When Namibia became independent in March 1990, the new government pledged to alleviate poverty, unemployment and to improve the living standards of the formerly disadvantaged groups in the country. Rural development was presented as one of the priorities because the majority of the people live in or still have strong ties to the rural areas. Rural housing and rural development consist of a number of components. Both have similar objectives, inter alia, the improvement of living standards. Development efforts are often impeded by an urban bias in government policies and projects. In the case of Namibia, certain areas do not even have a formulated policy to guide developments, especially in communal areas with a high population concentration. This study explores to what extent the government has realised rural development policies and in particular rural housing in Northern Namibia as a means to improve living standards. / Public Administration and Management / M.A. (Development Administration)

This study explored how the well-being of the gays, lesbians and bisexuals (GLBs} in Botswana could be promoted. The health and human rights approach that places dignity before rights was selected as a framework for investigation. The respondents' (n=47) levels of well-being were assessed through a questionnaire with 76 items that included the General Well-Being Schedule. The findings indicated that varying degrees of distress were experienced by 64 % of the GLBs in this study. The GLBs identified a need for HIV/AIDS education and had concerns about their general health, discrimination and vulnerability for violence including sexual attacks. Their levels of well-being were influenced by both positive internal acceptance of their sexual orientation and negative external acceptance by society. Levels of involvement of health professionals was poor, and linkage between health and human rights was proposed to reduce dignity violations and improve the quality of life of the GLBs in Botswana. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

The work is engaged in pastoral care of ill people in the hospitals in Czech Republic. The theoretic part shows up the concept of illness, basic needs of ill people and the concept of pastoral care of ill people in the view of chosen authors. The practical part contains the comparison of two forms of pastoral care of ill people. It is the service of five pastoral assistants, who are exercising their service in hospitals, and the service of five priests, who are visiting hospitals within their service in parishes. The pastoral assistants work in hospital four up to eight hours a day during working days and they exercise the pastoral care in the form of accompanying of ill people {--} that means they are in a dialogue with ill people and they participate in their life situations. The priests visit hospitals mainly in order to sacrament dispense. By the confrontation of the service of both groups of persons involved in pastoral care of ill people with that, what chosen authors write about this service, appeared that only the pastoral assistants fulfil the intention of the pastoral care of ill people, that is the accompanying of ill people in their difficult situation of illness.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:54:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Edith Maria.pdf: 1715917 bytes, checksum: daa1c7df8be7ae5c95d90103790ddd3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-19 / This thesis analyzes the concepts of health in modernity, from the new arrangement of institutions and international organizations that emerged in the twentieth century, and has the scope of the guidelines for health policies in the world, particularly those forgotten for the Americas. Health priorities in the Americas are not determined from these indicators in the global burden of disease, but the result of determinations run by certain international organizations in line with economic conditions dictated by elections, political and economic climate, enabling the consolidation and expansion of global guidelines, response to the convergence of interests of the developed and the bodies of the actors and rationales based on the UN system. Governments in developed countries, engage in less productive system, although, excessive work practice standards, supported by strong technical apparatus, and bureaucratic expertise in national and international level to regulate, oversee and regulate certain sectors of the State . The international regulatory systems are gradually being established in all economic and social areas. In health, the quality measures and minimum standards of security are constantly evaluated and required this time, are increasingly defined in international bodies, in order that they are above all states. You can not analyze the politics of a region or a country without understanding the nature of the ties between these states and international organizations, as well as changes that occur in such bonds. By affecting the political interests of different actors, the interference of international agencies produce changes in the coalitions, the policies and domestic institutions. Political actorsrespond to both the limits and restrictions as to the incentives inherent in national institutions. The results of the effects of political interference process international are not only visible in the economic perspective of the states, the trials, the maneuvers, institutional processes, and other exogenous factors determine the type and priorities of social policies in countries, particularly in developing States. Based on the norms of international law, the Millennium Development Goals in the Health Agenda for the Americas 2008-2017, the sanitary regulations of WHO and PAHO, the normalization of the United Nations and its institutions of economic cooperation (FAO, IMF and IBRD) aims to understand the context of multiple formations health priorities for the Americas region, discussing their access and their impact. It analyzes the fundamentals developed in time for the formulation of different conceptions of the right to health, highlighting the concept and content of law as well as analyzes the contemporary theories of justice used as determinants for the realization of the right to health. Covers are also the basic needs and equality of opportunity to wire the issue of right to health, demonstrating that the realization of the right to health denotes a need for equal opportunities and respect for the essential autonomy of individuals. In this perspective, on the other hand, has become crucial to analyze the ideas of mercantilism and the right to health, discussing the universality of this right as a criterion for inclusion, while considering the specific facts of social inequality and lack of resources. Finally, it develops analysis of health policies in the Americas region from international organizations, comparing the different conceptions of the right to health taken by different international agencies as well as addresses the persistence of inequalities in health, characterized as unjust and avoidable, the populations of the Americas, a theme that is the most important challenge for the subjects (public and private) national and international region. / Esta tese aborda, como objeto de sua investigação, as concepções de saúde construídas na modernidade, a partir do novo arranjo de entidades e organizações internacionais que se constituíram no século XX, bem como tem por escopo as diretrizes para as políticas sanitárias no mundo, em especial, aquelas forjadas para a Região das Américas. As prioridades na saúde na Região das Américas não são determinadas a partir de indicadores presentes na carga global de doenças, mas o resultado de articulações constituídas, não raro, em certos organismos internacionais, em consonância com eleições ditadas por condicionantes econômicos, políticos e conjunturais, que permitem a consolidação e a expansão das diretrizes mundiais, resposta da convergência dos interesses dos Estados desenvolvidos e dos Organismos que representam os atores e as racionalidades assentes no sistema das Nações Unidas. Os governos, nos países desenvolvidos, envolvem-se cada vez menos no sistema produtivo, em contra partida, praticam excessivo trabalho normativo, sustentado por forte aparato técnico, especializado e burocrático, em âmbito nacional e internacional para regulamentar, fiscalizar e disciplinar determinados setores do Estado. Os sistemas internacionais de regulação são progressivamente estabelecidos em todas as áreas econômicas e sociais. Na área da saúde, as medidas de qualidade e de padrões mínimo de segurança são constantemente avaliados e exigidos. Desta feita, são, não raro, definidas em organismos interncionais, com o propósito de que estes estejam acima de todos os Estados. Não se pode analisar as políticas de uma região ou de um país sem compreender a natureza dos vínculos entre estes Estados e os Organismos Internacionais, assim como as mudanças que ocorrem em tais vínculos. Ao afetar os interesses políticos dos diferentes agentes sociais, a interferência das agências internacionais produzem mudanças nas coalizões, nas políticas e nas instituições domésticas. Os agentes políticos respondem tanto aos limites impostos quanto aos incentivos e restrições inerentes às instituições nacionais existentes. Os resultados políticos dos efeitos desse processo de interferência interncional não são visíveis apenas na perspectiva econômica dos estados. Os julgamentos, as manobras, os processos institucionais, entre outros fatores exógenos, determinam o tipo e as prioridades das políticas sociais nos países. Com fundamento nas normas de Direito Internacional, nos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio, na Agenda da Saúde para as Américas 2008-2017, nas regulamentações sanitárias da OMS e da OPAS, na normatização das Nações Unidas e de suas instituições de cooperação econômica, objetiva-se compreender o contexto de múltiplas formações de prioridades sanitárias para a região das Américas, discutindo o seu acesso e as suas repercussões. Para tanto, analisa-se os fundamentos desenvolvidos na atualidade para a formulação das diferentes concepções sobre o direito à saúde, destacando o conceito e o conteúdo do direito, bem como se analisa as contemporâneas teorias da justiça utilizadas como determinantes para a efetivação do direito à saúde. Aborda-se, ainda, as necessidades básicas e a igualdade de oportunidades como fios condutores da questão do direito à saúde, demonstrando que a concretização do direito à saúde denota uma necessária igualdade de oportunidades e o essencial respeito à autonomia dos indivíduos. Nessa perspectiva, por outro lado, tornou-se fundamental analisar as ideias de mercantilização e desmercantização do direito à saúde, discutindo a universalização desse direito como critério para a inclusão social, sem deixar de considerar os elementos concretos de desigualdade social e escassez de recursos. Por fim, desenvolve-se análise sobre as políticas da saúde na região das Américas a partir dos Organismos Internacionais, confrontando as diferentes concepções do direito à saúde adotadas pelas diferentes agências internacionais, bem como aborda-se a persistência de desigualdades em saúde, caracterizadas como injustas e evitáveis, nas populações das Américas, temática que constitui o desafio mais importante para os sujeitos (públicos e privados) nacionais e internacionais da Região.

PhDRDV / Institute for Rural Development / See the attached abstract below

PhDRDV / Institute for Rural Development / See the attached abstract below

PhDRDV / Institute for Rural Development / See the attached abstract below

MSCAGR / Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness / See the attached abstract below

Poverty is a condition where people's basic needs for food, clothing and shelter are not being met. Poverty is generally of two types: absolute and relative poverty. Some of the causes of poverty include changing trends in a country’s economy, lack of education, high divorce rate which causes feminisation of poverty, having a culture of poverty, overpopulation, epidemic diseases such as AIDS and malaria, and environmental problems such as lack of rainfall (business dictionary.com). / Dissertation (PhD (Applied Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Centre for Contextual Ministry / PhD (Applied Theology) / Unrestricted

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