma mudança climática abrupta, como o intenso aumento do índice pluviométrico, provocaram incidentes de deslizamentos de taludes que dificilmente seriam ignorados desde as últimas décadas. Pilhas feitas de materiais convencionais como a madeira, aço e concreto têm sido tradicionalmente utilizados para a estabilização de taludes, com a finalidade de evitar incidentes de desabamentos de aterros. O presente trabalho estuda o uso de um material não convencional, o bambu da espécie Dendrocalamus Giganteus (DG) para estabilidade de taludes, como uma alternativa de material para pilha mais amigável ao ambiente graças a sua disponibilidade geográfica e capacidade de absorção de gases de efeito estufa. Suas dimensões e mais importantes suas propriedades mecânicas, são totalmente compatíveis com as de um elemento de estaca estabilizadora de taludes. Uma análise do Método dos Elementos Finitos (FEM) foi desenvolvida no software PLAXIS para testes em 2 e 3 dimensões. Usando um modelo de encosta instável reforçada com estacas de bambu para observar a interação do solo-estaca e avaliar o fator de segurança (FS). Os resultados mostraram que as capacidades das pilhas de bambu são uma alternativa promissora para a estabilidade de taludes. / [en] Uncontrolled population growth and disorderly urban development had witnessed severe human settlement damages worldwide. Extreme natural phenomena consequence of abrupt climate change such as intense rainfall index increment had provoked landslides incidents hardly to ignore since last decades. Piles made of conventional materials such as timber, steel and concrete have traditionally been used for slope stabilization in order to prevent landslides incidents. The present paper studies the use of a non conventional material, the bamboo of the Dendrocalamus Giganteus (DG) species as bamboo-pile for slope stability, to become a more environmental friendly pile material alternative. Its dimensions and more important its mechanical properties, besides its geographical availability and greenhouse gases absorbing capabilities totally matches for an ecologic slope stabilizing pile element. Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis of bamboo-pile was developed on PLAXIS software for 2 and 3 dimensional tests. An unstable slope model condition was reinforced with bamboo-piles to observe the soil-pile interaction and evaluate the safety factor (SF). The results showed that the capabilities of the bamboo-piles are a promising alternative for slope stability.

Women's most common menstrual product is sanitary pads. Most disposable sanitary pads are constructed of up to 90% non-biodegradable plastics and bleached wood pulp. Throughout the sanitary pad's life cycle, there is a risk of exposure to toxic emissions harmful to humans and ecosystems. In contrast, disposable sanitary pads' health and environmental consequences have received little attention due to cultural stigma associated with menstruation and a lack of information regarding the chemical components used in sanitary pads. A case study has been performed at the Hempur company in Stockholm, Sweden, to evaluate potential environmental impacts of a sanitary disposal pad made almost entirely of unbleached bamboo pulp and polylactic plastic (PLA). The study's objectives were accomplished using a comparative life cycle assessment methodology to identify potential trade-offs between Hempur disposable sanitary pads and a conventional disposable sanitary pad consisting of non-biodegradable polymers and bleached wood pulp. Thus, understanding the study's results allows the implementation of recommendations to improve the environmental performance of Hempur sanitary pads. The study results indicate that Hempur plant-based sanitary pads, even though shipped to Sweden from China, have lower adverse environmental impacts —on average 40% less than conventional sanitary pads created using traditional materials and manufacturing sites in European countries. More than 80% of the overall impacts of the conventional sanitary pad were attributed to bleached wood pulp and low-density polyethylene. The upstream operations of Hempur sanitary pads were identified as the least environmentally friendly phase of the product due to the use of unbleached wood pulp and polylactic plastic, which together account for between 40% and 80% of all impact categories, most notably water scarcity and abiotic element depletion. Other factors and assumptions identified during the sensitivity analysis suggested the potential for reducing the environmental footprint of Hempur sanitary pads. By transitioning from coal to hydropower to generate electricity for bamboo pulp manufacturing, Hempur's upstream operations will dramatically improve their environmental performance, resulting in a reduction in global warming and acidification. Finally, this study suggests that other alternatives for PLA and use bamboo in the core part of Hempur sanitary pad should be considered and assessed. In this study, however, parts of the life cycle inventory process were omitted due to a lack of data on the materials and process method, which may affect the precision of the results.

This policy brief deals with the research findings of the collaborative research project “CHAnces IN Sustainability – promoting natural resource based product chains in East Africa” (CHAINS) funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, and the DLR Project Management Agency. It presents the studies investigating the value chains of highland BAMBOO and NATURAL GUM AND RESIN products in Ethiopia as well as GUM ARABIC value chains in Sudan. These products possess high eco¬nomic, social and environ¬mental benefits and untapped potentials. However, their pro-duction and commercialization are con¬strained seriously by various challenges limiting the realization of their potentials. Identified policy options are: • strengthen institutional capacity; • improve infrastructure and support services; • organize necessary information for sustainable utilization planning; • facilitate actors’ communication, innovation and fair partnership. This calls for forest product value chain development that is supported by policy, training, research, technology development and transfer, market linkage that consider private sectors, state, civic organizations, universities and research institutes.

L’incorporation de sous-produits agricoles ou de matériaux naturels dans la matrice cimentaire confère des propriétés intéressantes aux composites élaborés. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’élaborer un matériau pouvant répondre aux exigences mécaniques, thermiques et de durabilité des matériaux de construction en zone tropicale humide. Dans un premier temps, l’activité pouzzolanique d’une pouzzolane naturelle, de cendres de tronc de bambou et de cendres de bagasse de canne à sucre ont été évaluées. L’influence de leur incorporation a été ensuite étudiée sur les propriétés mécaniques et la durabilité des mortiers exposés à des ions chlorures et sulfates. Dans un second temps, l’influence de l’ajout de fibres de bagasse sur les propriétés thermiques et mécaniques des composites a été étudiée en fonction de différents paramètres (teneur en fibres, environnement de vieillissement, type de matrice cimentaire).Les résultats obtenus ont permis de montrer que les matériaux étudiés possèdent une activité pouzzolanique et qu’il est possible de les incorporer au ciment afin de lutter contre la corrosion. De plus, les composites élaborés avec des fibres de bagasse sont plus isolants que ceux élaborés sans fibres. Cependant, du point de vue des propriétés mécaniques, l’incorporation de fibres de bagasse diminue les contraintes à la flexion des composites. / The incorporation of crop wastes or natural materials in the cement matrix confers interesting properties to composites prepared. The aim of this thesis is to develop a material that can reach the mechanical, thermal and durability requirements for building materials in the humid tropical zone. Firstly, pozzolanic activity of a natural pozzolan, bamboo stem and sugar cane bagasse ashes has been determined. Influence of their incorporation on mechanical properties and durability of mortars exposed to chloride and sulphate ions was studied. Secondly, influence of addition of bagasse fibers on thermal and mechanical properties of composites was studied as a function of various parameters (fibers content, curing, type of cement matrix).These results has shown that the materials studied have pozzolanic activity and it is possible to incorporate them into the cement to fight against corrosion. Moreover, composites elaborated with bagasse fibers are more insulating than those elaborated without fibers. However, from the viewpoint of mechanical properties, incorporation of bagasse fibers decreases flexural strength of composites in the present work and under the conditions producing procedures that were adopted.