Naturskyddsföreningen gav författarna uppgiften att undersöka förekommande viskosprocesser och alternativa regenereringsprocesser, detta för att identifiera hur hållbara de är ur ett miljöperspektiv och vilka processer som går att applicera på bambu. Detta för att se möjligheten att märka bambuviskos med Bra Miljöval och för att klargöra frekvent uppkommande frågor angående bambuviskos. Syftet är att se på de olika processernas kemiska innehåll samt vilka utsläpp de orsakar till luft och vatten. Ett delmål med rapporten är att den ska kunna användas som material vid vidareutveckling av kriterierna för Bra Miljöval Textil. Resultat som erhållits vid jämförelser av studerad litteratur är att de betydande faktorerna för miljöpåverkan från massaframställningen samt viskos- och lyocellprocessen beror av: använda kemikalier i processen, energianvändningen och vilken typ av energi, möjligheten till rening av utsläpp till luft och vatten samt återvinning av energi och kemikalier. Beroende på vilket råmaterial som används vid massaframställningen kan skillnader i markanvändning, användning av bekämpningsmedel och gödningsmedel samt upptagande av koldioxid skilja sig. Massa- och fiberframställning bör vara integrerade då energiförbrukning och mängd kemikalier kan minskas. Energin kan dessutom återvinnas till större utsträckning.Genom miljömärkningar från oberoende organisationer blir det lättare för konsumenter att göra miljömedvetna val och veta vad märkningarna står för. Sammanfattningsvis ska det påpekas att om regenererad bambu framställs som den görs idag är den ingen hållbar fiber, men sker framställningen i en integrerad process där kemikalier och energi återvinns samt rening av utsläpp till luft och vatten sker, kan bambuviskos bli en hållbar fiber för framtiden. The Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (SSNC) gave the authors the task to investigative present viscose processes and alternative regeneration processes to identify how sustainable they are from an environmental perspective, and examine which processes that can be applied to bamboo. This to see the possibility to label bamboo viscose with “Bra Miljöval” (Good Environmental Choice), which is the eco-label of SSNC, and to clarify the frequently emerging issues concerning bamboo viscose. The aim is to look at the various processes, their chemical content and the emissions they cause to air and water. Another objective of the report is that it can be used as material for further development of the criteria for “Bra Miljöval”.Results obtained when comparing the studied literature is that the significant factors of the environmental impact from the pulp production, the viscose and lyocell processes depends on: chemicals used in the process, energy and energy source, the possibility of purifying emissions to air and water and recycling of energy and chemicals. Depending on the raw materials used for pulp production, differences in land use, use of pesticides and fertilizers as well as absorption of carbon dioxide differ. Pulp and fibre production should be integrated to reduce energy consumption and the amount of chemicals used. The energy can also be recycled to a greater extent.Eco-labels from independent organizations will make it easier for consumers to make environmentally conscious choices and be aware of what the labels stand for.In conclusion, it should be noted that if the regenerated bamboo is produced as it is today, it is not a sustainable fibre. If the production is done through an integrated process in which chemicals and energy recovery and purification of air and water occurs, bamboo viscose can be a sustainable fibre for the future. / Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

[pt] A utilização de materiais de construção civil a base de cimento reforçado com fibras vem aumentando rapidamente nos últimos anos. No Brasil um vasto programa experimental para avaliar o comportamento mecânico desses materiais através de ensaios de flexão monotônicos e de compressão, vem sendo desenvolvidos na PUC/RIO desde 1979. Este trabalho procura dar continuidade a essa linha de pesquisa, sendo o primeiro a estudar o comportamento em fadiga de compósitos cimentícios reforçados com polpa de bambu, através de curvas de vida-fadiga S-N e da cinética de crescimento de trincas. As curvas S-N foram levantadas para compósitos entalhados e não entalhados, contendo 6% em massa de polpa em relação a massa de cimento. Essas curvas foram modeladas, com base nas propriedades mecânicas básicas levantadas nos ensaios de compressão e flexão. Com o objetivo de verificar a aplicabilidade da lei de Paris à cinética de crescimento de trincas de fadiga nesses compósitos, foi levantada a relação entre o comprimento da trinca a e o número de ciclos N durante a propagação estável da mesma, adotando-se teores de reforço de 6 e 14% em relação a massa de cimento. Finalmente as superfícies de fratura foram avaliadas por meio de microscópio eletrônico de varredura. / [en] The use of fiber reinforced cementious composites as construction materials in civil engineering has rapidly grown in the last few years. In Brasil, a large experimental program for evaluating the mechanical behavior of these materials has been developed in PUC-RIO since 1979. The present study has the purpose of evaluating the fatigue behavior of cementitious composites by means of determining the S-N curves for notched and unnotched specimens. The fatigue curves were modeled using basic mechanical properties determined by means of compression and slow bend tests. With the purpose of verifying the applicability of Paris law to the fatigue crack growth kinetics, the crack length was determined as a function of the number of cycles N during stable crack propagation, for composites containing 6% and 14% weight percentage of bamboo pulp relative to the weight of cement. Finally, the fracture surface was analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy.

Diferentemente do que muitos imaginam, o Brasil é detentor da maior diversidade de espécies de bambus dos países do Novo Mundo. O conhecimento sobre o potencial de aplicações de bambus nativos é extremamente subdesenvolvido em comparação ao de espécies asiáticas. Considerando que as espécies asiáticas são utilizadas na medicina popular e se têm relatos de várias atividades biológicas atribuídas à presença de flavonoides e outras substâncias fenólicas de interesse, espécies de bambu do Neotrópico são potenciais fontes de bioativos. Utilizando-se essa premissa, Merostachys pluriflora, uma espécie nativa de bambu, foi escolhida como modelo de estudo. Este trabalho teve como objetivos quantificar o teor de amido, carboidratos solúveis, lipídeos, fenóis totais, flavonoides, taninos totais e proantocianidinas de folhas e colmos de M. pluriflora; e avaliar o potencial biológico dos seus extratos, fases e substâncias isoladas através de ensaios in vitro da capacidade antioxidante, anti-HIV-1 e antibacteriana. Foi possível observar que o extrato bruto de folhas rendeu o dobro do extrato de colmo e que as fases obtidas com solventes mais polares, como a fase hidrometanólica, apresentaram maiores rendimentos. Dos metabólitos primários quantificados em M. pluriflora, os lipídeos se destacaram em conteúdo em ambos os órgãos estudados. Com relação as substâncias fenólicas, foi possível observar que o extrato bruto dos colmos apresentou uma maior abundância de fenilpropanoides e derivados do ácido clorogênico, enquanto o extrato bruto das folhas apresentou uma maior abundância de flavonoides, quando comparadas aos colmos. Das substâncias fenólicas presentes em M. pluriflora, foram identificadas duas flavonas, a vitexina e a isovitexina; e três fenilpropanoides, o ácido cafeíco, ácido ferúlico e o cafeato de metila. Das fases geradas por partição, a de acetato de etila e de diclorometano, para ambos os órgãos, foram as que apresentaram a maior parte dos constituintes fenólicos, sendo as fases de acetato de etila mais ricas em flavonoides e as de diclorometano em fenilpropanoides. No geral, os extratos brutos, assim como as fases de folhas e colmos de M. pluriflora, apresentaram um grande potencial antioxidante, principalmente antiradicalar e redutor de ferro, apresentando valores de EC50 de 16,30 μg/mL a 94,77 μg/mL no ensaio ABTS, no ensaio FRAP esses valores variaram de 27,92 μg/mL a 145,78 μg/mL. No ensaio antibacteriano, especialmente frente à P. pally, a fase de diclorometano de folhas se mostrou mais ativa, com MIC50 de 126,22 μg/mL o que pode indicar que as substâncias fenólicas de caráter lipofílico, nessa espécie, são promissoras para essa atividade. Embora o ensaio anti-HIV1 mostrou que as amostras não apresentam atividade antirretroviral, este estudo contribui para o conhecimento do potencial antiviral dos extratos de bambus brasileiros. M. pluriflora se mostrou uma espécie promissora para estudos de prospecção, com uma grande quantidade de substâncias fenólicas em sua composição / Brazil is the country with the highest diversity of bamboo species in the New World. Knowledge about the medicinal potential of native bamboos is extremely underdeveloped when compared to Asian species. Some Asian bamboo species are used in folk medicine and have reports of various biological activities attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds, so bamboo species of the Neotropics are potential sources of bioactive substances. Using this assumption, Merostachys pluriflora, a native bamboo species, was chosen as a model for this study. The aimed of this study was to quantify the contents of starch, soluble carbohydrates, lipids, total phenols, flavonoids, total tannins and proanthocyanidins in leaves and culms of M. pluriflora; and evaluate the biological potential of the extracts, phases and isolated substances through in vitro assays: antioxidant activity, anti-HIV1 and antibacterial activity. It was observed that the crude extract of leaves yielded twice more than the culm extract; phases obtained with more polar solvents, such as hydromethanolic phases, had the highest yields. Lipids were the class of primary metabolites that presented higher quantities on both organs studied. Regarding the phenolic substances, it was observed that the crude extract of culms presented higher abundance of phenylpropanoids and chlorogenic acid derivates, but the crude extract from leaves showed higher abundance of flavonoids (all of then derived from apigenin) when compared to culms. Were identified two flavones, vitexin and isovitexin, and three phenylpropanoids, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and methyl caffeate. Phases using ethyl acetate and dichloromethane as extraction solvents were those that retained the majority of phenolic constituents. Ethyl acetate phase presented flavonoids while dichloromethane phase presented phenylpropanoids as major contituients. In general, the crude extracts and phases from leaves and culms of M. pluriflora showed antioxidant activity, especially antiradical and iron reducer capacity, presenting EC50 values of 16.30 mg/mL to 94.77 mg/ml in ABTS assay. For FRAP assay these values ranged from 27.92 mg/mL to 145.78 mg/mL. In the antibacterial assay, especially for P. pally, the dichloromethane phase from leaves was more active, presenting MIC50 of 126.22 mg/mL. This might indicate that the lipophilic phenolic present in this species of bamboo are promising for antibacterial activity. Although the anti-HIV1 assay showed that the samples do not present antiretroviral potential, this study contributes to the knowledge of the antiviral potential of Brazilian bamboo species. M. pluriflora showed to be a promising species for prospecting studies, with a large amount of phenolic substances in its composition

Os bambus nativos do Brasil, com exceção de seu uso como material de construção, têm encontrado poucas aplicações devido à falta de conhecimento abrangente sobre sua composição química e atividades biológicas. Neste projeto, foram pesquisados extratos etanólicos de colmos e folhas de cinco espécies de bambu do Sudeste brasileiro: Aulonemia aristulata (Döll) McClure., Chusquea bambusoides Rupr. Ex Döll, Chusquea capituliflora Trin. var. pubescens McClure, Chusquea meyeriana Rupr. e Merostachys pluriflora Munro ex E.G. Camus, para avaliar sua atividade antioxidante, composição química, e atividade foto-protetora. O potencial antioxidante das plantas foi avaliado através do método do sequestro do radical livre DPPH, onde os extratos apresentaram valores de CI50 entre 137 e 260 µg/mL. O teor de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides foi determinado através dos métodos com o reagente Folin-Ciocalteau e AlCl3. O conteúdo de fenólicos totais variou de 43 a 87 µg equivalentes de ácido gálico por mg de extrato seco. O extrato mais rico em flavonoides foi o de C. bambusoides, com 6,44 µg equivalentes de quercetina por mg da amostra. A análise preliminar da composição química dos extratos foi realizada por cromatografia em camada delgada, excluindo a presença de flavonoides comuns nos bambus asiáticos. A eficácia de proteção solar e a foto-estabilidade in vitro das formulações cosméticas com extratos de bambus (10%) e filtros solares comerciais foi estimada por espectrofotometria de reflectância difusa com esfera de integração em placas de polimetilmetacrilato. Os dados obtidos foram convertidos em fator de proteção solar (FPS) antes e depois da irradiação, que variaram respectivamente entre 34,52 86,15 e 14,33 44,44. A seguir, foi avaliada a citotoxicidade frente a uma linhagem de células epiteliais de retina humana (RPE) do extrato mais promissor de colmos de M. pluriflora, sendo o mesmo classificado como não-tóxico. O fracionamento desse extrato potencializou a ação antioxidante e foto-protetora, aumentando a concentração das substâncias ativas no extrato selecionado. Adicionalmente, foram realizados outros ensaios cromatográficos (CG-EM e CLAE), os quais identificaram ácidos graxos, ácidos fenólicos e produtos característicos de decomposição de ligninas como os compostos principais nas frações ativas. Uma amostra de formulação cosmética com extrato de colmos M. pluriflora (5%) e com filtros solares foi enviada para Instituto de Pesquisa IPClin, onde foram realizados testes de FPS e foto-irritação in vivo. A média de FPS in vivo da formulação foi 23, enquanto, o FPS da formulação controle, 15. Devido a sua abundância, o ácido p-cumárico, pode ser o principal responsável pela atividade observada. O produto com o extrato não causou irritação da pele dos voluntários após a irradiação. Os resultados indicam que as espécies de bambu do Brasil aumentam o FPS dos filtros solares comerciais e são seguros para o uso externo, com potencial para a produção de cosméticos fotoprotetores. / Differently of Asian species, the native Brazilian bamboo speciesare mostly used in the construction industry, with no pharmaceutical applications described, as their chemical composition and biological effects are unknown. In this project, we evaluated the chemical composition, antioxidant and photoprotective activity of ethanolic extracts from five bamboos from the South of Brazil: Aulonemia aristulata (Döll) McClure., Chusquea bambusoides Rupr. Ex Döll, Chusquea capituliflora Trin. var. pubescens McClure, Chusquea meyeriana Rupr. and Merostachys pluriflora Munro ex E.G. Camus. DPPH radical scavenging activity assay was used to estimate the antioxidant potencial of the plants, and the IC50 received varied between 137 and 260 µg/mL. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents were determined using Folin-Ciocalteau and AlCl3 reagents. The bamboo dry extracts showed between 43 - 87 µg gallic acid equivalents and up to 7 µg of quercetin equivalents per mg of the sample. Preliminary analysis of the chemical composition done by Thin Layer Chromatography in silica plates, indicated that the most common flavonoids found in Asian species were not present in the Brazilian bamboos. Photoprotective activity of the developed cosmetic formulations, containing commercial solar filters and 10% of the extracts, was evaluated by diffuse transmittance with an integrating sphere on PMMA plates. The samples presented Sun Protection Factor (SPF) from 34 86 before to 14 44 after the irradiation, and a broad spectrum of action. The most promising extract, M. pluriflora culms, was chosen for the second part of the project, which involved further studies on its composition and in vivo photoprotective activity. The selected extract had its cytotoxicity evaluated, to confirm its safety, against retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells. The extract was fractioned, and the fractions were evaluated for their total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Fractions separation increased the quantity of the active compounds and, consequently, their antioxidant and photoprotective effect. Additionally, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis of the fractions showed the presence of fatty acids, phenolic acids and products of lignin decomposition as the main compounds. Due to its abundance, p-coumaric acid might be responsible for the antioxidant activity and photoprotection of the bamboo extract. The photoprotective formulation with 5% of the extract was sent to a clinical research center, IPClin, to have their SPF in vivo and photosensitivity effect estimated on healthy volunteers. The in vivo SPF was 23 for the extract formulation and 15 for the control with only commercial filters. These results indicated that native bamboo species can be a source of natural photoprotective substances, which would prevent the addition of high amount of synthetic solar filters, that can easily degrade and cause skin allergies and irritation.

A substituição dos conservantes sintéticos em cosméticos por produtos naturais é uma tendência, direcionando as pesquisas para a busca de novas alternativas de compostos antimicrobianos naturais. Extratos de bambus asiáticos têm ampla aplicação na indústria cosmética, sendo muito utilizados em diversas formulações. No Brasil, a triagem química de espécies nativas de bambus para futuras aplicações na indústria ainda é incipiente. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as atividades antioxidante e antimicrobiana de extratos e frações de folhas e colmos de A. simplex McClure & Smith. Extratos brutos de folhas e colmos foram obtidos por percolação com etanol 60%, liofilizados, e fracionados com solventes de polaridade crescente. A capacidade antioxidante foi quantificada pelo método de redução do radical DPPH, sendo a fração clorofórmica dos colmos a que apresentou melhor atividade (IC50= 24,02 µg/mL). A atividade antimicrobiana foi determinada pelo método de microdiluição frente Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) e Apergillus brasilensis (ATCC 16404). Os extratos brutos e frações de folhas e colmos de A. simplex apresentaram baixa atividade antimicrobiana com concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) > 1mg/mL para todos os micro-organismos. O efeito sinérgico dos extratos com parabenos foi realizado utilizando o delineamento experimental centroide simplex para uma mistura de metilparabeno, propilparabeno e extrato. As misturas foram testadas frente aos micro-organismos utilizados no ensaio de atividade antimicrobiana. O sinergismo foi observado em maior intensidade em S. aureus e C. albicans. Adicionalmente, os resultados da quantificação de flavonoides e compostos fenólicos totais sugeriram que o sinergismo entre esses compostos e os parabenos poderia ser responsável pela atividade antimicrobiana. / The replacing synthetic preservatives in cosmetics with natural products, is a tendency, research to investigate new natural antimicrobial compounds. Although Asian bamboo extracts have wide application in the cosmetics industry and are widely used in various formulations, Brazilian native species were not yet been investigated for future industrial applications. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts and fractions from A. simplex McClure & Smith leaves and culms. Crude leaf and culm extracts were obtained by percolation with 60% ethanol, lyophilized and fractionated with increasing polarity solvents. Antioxidant capacity was measured by the DPPH radical scavenging method in which the culm chloroform fraction presented the highest activity (IC50=24.02 µg/mL). Antimicrobial activity was determined by the microdilution method against Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Apergillus brasiliensis (ATCC 16404). All the extracts and fractions from A. simplex showed low antimicrobial activity with Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) > 1 mg/mL for all microorganisms. The synergistic effect of the extracts mixed with methyl and propyl parabens was tested using a simplex centroid design. The mixtures were tested against the same microorganisms used for extracts evaluation. A stronger synergic effect was observed for S. aureus and C. albicans. Additionaly, the quantification results of flavonoids and total phenolic compounds suggested that the synergism among these compounds and the parabenos could be responsible for the antimicrobial activity.

Guadua angustifolia Kunth (Guadua) is a bamboo species native to South and Central America that has been widely used for structural applications in small and large-scale buildings, bridges and temporary structures. Currently, its structural use is regulated within seismic resistant building codes in countries such as Peru and Colombia. Nevertheless, Guadua remains a material for vernacular construction associated with high levels of manual labour and structural unpredictability. Guadua buildings are limited to two storeys due to the overall flexibility of the slender and hollow culms and its connection systems. Its axial specific stiffness is comparable to that of steel and hardwoods, but unlike wood, Guadua’s hollow structure and lack of ray cells render it prone to buckling along the grain and to transverse crushing. As a result, Guadua’s mainstream use in construction and transformation into standard sizes or engineered Guadua products is scarce. Therefore, this work focussed on the development of standardised flat industrial structural products from Guadua devising replicable manufacturing technologies and engineering methods to measure and predict their mechanical behaviour. Cross-laminated Guadua panels were developed using thermohydro-mechanically modified and laminated flat Guadua strips glued with a high performance resin. Guadua was subjected to thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) treatments that modified its microstructure and mechanical properties. THM treatment was applied to Guadua with the aim of tackling the difficulties in the fabrication of standardised construction materials and to gain a uniform fibre content profile that facilitated prediction of mechanical properties for structural design. Densified homogenous flat Guadua strips (FGS) were obtained. Elastic properties of FGS were determined in tension, compression and shear using small-clear specimens. These properties were used to predict the structural behaviour of G-XLam panels comprised of three and five layers (G-XLam3 and G-XLam5) by numerical methods. The panels were assumed as multi-layered systems composed of contiguous lamellas with orthotropic axes orientated at 0º and 90º. A finite element (FE) model was developed, and successfully simulated the response of G-XLam3 & 5 panels virtually loaded with the same boundary conditions as the following experimental tests on full-scale panels. G-XLam3 and G-XLam5 were manufactured and their mechanical properties evaluated by testing large specimens in compression, shear and bending. Results from numerical, FE predictions and mechanical testing demonstrated comparable results. Finally, design and manufacturing aspects of the G-XLam panels were discussed and examples of their architectural and structural use in construction applications such as mid-rise buildings, grid shells and vaults are presented. Overall, this research studies THM treatments applied to Guadua in order to produce standardised engineered Guadua products (EGP), and provides guidelines for manufacturing, testing, and for the structural analysis and design with G-XLam panels. These factors are of key importance for the use of Guadua as a mainstream material in construction.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-04-11T11:52:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Daniel Gomes de Souza.pdf: 1472024 bytes, checksum: 3385d5348a94adf1522e1283bb01b3b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T11:52:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Daniel Gomes de Souza.pdf: 1472024 bytes, checksum: 3385d5348a94adf1522e1283bb01b3b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-02 / Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado do RJ - FAPERJ / The family farm is the category of the food production sector with the largest number of productive and responsible for seventy percent of food for domestic consumption in Brazil. For this reason, the development of technologies adapted to the conditions experienced by this action is of very important for the development of rural areas. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of using bamboo in the composition of an alternative system of irrigation for the cultivation of pepper in the city of Serop?dica - RJ. The study was conducted at two different times, and consisted in: a thorough laboratory analysis of hydraulic characteristics of Bambusa tuldoides ducts, and the assembly and qualitative analysis of an alternative irrigation system consists of pipelines of bamboo species Bambusa vulgaris and Bambusa tuldoides, used to irrigate an organic cultivation of pepper Capsicum baccatum L. var. pendulum. Coefficients were determined for Fd C and ducts Bambusa tuldoides, empirical equations used in the design of hydraulic networks and the uniformity of water application of a system composed of bamboo pipes and connections of strips of inner tubes, and crop production Pepper before the variation of the irrigation schedule when irrigated by it. With the data obtained is intended to increase knowledge about food production using this technology, allowing its use in small areas of cultivation by poor farmers, thereby providing an improved growing conditions, reflected in increased production and consequent improvement in quality of life of the producer / A agricultura familiar ? a categoria do setor de produ??o de alimentos com o maior n?mero de unidades produtivas e respons?vel por setenta por cento dos alimentos destinados ao consumo interno no Brasil. Por este motivo, o desenvolvimento de tecnologias adaptadas as condi??es vivenciadas por esse segmento ? de suma import?ncia para o desenvolvimento do meio rural brasileiro. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar a viabilidade da utiliza??o do bambu na composi??o de um sistema alternativo de irriga??o, para a cultura da pimenta no munic?pio de Serop?dica ? RJ. Este foi desenvolvido em dois momentos distintos, e constou em: uma minuciosa an?lise laboratorial das caracter?sticas hidr?ulicas de dutos de Bambusa tuldoides; e a montagem e an?lise qualitativa de um sistema de irriga??o alternativo composto por dutos de bambu das esp?cies: Bambusa vulgaris e Bambusa tuldoides. O de irriga??o proposto foi utilizado na irriga??o de um cultivo org?nico da pimenta Capsicum baccatum L. var. pendulum. Foram determinados os coeficientes C e Fd para dutos de Bambusa tuldoides, utilizados nas equa??es emp?ricas de dimensionamento de redes hidr?ulicas; a uniformidade de aplica??o de ?gua de um sistema composto por dutos de bambu e conex?es de tiras de c?maras de ar, e a produ??o da cultura da pimenta Cambuci frente a varia??o do turno de rega quando irrigada pelo mesmo. Com os dados obtidos pretende-se ampliar o conhecimento sobre a produ??o de alimentos com a utiliza??o desta tecnologia, permitindo sua aplica??o em pequenas ?reas de cultivo por agricultores descapitalizados, propiciando assim uma melhoria das condi??es de cultivo, que se reflete no aumento da produ??o e conseq?ente melhoria na qualidade de vida do produtor

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Douglas _Torres.pdf: 3616129 bytes, checksum: a4f03d06a9a51441bb0fbfebd263c6b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-20 / Hydrogen is naturally formed in intermediate stages of anaerobic digestion and is subsequently consumed to generate products such as methane and hydrogen sulphide. So, in order to increase the energetic efficiency of gases produced in the system, it was necessary to separate hydrogen. It is essential to interrupt hydrogen consumption by methanogenic and sulphidegenic phases of anaerobic digestion process. As the effluent from cassava processing presents high concentration of sugars, there may be some possibility to favor the acidogenic digestion process, which provides better conditions to produce hydrogen gas and inhibit methanogenic archaea. Thus, this trial aims at evaluating hydrogen production from anaerobic digestion of wastewater from the cassava manufacturing process in an upflow anaerobic reactor, where bamboo was used as support medium. Four experimental runs (R1, R2, R3 and R4) were carried out in a 3.0 L plexiglass reactor, operated at 0.75 h-1 flow rate and Hydraulic Detention Time (HDT) of 4 hours. The assays were inoculated with 10% of the effective volume of an anaerobic sludge digester installed on a cassava industry at 95 °C for 15 min to eliminate microorganisms that produce methane. The cassava pH adjustment was managed to 6.0, but only at the R1 run. In R2, R3 and R4 runs, without any pH change, the values ranged from 3.74 to 4.47. The reactors showed a consumption average from total sugar superior at 80%, whose COD removals were 55.26, 15.27, 46.16 and 40.42% for R1, R2, R3 and R4, respectively. It was also observed that biogas flow decreasing provided greater biomass accumulation in the reactor. Thus, the results of HDT values were obtained by hydrodynamic essay of 3.75, 1.08, 1.83 and 2.43 for R1, R2 R3 and R4, respectively. It can also be observed that the process of hydrogen generation was associated with the metabolic route to generate butyric acid, since the increase of this product from acidogenesis resulted in higher amounts of hydrogen. It was also pointed out that the peak incidences of lactic and propionic acid concentrations in the effluent occurred simultaneously to the decreased production, which could indicate H2 consumption. The use of cassava without pH correction in R2, R3 and R4 resulted in lower productions of H2 maybe as a result of solventogenesis possibility that was recorded by the increase in butanol and ethanol production, which matched to the hydrogen flow reduction. The highest molar flow rates of H2 were observed in R1, with maximum value of 10.6mmolH2.h-1. R2 essay showed the highest percentages of hydrogen in biogas (45.37%) and maximum flow of 3.37 mmolH2.h-1, whose highest concentrations of calcium in cassava lots were used in that period. However, R3 and R4 reactors showed the highest flows (0.99 and 1.80 mmolH2.h-1). Thus, it should be highlighted the importance of correcting pH of cassava industry wastewater and monitoring alcohols and volatile fatty acids generated during this process. / O hidrogênio é naturalmente formado em etapas intermediárias da digestão anaeróbia e é posteriormente consumido para geração de produtos como o metano e o ácido sulfídrico. Para possibilitar a separação do hidrogênio, em busca do aumento da eficiência energética dos gases gerados no reator, torna-se necessária a interrupção do consumo do hidrogênio pelas fases metanogênica e sulfetogênica do processo de digestão anaeróbia. Como o efluente do processamento da mandioca apresenta elevada concentração de açúcares, pode ocorrer o favorecimento do processo de digestão acidogênica, que proporciona melhores condições para a geração do gás hidrogênio e inibição das arqueias metanogênicas. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar a produção de hidrogênio a partir da digestão anaeróbia de efluente do processo de fabricação de fécula de mandioca (manipueira), em reator anaeróbio de leito fixo e fluxo ascendente, utilizando hastes de bambu como meio suporte. Foram realizados 4 ensaios experimentais (R1, R2, R3 e R4) em reator de plexiglass com 3,0 L de volume útil, operados com vazão de 0,75 L.h-1 e tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 4 horas. Os ensaios foram inoculados com 10% do volume útil de lodo anaeróbio de um biodigestor instalado em uma fecularia, previamente aquecido a 95 °C por 15 minutos para eliminação de microrganismos produtores de metano. O ajuste do pH da manipueira foi realizado para 6,0 somente no ensaio R1. Nos ensaios R2, R3 e R4, sem alterações do pH, os valores variaram de 3,74 a 4,47. Os reatores apresentaram média de consumo de açúcares totais superiores a 80%, com remoções de DQO de 55,26; 15,27; 46,16 e 40,42% para R1, R2, R3 e R4, respectivamente. Foi observado que a redução das vazões de biogás proporcionou maior acúmulo de biomassa no reator. Os resultados dos valores de TDH foram obtidos pelo ensaio hidrodinâmico de 3,75, 1,08, 1,83 e 2,43 para R1, R2, R3 e R4, respectivamente. Foi possível verificar que o processo de geração de hidrogênio estava associado à via metabólica de geração de ácido butírico, uma vez que o aumento deste produto da acidogênese proporcionou elevação dos valores de hidrogênio. Observou-se também que os picos de concentrações de ácido lático e propiônico no efluente ocorreram simultaneamente às reduções de produtividade e podem indicar o consumo de H2. A utilização da manipueira, sem correção de pH em R2, R3 e R4, resultou em menores produtividades de H2, possivelmente resultantes do favorecimento da solvetogênese, verificada pela elevação das produções de butanol e etanol, que coincidiram com a redução das vazões de hidrogênio. As maiores vazões molares de H2 foram observadas em R1, com valor máximo de 10,6 mmolH2.h-1. O ensaio R2 apresentou as maiores percentagens de hidrogênio no biogás (45,37%) e vazão máxima de 3,37 mmolH2.h-1, em que foram observadas as maiores concentrações de cálcio nos lotes de manipueira, utilizados naquele período. Os reatores R3 e R4 apresentaram vazões máximas de 0,99 e 1,80 mmolH2.h-1. Dessa forma, destaca-se a necessidade da correção dos valores de pH do efluente de fecularia e monitoramento dos álcoois e ácidos graxos voláteis gerados no processo.

El presente proyecto se basa en la producción y comercialización de ropa interior para las mujeres de edades entre los 19 y 49 años del nivel socioeconómico A y B de Lima metropolitana, especialmente para aquellas que presentan flujo abundante. Se realizaron encuestas que permitieron detectar una demanda insatisfecha debido a la falta de productos que brinden seguridad y comodidad al momento de usar una prenda interior en el periodo menstrual. Cuenta con un diseño especial en la zona del fundillo, el cual está compuesto por 3 tipos de tela, algodón licra, tela de bambú y algodón jersey, los mismos que permite reducir el riesgo de manchar las prendas de vestir cuando realizan actividades cotidianas. La medida es de 24 cm de largo, lo cual abarca gran parte de zona delantera y trasera de la trusa. El desarrollo del proyecto se encuentra dividido en dos puntos, los cuales son la validación del plan de negocio y desarrollo del plan de negocio. Para la ejecución del proyecto se requirió una inversión de 23,888 soles, obtenidos a base de capital propio de los accionistas, quienes estiman recuperar dicha inversión en el primer año de operación. La rentabilidad brindada a los accionistas es de 274% lo cual hace nuestro proyecto un negocio rentable. / The present project is based on the production and marketing of underwear for women between the ages of 19 and 49, with socioeconomic statuses A and B in metropolitan Lima, especially for those who have an abundant flow. Surveys were conducted that allowed us to detect an unmet demand due to the lack of products that provide safety and comfort when wearing an undergarment during the menstrual period. It has a special design in the delicate area of the underwear, which is composed of 3 types of cloths, lycra cotton, bamboo cloth and cotton jersey, the same that reduces the risk of staining garments when the users perform their daily activities. The measurement is 24 cm long, which covers much of the front and back of the delicate area of the underwear The proposal is divided into two parts, which consists of the validation and development of the business plan. For the execution of this project, an investment of 23,888 soles was required, it is obtained solely on the shareholder's own capital, with an estimated payback in the first year of operations. The profitability provided to the shareholders is 274%, which makes the project a profitable business. / Trabajo de investigación

Plants emit a diverse range of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) into the atmosphere, of which isoprene is the most abundantly emitted. Isoprene significantly affects biological and atmospheric processes, but the range of isoprene and BVOCs present in bamboos has not been well characterized. In this thesis I explore the range of isoprene emission found in bamboos and relate it to plant morphological and physiological characteristics. In addition, I measure and relate the entire suite of BVOCs present in the bamboos to their fundamental isoprene emission rate. Interspecific variation in isoprene emission documented in a comprehensive survey of bamboos. Two groups of bamboo species were measured in the greenhouse and the field. Elevated photosynthetic rate was significantly correlated with isoprene emission. In the field, dark respiration rate was highest in bamboos that made the least amount of isoprene. The total BVOC suite was significantly influenced by whether or not leaf-level isoprene emission was present. I conclude that bamboos vary with regard to physiology, morphology, and total BVOC suite and that isoprene emission is correlated with these changes, and introduce the bamboos as a novel system for studying the impacts of isoprene emission.