The purpose of this study was to investigate the bands of the armies of the Confederate States of America. This study features appendices of libraries and archives collections visited in ten states and Washington D.C., and covers all known Confederate bands. Some scholars have erroneously concluded that this indicated a lack of available primary source materials that few Confederate bands served the duration of the war. The study features appendices of libraries and archives collections visited in ten states and Washington, D.C., and covers all known Confederate bands. There were approximately 155 bands and 2,400 bandsmen in the service of the Confederate armies. Forty bands surrendered at Appomattox and many others not listed on final muster rolls were found to have served through the war. While most Confederate musicians and bandsmen were white, many black musicians were regularly enlisted soldiers who provided the same services. A chapter is devoted to the contributions of black Confederate musicians.

Growth performance of Bur oak (Q. macrocarpa Michx.) and Red oak (Q. rubra L.) under salinity conditions was assessed by growing seedlings in the presence of increasing levels of NaCl. Salinity reduced root growth in both species, although its repressive effect was more pronounced in Red oak. Exposure to 75 mM NaCl for three weeks almost arrested root growth in Red oak, while it reduced it only by 40 % in Bur oak. Red oak roots showed extensive necrosis and limited branching. Salinity also induced leaf injury, which at a NaCl level of 25 mM was less severe in Bur oak possibly due the higher expression of dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), enzymes participating in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Salinity also altered nutrient uptake and accumulation in root and leaf tissue. Compared to Red oak, the relative calcium level in Bur oak roots exposed to increased salinity remained elevated, while an opposite trend was observed in leaf tissue. This was in contrast to nitrogen and potassium, the relative level of which was higher in Red oak leaves grown in the presence of NaCl. The better performance of Bur oak root tissue under salinity conditions was ascribed to structural modifications of the root system with maturation of casparian bands and suberinization occurring closer to the root tip. These structures are known to act as barriers enhancing ion selectivity. Collectively this study demonstrates that relative to Red oak, Bur oak is more tolerant to NaCl induced salinity conditions. / February 2017

The purpose of the project was to determine if two Junior High band student trainees could accurately evaluate the performance of individual band students from a pre-selected method book. Band students would record specific musical exercises which were evaluated by two student trainees and the band director. The purpose of the project was to check the reliability between the student trainees and the director.

Luis Serrano Alarcón is one of the most important and relevant composers of our time. He is sought after as a composer, lecturer, and conductor throughout the world. His works have been performed in over 30 countries worldwide by some of the leading musical ensembles in the United States, Europe, and Asia, as well as being highly decorated by winning many prestigious composition contests including the International Band Competition Contest of Corciano, Italy. Born in Valencia, Spain, Alarcón is relatively self-taught in composition, which is a testament to his natural-born gift for composition. His compositional output ranges from the traditional Spanish pasodoble to chamber music, solo pieces, and sophisticated masterpieces for orchestra and wind ensemble. His work Duende: Four Preludes for Symphonic Wind Ensemble was commissioned by the University of St. Thomas Wind Ensemble, Minnesota (USA) in 2010. From its premiere, it became an extremely popular piece among wind band conductors. Duende’s appeal can be attributed to its fusion of Spanish popular music, the symphonic energy of Manuel de Falla’s scores, Iberia by the Spanish composer Isaac Albeniz, and the presence of jazz and Latin music. A detailed conductor’s guide will be provided in this document that includes but not limited to an analysis of form and structure for each movement, conducting considerations, and rehearsal suggestions and techniques. Last but not least, an in-depth exploration into the composer’s background, Spanish musical influences, and the Spanish Band movement and traditions has been conducted. Through this process, an uncovering of intriguing and relevant points of interest have come to the surface. Alarcón’s music sounds the way it does and appeals to the masses because of the juxtaposition of its infectious, Spanish musical elements, as well as its traditional symphonic music components. Moreover, the long and historical past, culture, and traditions of Spanish Bands creates an enormous influence and motivation to compose for the wind band genre. More than two-thirds of all municipalities in Valencia, Spain have musical societies that serve as sponsors for the bands and other ensembles, provide music education, and function as a social center to the townspeople. They are also supported by the Valencian Federation of Musical Societies, all branches of government, the business community, and the media. The musical ensembles participate in both non-competitive and competitive performance activities. Non-competitive performances include concerts, wind band festivals, honor bands, and massed bands. Wind band competitions are sponsored at the municipal, provincial, regional, and international levels. Many of these performance types are combined for special celebrations like patron saint holidays, including Las Fallas and Moros y Cristianos.

Students' perspectives in jazz education have gone largely ignored. A modified analytic inductive design allowed me to look broadly at the students' jazz band experience while specifically investigating their views about playing individualized parts, improvising, and interpreting and articulating swing rhythms. A focus group procedure was altered (Krueger, 1995) and incorporated into my teaching of 19 students. Two 30 minute sessions per week over a 12 week period were video- and audiotaped. Audiotaped exit interviews provided data in a non-social environment. All data were transcribed and coded in order to identify major themes and trends. Conclusions were verified through member checks, several types of triangulation and other qualitative analysis techniques. Trustworthiness was determined through an audit. Cognitively and physically, students had to accommodate musical techniques as these differed from those used in concert band. Some students were confused by the new seating arrangement and the playing of individualized parts. While some students could perform distinctly different swing and straight interpretations of the same song without external cues, others could only perform this task with external cues. Some changes in articulation were well within the students' capabilities while other techniques were more difficult to accommodate. Several students felt 'uptight' while they improvised alone in front of their peers, noting group improvisation and rhythmic embellishment of familiar tunes as being helpful in assuaging these feelings. Students recognized the environmental differences between concert band and jazz band, and reported more freedom of expression in jazz band. Particularly enjoying this freedom, the more willing improvisors banded together as a clique. The students' learning was viewed as being situated in the context of jazz band. 'Musical perturbation' and cognitive apprenticeship described students' physical and cognitive accommodation of the new context. The instructional strategies students found to be most helpful were student-centered and derived from cognitive behavior modification and scaffolding theory.

A diversificada e importante aplicação do lenho das plantações de eucalipto de rápido crescimento, com a aplicação de fertilização mineral, exigem a análise do seu efeito na qualidade do lenho. Com esse objetivo avaliou-se a dinâmica do incremento em diâmetro do tronco, as características anatômicas, físico-mecânicas e a concentração de nutrientes do lenho de árvores de Eucalyptus grandis, plantadas no espaçamento de 3x2 m e fertilizadas com potássio e sódio (no plantio, 6º, 12° mês). Foram selecionadas 60 árvores de eucalipto, no 22º mês, em 5 classes de área basal e avaliado o incremento em diâmetro do tronco, a cada 14 dias, de fevereiro de 2006 a fevereiro de 2010, através de dendrômetros. Para a amostragem do lenho em diferentes porcentagens da altura total do tronco foram selecionadas e cortadas árvores de eucalipto com a idade de 12, 24, 36 e 48 meses, em 5 classes de área basal. As amostras do lenho das árvores de eucalipto com 12, 24 e 36 meses foram utilizadas na avaliação das suas características anatômicas e determinação da densidade básica ponderada. Para as amostras do lenho das árvores de eucalipto com 48 meses foram analisadas as características anatômicas (fibras e vasos), físicas (densidade aparente e básica), mecânicas (resistência e rigidez à flexão estática e resistência a compressão paralela as fibras) nos tratamentos de fertilização, nas classes de área basal, nas posições radial e longitudinal do tronco e realizadas regressões múltiplas. Os resultados mostraram que as árvores de eucalipto dos tratamentos potássio e sódio e as de maior classe de área basal, apresentaram taxas de incremento do tronco superiores em relação às do tratamento controle e demais classes de área basal. Para o diâmetro do tronco das árvores foi detectado um efeito da sazonalidade climática, com períodos de máximo e mínimo crescimento. Houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos de fertilização e classes de área basal das árvores para algumas características anatômicas e propriedades mecânicas; não foi observada diferença significativa para a densidade aparente e básica do lenho. Os maiores teores de potássio e de sódio foram encontrados no lenho das árvores dos respectivos tratamentos. A análise do teor de potássio e de sódio no lenho das árvores de eucalipto no 12º, 24º, 36º e 48º mês mostrou a maior retranslocação dos nutrientes nos respectivos tratamentos. Os resultados permitem concluir que os nutrientes, principalmente o potássio, induziu maior incremento em diâmetro e volume de lenho do tronco das árvores de eucalipto, sem alteração da sua densidade aparente e básica. A fertilização mineral influenciou algumas características anatômicas e propriedades mecânicas do lenho das árvores de eucalipto. O teor de potássio e de sódio variou nos tratamentos de fertilização, evidenciando a ocorrência de sua translocação no lenho das árvores ao longo da sua idade. / The diverse and important application of the wood in eucalyptus plantations of fast growth with the addition of mineral fertilizers, require the analysis of its effect on the woods quality. With this objective were evaluated the dynamics of the increment in trunk diameter, anatomical characteristics, physical-mechanical and nutrient concentration in Eucalyptus grandis trees planted at a spacing of 3x2 m and fertilized with potassium and sodium (at planting, 6, 12th month). Were selected 60 eucalyptus trees with 22 months, in five class of basal area and evaluated the increment in trunk diameter, every 14 days, from February 2006 to February 2010 through dendrometers bands. To sample the wood at different percentages of the total height of the trunk were selected and cut eucalyptus trees at the age of 12, 24, 36 and 48 months, in five class of basal area. The wood samples of eucalyptus trees with 12, 24 and 36 months were used in the evaluation of its anatomical and determination of the basic density. For eucalyptus trees wood samples with 48 months were analyzed the anatomic characteristics (fibers and vessels), physical (wood density), mechanical (strength and stiffness) in the treatment of fertilization, class of basal area, radial and longitudinal positions and multiple regressions. The results showed that the eucalyptus trees with the sodium and potassium treatments and the class of basal area upper had rates of growth upper than the control treatment and other class of basal area. For the trunk diameter of trees was detected a seasonal effect of climate, with periods of maximum and minimum growth. There were significant differences between fertilization treatments and class of basal area of trees to some anatomical characteristics, and mechanical properties; no difference was found for wood density. The higher concentration of potassium and sodium were found in trees of the respective treatments. The analysis of the content of potassium and sodium in the wood of the eucalyptus trees on the 12th, 24th, 36th and 48th months showed greater translocation of nutrients in the treatments. The results indicate that nutrients, particularly potassium, induced greater increase in volume and diameter of the eucalyptus trees trunk, without altering wood density. The mineral fertilization influenced some anatomical characteristics and mechanical properties of wood. The content of potassium and sodium varied in fertility treatments, indicating the occurrence of translocation in the wood of trees along its age.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o efeito da substituição do potássio pelo sódio no crescimento em diâmetro e na qualidade do lenho de árvores de Eucalyptus grandis, plantadas em espaçamento 3x2 m e fertilizadas com potássio e sódio (no plantio, 6° e 12° mês), visando orientar a fertilização mineral com potássio e sódio em plantações florestais sujeitas ao déficit hídrico. Foram selecionadas 60 árvores de eucalipto, no 101° mês após plantio, em cinco classes de área basal e avaliado o incremento em diâmetro do tronco, a cada 14 dias, de fevereiro de 2006 a setembro de 2012, através de dendrômetros. Para a amostragem do lenho, foram coletados discos em seis posições (base, DAP, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) da altura total das árvores. As amostras coletadas foram utilizadas para avaliação das propriedades anatômicas (fibras e vasos), físicas (densidade básica ponderada através dos métodos da balança hidrostática, da espectroscopia por infravermelho próximo e densidade aparente por densitometria de raios X), mecânicas (resistência e rigidez à flexão estática e resistência à compressão paralela às fibras), químicas (teores de lignina, holocelulose, extrativos e cinzas) e variação radial de Ca, K, Mg, Na e P (por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma induzido por laser) segundo os tratamentos de fertilização, classes de área basal, posições radial e longitudinal do tronco. Os resultados mostram que as árvores de eucalipto dos tratamentos potássio e sódio e as de maior classe de área basal, apresentaram taxas de incremento do tronco superiores em relação às árvores controle e demais classes de área basal. Foi verificado efeito da sazonalidade climática no diâmetro do tronco, com períodos de máximo e mínimo crescimento. Com exceção da densidade básica ponderada, todas as outras propriedades do lenho apresentaram efeito significativo dos tratamentos de fertilização. A determinação da densidade básica pelo NIR demonstrou resultados satisfatórios com coeficiente de determinação próximo a 0,70. Maiores valores dos elementos químicos K e Na foram encontrados no lenho das árvores dos respectivos tratamentos. Todos os nutrientes estudados apresentaram maiores valores na posição mais externa do lenho (100% do raio). Os resultados permitem concluir que a fertilização com K e Na induziu maiores crescimentos em diâmetro do tronco e influenciou as propriedades do lenho. A influência da fertilização potássica e sódica demonstrada pelo Eucalyptus grandis nos períodos de déficit hídrico para região estudada é clara, uma vez que a durante os períodos de baixa pluviosidade a variação sazonal do crescimento apresentou-se de forma diferenciada em relação aos períodos com maior quantidade de chuvas. / This study aims to evaluate the replacement of potassium by sodium in diameter growth and wood quality of Eucalyptus grandis trees, planted in spacing 3x2 m and fertilized with potassium and sodium (at planting, 6 and 12th month), order to guide the mineral fertilization with potassium and sodium in forest plantation subjected to water stress. Were selected 60 eucalyptus trees at 101th month, in five classes of basal area and were evaluated the increment in trunk diameter, every 14 days, from February 2006 to September 2012, through dendrometer bands. For sampling the wood, discs were collected in six positions (base, DBH, 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of the total tree height. The samples were used to evaluate the anatomical properties (fibers and vessels), physical (basic density weighted by hydrostatic balance, near infrared spectroscopy and apparent density by X rays densitometry), mechanical (strength and stiffness in static bending and strength in compression parallel to grain), chemical (lignin, holocellulose, extractives and ash contents) and radial variation of Ca, K, Mg , Na, and P (by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy) according to the fertilization treatments, classes of basal area, radial and longitudinal positions of the stem. The results show that the eucalyptus trees with potassium and sodium treatments and larger class of the basal area demonstrated higher rates of increase in stem in relation to control trees and other classes of basal area. Effect of seasonality was found in trunk diameter, with periods of maximum and minimum growth. Except the weighted density, all other properties of the wood analyzed showed significant differences due to fertilization. The determination of the density by NIR showed satisfactory results with coefficient of determination close to 0.70. Higher values of the chemical elements K and Na were found in the tree\'s wood of the respective treatments. All studied nutrients were higher in the wood in external position (100 % of the radius). The results allow to conclue that the fertilization with K and Na induced the largest increases in trunk diameter and influenced the properties of the wood. The influence of sodium and potassium fertilization demonstrated by Eucalyptus grandis in water deficit periods for the region studied is clear, once during periods of low rainfall the seasonal variation of growth presented itself differently in relation to periods with higher amounts of rainfall.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o efeito da substituição do potássio pelo sódio no crescimento em diâmetro e na qualidade do lenho de árvores de Eucalyptus grandis, plantadas em espaçamento 3x2 m e fertilizadas com potássio e sódio (no plantio, 6° e 12° mês), visando orientar a fertilização mineral com potássio e sódio em plantações florestais sujeitas ao déficit hídrico. Foram selecionadas 60 árvores de eucalipto, no 101° mês após plantio, em cinco classes de área basal e avaliado o incremento em diâmetro do tronco, a cada 14 dias, de fevereiro de 2006 a setembro de 2012, através de dendrômetros. Para a amostragem do lenho, foram coletados discos em seis posições (base, DAP, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) da altura total das árvores. As amostras coletadas foram utilizadas para avaliação das propriedades anatômicas (fibras e vasos), físicas (densidade básica ponderada através dos métodos da balança hidrostática, da espectroscopia por infravermelho próximo e densidade aparente por densitometria de raios X), mecânicas (resistência e rigidez à flexão estática e resistência à compressão paralela às fibras), químicas (teores de lignina, holocelulose, extrativos e cinzas) e variação radial de Ca, K, Mg, Na e P (por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma induzido por laser) segundo os tratamentos de fertilização, classes de área basal, posições radial e longitudinal do tronco. Os resultados mostram que as árvores de eucalipto dos tratamentos potássio e sódio e as de maior classe de área basal, apresentaram taxas de incremento do tronco superiores em relação às árvores controle e demais classes de área basal. Foi verificado efeito da sazonalidade climática no diâmetro do tronco, com períodos de máximo e mínimo crescimento. Com exceção da densidade básica ponderada, todas as outras propriedades do lenho apresentaram efeito significativo dos tratamentos de fertilização. A determinação da densidade básica pelo NIR demonstrou resultados satisfatórios com coeficiente de determinação próximo a 0,70. Maiores valores dos elementos químicos K e Na foram encontrados no lenho das árvores dos respectivos tratamentos. Todos os nutrientes estudados apresentaram maiores valores na posição mais externa do lenho (100% do raio). Os resultados permitem concluir que a fertilização com K e Na induziu maiores crescimentos em diâmetro do tronco e influenciou as propriedades do lenho. A influência da fertilização potássica e sódica demonstrada pelo Eucalyptus grandis nos períodos de déficit hídrico para região estudada é clara, uma vez que a durante os períodos de baixa pluviosidade a variação sazonal do crescimento apresentou-se de forma diferenciada em relação aos períodos com maior quantidade de chuvas. / This study aims to evaluate the replacement of potassium by sodium in diameter growth and wood quality of Eucalyptus grandis trees, planted in spacing 3x2 m and fertilized with potassium and sodium (at planting, 6 and 12th month), order to guide the mineral fertilization with potassium and sodium in forest plantation subjected to water stress. Were selected 60 eucalyptus trees at 101th month, in five classes of basal area and were evaluated the increment in trunk diameter, every 14 days, from February 2006 to September 2012, through dendrometer bands. For sampling the wood, discs were collected in six positions (base, DBH, 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) of the total tree height. The samples were used to evaluate the anatomical properties (fibers and vessels), physical (basic density weighted by hydrostatic balance, near infrared spectroscopy and apparent density by X rays densitometry), mechanical (strength and stiffness in static bending and strength in compression parallel to grain), chemical (lignin, holocellulose, extractives and ash contents) and radial variation of Ca, K, Mg , Na, and P (by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy) according to the fertilization treatments, classes of basal area, radial and longitudinal positions of the stem. The results show that the eucalyptus trees with potassium and sodium treatments and larger class of the basal area demonstrated higher rates of increase in stem in relation to control trees and other classes of basal area. Effect of seasonality was found in trunk diameter, with periods of maximum and minimum growth. Except the weighted density, all other properties of the wood analyzed showed significant differences due to fertilization. The determination of the density by NIR showed satisfactory results with coefficient of determination close to 0.70. Higher values of the chemical elements K and Na were found in the tree\'s wood of the respective treatments. All studied nutrients were higher in the wood in external position (100 % of the radius). The results allow to conclue that the fertilization with K and Na induced the largest increases in trunk diameter and influenced the properties of the wood. The influence of sodium and potassium fertilization demonstrated by Eucalyptus grandis in water deficit periods for the region studied is clear, once during periods of low rainfall the seasonal variation of growth presented itself differently in relation to periods with higher amounts of rainfall.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DENISE_M_GR_ZEGOZEWSKI.pdf: 8188144 bytes, checksum: 045f54782a1ea2161edf5aa7046a8c1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-03 / Estimates of agricultural production are greatly important especially in economy field. However, they depend on area knowledge and cropping yield. Thus, this study aimed to propose a methodology to estimate the areas cropped with soybeans and corn in Paraná State according to multi-temporal EVI/MODIS vegetation index images for 2010/2011, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 crop years. In addition, there was a research with spatial autocorrelation soybean yield in Paraná, with EVI vegetation index and meteorological variables in a decennial scale and estimate yield using CAR, SAR and GWR models. In Paraná State, there is a drawback to map soybeans crop since corn sowing period is very close to the first one. Therefore, images from the maximum and minimum vegetative vigour were drawn of each studied crop for mapping soybean and corn crops in order to obtain both cropping areas. Although, for the separation, Spectro Angle Mapper algorithm (SAM) was applied by one of the studied crops, while mapping was obtained by multiplying the other bands. Thus, for spatial statistics application of mapped data, the average EV profile of each municipality was extracted as well as for each multi-temporal image, in order to change them into a decennial scale. According to the spatial statistics of such areas, the descriptive analysis of univariate spatial autocorrelation (global and local) of each ten-day variable was used based on the soybean cycle. A bivariate autocorrelation analysis between soybean yield and the studied varieties were also performed. Finalizing the methodology, variables with the highest significant level by stepwise method were selected and SAR, CAR and GWR models were generated to estimate soybean yield. As results, regarding mappings, the following answers for soybean were found out: r = 0.95 and r = 0.99, and while for corn, the answers were: r = 0.72 and r = 0.95 for 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 crop years in relation to the official data from SEAB. So, it has been proved some great efficiency of this methodology to separate and identify crops. When the descriptive statistics of municipalities for each variable was carried out, it was found out that some regions began an early sowing in relation to other ones in Paraná by the decennial vegetation index. The ten-day scale was also possible to be identified according to the climatic factors that caused soybean yield damage. Based on the analysis of spatial autocorrelation, the greatest similarities occurred in 2011/2012 crop year, the one affected by the weather change, whose yields were similar in the municipalities of Paraná State. For spatial modelling, it was observed that selection of decennial variables was different for each studied crop year, and the best model selected by the validation. And GWR was chosen as the best model by the AIC, BIC and adjusted R² validation criteria. The residuals were randomly distributed throughout all the State, so that spatial autocorrelation could be eliminated. / As estimativas das produções agrícolas têm grande importância, principalmente, no âmbito econômico. No entanto, elas são dependentes do conhecimento da área de cultivo e da produtividade da cultura. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo propor uma metodologia para estimar as áreas cultivadas com soja e milho em escala municipal no Estado do Paraná a partir de imagens multi-temporais do índice de vegetação EVI/MODIS, para os anos-safras 2010/2011, 2011/2012 e 2012/2013. Além disto, trabalhar com a autocorrelação espacial da produtividade da soja nesse Estado, com o índice de vegetação EVI e variáveis agrometeorológicas em escala decendial bem como estimar a produtividade a partir dos modelos CAR, SAR e GWR. No Paraná, há o inconveniente para mapear a soja devido à proximidade de datas de semeadura do milho. Assim, para o mapeamento da soja e do milho, utilizaram-se imagens englobando o período de máximo e mínimo vigor vegetativo de cada cultura, para se obter a área cultivada das duas. Para a separação, utilizou-se o algoritmo Spectro Angle Mapper (SAM) para uma das culturas e obteve-se o mapeamento da outra pela multiplicação de bandas. Para aplicação da estatística espacial dos dados mapeados, extraiu-se o perfil médio do EVI de cada município e para cada imagem multi-temporal para transformá-los em escala decendial. De acordo com a estatística espacial de áreas, utilizou-se a análise descritiva, de autocorrelação espacial univariada (global e local) de cada variável decendial com foco no ciclo da soja. Também realizou-se a análise de autocorrelação bivariada entre a produtividade da soja com as variáveis em estudo. Finalizando a metodologia, selecionaram-se as variáveis com maior índice de significância pelo método de stepwise e, em seguida, foram gerados os modelos estimados (SAR, CAR e GWR) da produtividade da soja. Como resultados, foram encontradas as seguintes respostas para os mapeamentos da soja r= 0,95 e 0,99, e para o milho de r = 0,72 e r= 0,95 para os anos-safras 2012/2013 e 2013/2014 em relação aos dados oficiais da SEAB. Logo, comprovou-se a grande eficiência da metodologia para separação e identificação das culturas. Quando realizada a estatística descritiva dos municípios para cada variável, verificaram-se regiões que iniciam as semeaduras antecipadas em relação a outras regiões do Estado pelos decêndios do índice de vegetação. Foi também possível identificar os decêndios em que os fatores climáticos causaram danos à produtividade da soja. Na análise da autocorrelação espacial, as maiores similaridades ocorreram no ano-safra 2011/2012, ano afetado pela variação climática, cujas produtividades foram semelhantes nos municípios do Paraná. Para a modelagem espacial, verificou-se que a seleção das variáveis decêndiais foi diferente para cada ano-safra estudado, e o GWR foi escolhido como melhor modelo pelos critérios de validação, AIC, BIC e R² ajustado. Foram encontrados resíduos distribuídos aleatoriamente por todo o Estado, para que assim se eliminasse a autocorrelação espacial

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DENISE_M_GR_ZEGOZEWSKI.pdf: 8188144 bytes, checksum: 045f54782a1ea2161edf5aa7046a8c1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-03 / Estimates of agricultural production are greatly important especially in economy field. However, they depend on area knowledge and cropping yield. Thus, this study aimed to propose a methodology to estimate the areas cropped with soybeans and corn in Paraná State according to multi-temporal EVI/MODIS vegetation index images for 2010/2011, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 crop years. In addition, there was a research with spatial autocorrelation soybean yield in Paraná, with EVI vegetation index and meteorological variables in a decennial scale and estimate yield using CAR, SAR and GWR models. In Paraná State, there is a drawback to map soybeans crop since corn sowing period is very close to the first one. Therefore, images from the maximum and minimum vegetative vigour were drawn of each studied crop for mapping soybean and corn crops in order to obtain both cropping areas. Although, for the separation, Spectro Angle Mapper algorithm (SAM) was applied by one of the studied crops, while mapping was obtained by multiplying the other bands. Thus, for spatial statistics application of mapped data, the average EV profile of each municipality was extracted as well as for each multi-temporal image, in order to change them into a decennial scale. According to the spatial statistics of such areas, the descriptive analysis of univariate spatial autocorrelation (global and local) of each ten-day variable was used based on the soybean cycle. A bivariate autocorrelation analysis between soybean yield and the studied varieties were also performed. Finalizing the methodology, variables with the highest significant level by stepwise method were selected and SAR, CAR and GWR models were generated to estimate soybean yield. As results, regarding mappings, the following answers for soybean were found out: r = 0.95 and r = 0.99, and while for corn, the answers were: r = 0.72 and r = 0.95 for 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 crop years in relation to the official data from SEAB. So, it has been proved some great efficiency of this methodology to separate and identify crops. When the descriptive statistics of municipalities for each variable was carried out, it was found out that some regions began an early sowing in relation to other ones in Paraná by the decennial vegetation index. The ten-day scale was also possible to be identified according to the climatic factors that caused soybean yield damage. Based on the analysis of spatial autocorrelation, the greatest similarities occurred in 2011/2012 crop year, the one affected by the weather change, whose yields were similar in the municipalities of Paraná State. For spatial modelling, it was observed that selection of decennial variables was different for each studied crop year, and the best model selected by the validation. And GWR was chosen as the best model by the AIC, BIC and adjusted R² validation criteria. The residuals were randomly distributed throughout all the State, so that spatial autocorrelation could be eliminated. / As estimativas das produções agrícolas têm grande importância, principalmente, no âmbito econômico. No entanto, elas são dependentes do conhecimento da área de cultivo e da produtividade da cultura. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo propor uma metodologia para estimar as áreas cultivadas com soja e milho em escala municipal no Estado do Paraná a partir de imagens multi-temporais do índice de vegetação EVI/MODIS, para os anos-safras 2010/2011, 2011/2012 e 2012/2013. Além disto, trabalhar com a autocorrelação espacial da produtividade da soja nesse Estado, com o índice de vegetação EVI e variáveis agrometeorológicas em escala decendial bem como estimar a produtividade a partir dos modelos CAR, SAR e GWR. No Paraná, há o inconveniente para mapear a soja devido à proximidade de datas de semeadura do milho. Assim, para o mapeamento da soja e do milho, utilizaram-se imagens englobando o período de máximo e mínimo vigor vegetativo de cada cultura, para se obter a área cultivada das duas. Para a separação, utilizou-se o algoritmo Spectro Angle Mapper (SAM) para uma das culturas e obteve-se o mapeamento da outra pela multiplicação de bandas. Para aplicação da estatística espacial dos dados mapeados, extraiu-se o perfil médio do EVI de cada município e para cada imagem multi-temporal para transformá-los em escala decendial. De acordo com a estatística espacial de áreas, utilizou-se a análise descritiva, de autocorrelação espacial univariada (global e local) de cada variável decendial com foco no ciclo da soja. Também realizou-se a análise de autocorrelação bivariada entre a produtividade da soja com as variáveis em estudo. Finalizando a metodologia, selecionaram-se as variáveis com maior índice de significância pelo método de stepwise e, em seguida, foram gerados os modelos estimados (SAR, CAR e GWR) da produtividade da soja. Como resultados, foram encontradas as seguintes respostas para os mapeamentos da soja r= 0,95 e 0,99, e para o milho de r = 0,72 e r= 0,95 para os anos-safras 2012/2013 e 2013/2014 em relação aos dados oficiais da SEAB. Logo, comprovou-se a grande eficiência da metodologia para separação e identificação das culturas. Quando realizada a estatística descritiva dos municípios para cada variável, verificaram-se regiões que iniciam as semeaduras antecipadas em relação a outras regiões do Estado pelos decêndios do índice de vegetação. Foi também possível identificar os decêndios em que os fatores climáticos causaram danos à produtividade da soja. Na análise da autocorrelação espacial, as maiores similaridades ocorreram no ano-safra 2011/2012, ano afetado pela variação climática, cujas produtividades foram semelhantes nos municípios do Paraná. Para a modelagem espacial, verificou-se que a seleção das variáveis decêndiais foi diferente para cada ano-safra estudado, e o GWR foi escolhido como melhor modelo pelos critérios de validação, AIC, BIC e R² ajustado. Foram encontrados resíduos distribuídos aleatoriamente por todo o Estado, para que assim se eliminasse a autocorrelação espacial