This diploma thesis deals with the free time of children attending Tomáš Šobr´s primary school. The thesis is conceived in two parts. The theoretical part deals with the free time of children and youth, about factors influencing leisure time, such as family, education, school, peer groups. It also deals with the specifics of leisure time in children with educational problems. This is followed by a separate chapter on risk behaviour, which is most noticeable at the ZŠTŠ. The practical part constitutes a research that examines how the 2nd grade students from Tomáš Šobr's primary school spend their free time. And whether the mentioned pupils have experience with risk behaviour.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Lídia Moraes Ribeiro Jordão - 2017.pdf: 10330980 bytes, checksum: 958da85b145a6a814c69f594e41c0102 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis focuses on oral and general health-compromising behaviours among Brazilian adolescents. Such behaviours constitute major causes of morbimortality in the worldwide population, are often initiated during adolescence, and tend to track into adulthood. Oral diseases, like dental caries, periodontal disorders and cancer, share a number of behavioural risk factors that are common to other preventable chronic noncommunicable diseases. Nevertheless, there is no evidence about the overtime distribution, and socioeconomic inequalities, neither about clustering patterns with other health behaviours and associated factors of oral health- compromising behaviours among Brazilian adolescents. The present studied aimed to analyze oral health-compromising behaviours based on the Brazilian National School-based Student Health Surveys (PeNSE) as regards to: a) overtime distribution and social inequalities, and b) clustering patterns with other health behaviours and associated factors. The first approach is presented in one original paper regarding oral health behaviours changes over time in Brazilian adolescents, in relation to maternal educational inequalities. For this, we used data from PeNSE for the years 2009 and 2012, a survey that investigates health risk and protective factors among Brazilian adolescents attending schools. The results showed that: the proportion of adolescents with low toothbrushing frequency increased, and the consumption of sweets and soft drinks, and cigarette experimentation decreased. In private schools, we found higher soft drink consumption and higher cigarette experimentation among students who reported greater maternal education, while in public schools we found higher soft drink consumption among students who reported lower maternal education, and higher cigarette experimentation among students who reported greater maternal education. There were no inequalities for toothbrushing frequency or sweets consumption in both types of school. The second approach is presented in two original papers that described the clustering patterns of oral and general health-compromising behaviours among Brazilian adolescents and identified associated factors. For these analyses, we used data from the Brazilian National School-based Student Health Survey (PeNSE) for the year 2012. The main findings are: a) oral and general health-compromising behaviours were inter-related and clustered into two specific patterns; one cluster gathered a combination of lack of adherence to preventive behaviours and the undertaking of risky conduct, while the second reflected an unhealthy lifestyle; and b) the odds for presenting two or more oral health-compromising behaviours were greater for adolescents without parental involvement in homework, from public schools, males, whose mothers had fewer years of education, and of lower family affluence. It was concluded that the oral health-compromising behaviours underwent changes in their distribution over time; however they were not related to maternal education inequalities, have clustered with other health behaviours and were associated with sociodemographic and family factors among Brazilian adolescents. Interventions aiming at reducing health-compromising behaviours among adolescents should prioritize groups that have been identified as being at most risk and preferably employ a common risk factor approach. / Esta tese tem como foco os comportamentos de risco à saúde geral e bucal em adolescentes brasileiros. Tais comportamentos constituem as principais causas de morbimortalidade na população mundial, com frequência se iniciam na adolescência e têm continuidade na vida adulta. As doenças bucais, como o câncer, a cárie dentária e as doenças periodontais compartilham fatores comportamentais que contribuem para as principais doenças e agravos não transmissíveis. No entanto, ainda não há evidência acerca da distribuição temporal e desigualdades socioeconômicas dos comportamentos de risco à saúde bucal em adolescentes brasileiros, bem como dos padrões de agrupamento com outros comportamentos e fatores associados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar comportamentos de risco à saúde bucal em adolescentes brasileiros com base na Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) em relação à: a) distribuição temporal e desigualdades socioeconômicas, e b) padrões de agrupamentos com outros comportamentos em saúde e fatores associados. A primeira abordagem é apresentada em um artigo original acerca da evolução de comportamentos em saúde bucal em adolescentes das capitais brasileiras em relação às desigualdades da escolaridade materna. Para isso, foram utilizados os dados das edições de 2009 e 2012 da PeNSE, inquérito que investiga os fatores de risco e proteção à saúde de adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Os resultados mostraram: aumento da proporção de adolescentes com baixa frequência de escovação dentária e diminuição no consumo de guloseimas, refrigerantes e experimentação de cigarros no período. Em escolas privadas, verificou-se maior prevalência de consumo de refrigerantes e experimentação de cigarros para os adolescentes com mães de maior escolaridade; enquanto que em escolas públicas, verificou-se maior prevalência de consumo de refrigerantes para os adolescentes com mães de menor escolaridade e maior experimentação de cigarros para aqueles com mães de maior escolaridade; além de ausência de desigualdade para frequência de escovação e consumo de guloseimas nos dois tipos de escola. A segunda abordagem é apresentada em dois artigos originais que descreveram os padrões de agrupamentos entre comportamentos de risco à saúde geral e bucal em adolescentes brasileiros e identificaram fatores associados. Para essas análises, foram utilizados dados da PeNSE do ano de 2012, representativos do país, das regiões e das capitais. Destacam-se os seguintes achados: a) os comportamentos de risco à saúde geral e bucal associaram-se entre si e agruparam-se em dois padrões específicos; um cluster reuniu uma combinação de falta de adesão a condutas preventivas e adoção de práticas de risco, enquanto o outro representou um estilo de vida não saudável; e b) a chance de apresentar dois ou mais comportamentos de risco foi maior para adolescentes sem supervisão familiar dos deveres de casa, de escolas públicas, do sexo masculino, de menor escolaridade materna e de menor afluência familiar. Concluiu-se que os comportamentos de risco à saúde bucal apresentaram mudanças em sua distribuição no período investigado, porém não relacionadas às desigualdades de escolaridade materna; agruparam-se com outros comportamentos em saúde e estiveram associados a fatores sociodemográficos e do contexto familiar em adolescentes brasileiros. Intervenções que busquem reduzir os comportamentos de risco em saúde em adolescentes devem priorizar os grupos mais vulneráveis identificados e, preferencialmente, empregar a abordagem dos fatores de risco comuns.

När det på 1990-talet uppmärksammades att barn kunde utsätta andra barn för sexuella övergrepp stod behandlingspersonal handfallna. Detta var något som det aldrig tidigare pratats om och ingen visste hur man egentligen skulle tackla problemet. Tack vare Rädda Barnen, Börje Svensson och Anders Nyman kunde ett behandlingsarbete utvecklas. Svensson och Nyman startade upp Rädda Barnens Pojkmottagning och tog emot både flickor och pojkar med sexuella problembeteenden. Efter att denna målgrupp uppmärksammades började så sakterliga utvecklingen av behandlingsmodeller. Utvecklingen är en process som fortgår idag.                       Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att studera forskningsanvändningen för det praktiska arbetet med barn och unga med ett sexuellt problembeteende. Utifrån detta har intervjuer skett med profesionella praktiker som möter dessa barn och ungdomar för  att höra deras reflektioner om vad som gör att ett barn eller en ung människa utvecklar den här typen av beteende samt vad som är en effektiv behandlingsmetod för målgruppen. Vi har sedan ställt detta mot den redan existerande forskningen, för att se på praktikernas kunskapsanvändning och hur den förklaras med hjälp av den nyinstitutionella organisationsteorin, som belyser olika aktörers sätt att se på ett fenomen. Den första delen utgör det existerande kunskapsläget kring behandlingar samt hur forskare har kunnat identifiera orsaksförklaringar bakom ett sexuellt problembeteende. Det finns meningsskiljaktigheter i orsaksförklairngar. Andra delen består av intervjuer med sju stycken praktiker som har arbetat eller arbetar inom dett område. Det finns skiljaktigheter kring svaren och hur man arbetar med dessa barn och ungdomar. Under analysen ställs praktikernas erfarenheter och kunskap i relation till det kunskapsläge som existerar, detta göra genom den nyinstitutionella organisationsteorin.Studien avslutas med våra egna reflektioner kring studien. / During the 1990’s it was first discovered that children could sexually abuse other children. This made the care staff stand lost towards the task to help these children. This was something that had not previously been talked about and there were not much knowledge in the area. When Börje Svensson and Anders Nyman started a project with Rädda Barnen, a treatment program started to develop. Svensson and Nyman started to treat young girls and boys who had problematic sexual behaviors. After this treatment program started to slowly develop and is a process that continues today.      The purpose of this thesis is to look at the implications of scientific studies in the practical work when it comes to children and adolescents with problematic sexual behaviors. We have chosen to talk to professionals who meet these children and young people, to hear their thoughts on what it is that makes a child or a young person develop this type of behavior and how you best treat it. We then compared the results from the interviews against the already existing researches. The first part of the thesis consists the existing state of knowledge on treatment and causal explanations in children and adolescents with problematic sexual behaviors. The second part consists the results of the interviews with seven professional’s working in this field and their opinions as well as their views on treatment and causal explanations. The last part contains a comparative analysis between the scientific researches and the working professional’s knowledge. The analysis conducts the institutional theories of organizations.

Women with histories of interpersonal trauma (physical, sexual, or psychological abuse experienced during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood) are more likely to experience posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and to develop physical health problems than women without trauma histories. In fact, PTSS and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been established in the literature as mediators of the relation between interpersonal trauma and physical health outcomes (e.g., Resnick et al., 1997; Schnurr & Green, 2004). What remains to be determined is a clear understanding of the various mechanisms explaining why individuals with trauma histories, and subsequently PTS symptoms, go on to develop physical health problems. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of health risk behaviours, specifically sexual risk taking and substance use, as possible mechanisms through which interpersonal trauma and PTSS might influence physical health. These relations were examined, through structural equation modelling, in a sample of 475 women currently attending university. Models were tested separately for sexual traumas (childhood sexual abuse and sexual assault experienced during adolescence and adulthood) and nonsexual interpersonal traumas (physical and psychological maltreatment by parents in childhood, witnessing violence between parents, and intimate partner violence in their own relationships). Results indicated that PTSS severity partially mediated pathways from both types of interpersonal trauma, sexual and nonsexual, to adverse health outcomes, contributing to the existing theory that one’s psychological response to a trauma may be more important in determining physical health outcomes than the trauma itself. Furthermore, a significant indirect pathway was found to link nonsexual trauma to risky sexual behaviours through PTSS severity. In addition, PTSS severity fully mediated the relation between nonsexual trauma and substance use behaviours. These latter findings suggest that the likelihood of engaging in substance use and/or risky sexual behaviours may be greater in trauma survivors who are suffering from posttraumatic stress symptoms. Contrary to hypotheses, no significant pathways were found from risky sexual behaviours or substance use to physical health outcomes in the context of trauma variables and PTSS severity. Consequently, these health risk behaviours were not found to operate as mechanisms explaining the link from PTSS severity to physical health outcomes. Limitations and alternative hypotheses are presented. Implications for clinical interventions and recommendations for future research are discussed. / Graduate / 0621 / 0622 / 0384

Magister Commercii - MCom / Consent for the research study was obtained from the divisional executive of the financial services division being researched and all ethical factors were clarified. All potential participants were engaged in a divisional communication session where participation was advised to be voluntary and anonymity and confidentiality was assured. The results of the study revealed that there was no statically significant relationship between intention to quit and organisational commitment but a statically significant relationship between organisational commitment and age, tenure, marital status and staff with dependants respectively were revealed. Further to that, a statistically significant relationship between intention to quit and age, tenure, marital status was also revealed. Therefore, based on the understanding gained, and the relationship it had with respect to the biographical factors used in the study, it presents organisations with the insight and opportunity to better retain staff. Clear understandings of the limitations of the findings presented are also discussed and additional recommendations for future research are also provided. / South Africa

Master of Public Health - MPH / Introduction:Highest-risk malaria areas in South Africa share borders with Mozambique, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Ongoing migration between these neighbouring areas impacts on malaria control interventions. For example, 30% of the adult population in Bushbuckridge originate from Mozambique. Despite these dynamics, no studies were found which investigated knowledge,attitudes and behaviours towards malaria in Bushbuckridge. Methods:This study was undertaken as a descriptive cross-sectional survey. A field-piloted structured questionnaire was administered to 602 randomly selected households, where only one household member was interviewed. Interviewees were heads of households, but in their absence, responsible adults above 18 years were included.Results:Of 602 respondents, 93% (n=559, 95% CI: 90.4 – 94.7%) had heard about malaria, mainly from health facilities (29%, n=175) and radios (20%,n=119). Most respondents correctly associated malaria with mosquito bites. There were no differences in knowledge of the causes of malaria between males and females, whereas age and educational level influenced malaria knowledge.Younger and more educated respondents were more knowledgeable than their older and less educated counterparts. Despite 91% of respondents (n=546, 95% CI: 88.0 – 92.8%) knowing that malaria can kill if untreated; only 48% could identify one or two symptoms of malaria. Most (99%, n=595, 95% CI: 97.5 – 99.5%) of the respondents would seek treatment at health facilities,82% (n=488) of whom would do so within 24 hours of onset of malaria symptoms.Discussion and conclusion : Most respondents showed a fair amount of knowledge on the causes of malaria, but not enough people were able to correctly identify the key symptoms of malaria. Health facility and radio were the main sources of malaria information. Most respondents sought treatment at health care facilities, contrary to most African countries where treatment is first sought at non-public health facilities.Word count: 288

Cette recherche s’engage à comprendre la question des orientations sexuelles, en essayant de répondre aux questions soulevées par les comportements des sujets qui souffrent à cause de leur orientation homo/hétérosexuelle ou d’autres préférences. Cette étude propose d'abord des questions et méthodologies avec l’objectif de faire une recherche crédible sur la transmission intergénérationnelle et les orientations sexuelles. Elle s'adresse d'abord aux homo/hétérosexuels eux-mêmes, hommes et femmes, qu'ils soient sortis ou non de leur souffrance, qu'ils vivent seuls ou en couple. Elle doit leur permettre de mieux saisir les spécificités de ce qu’ils ont introjecté tout au long de leur cycle de vie pour conquérir leur identité sexuelle/orientation sexuelle et, surtout, débusquer l'homophobie sous toutes ses formes, y compris celle qu'ils portent souvent en eux-mêmes. Mais elle s'adresse aussi, de manière générale, à tous ceux qui ne sont pas satisfaits des clichés et des préjugés habituels identificatoires/orientations sexuelles différents de la civilisation hétérosexualiste. Il s’agit de faire connaissances des causes psychosociales et cliniques pour pouvoir intervenir dans le domaine de la santé. En tant que cliniciens, nous présentons une recherche qui exploite les causes qui déterminent des comportements sexuels chez les humains, surtout les formes de développement psychosexuel versus activité sexuelle. / The purpose of this research is to understand the issue of the sexual orientations, trying to answer the questions raised by the behavior of those who suffer with their homosexuality or other sexual orientation. This study firstly suggests questions and methodologies aiming to do a credible research about the attachment and sexual orientations. This research is firstly addressed to the homo/heterosexuals themselves, men and women, who have assumed themselves or not, whether they live alone or as a couple. It must allow them to better understand the details of their sexual orientation and, above all, to scrutinize the homophobia in all its ways, taking in account that one which most of the time they have in themselves, without knowing. However it’s also addressed, in a general way, to those who are not pleased with the usual clichés and prejudices of the different sexual orientations of the heterosexual society. The question is to know the clinical and psychosocial causes in order to be able to intervene in the health domain. As doctors, we present a research that explores the causes, which determine the homo/heterosexual behaviors between humans, especially the patterns of psychosexual development versus sexual activity.

Les défauts d’odeurs, liés à l’accumulation d’androsténone et de scatol dans le tissu adipeux, sont le frein majeur à l’élevage des porcs mâles entiers. L’androsténone est produite par les testicules et le scatol dans le colon. En dehors de la génétique et de l’alimentation, les facteurs de variation ont été peu étudiés.La thèse aborde le problème des odeurs sexuelles sous quatre angles : 1) estimer l’héritabilité des composés odorants du tissu gras et leurs corrélations génétiques avec des indicateurs de santé, du développement sexuel et de l’agressivité ; 2) étudier l’effet de la dominance sur ces composés ; 3) déterminer l’impact d’un état inflammatoire chronique modéré sur le développement sexuel et la concentration en androsténone ; 4) rechercher les effets de conditions d’hygiène contrastées sur la teneur en scatol et analyser l’implication du microbiote intestinalNos résultats confirment l’héritabilité forte des teneurs en composés odorants mais les corrélations génétiques avec les paramètres de santé sont faibles. Une sélection pour réduire la concentration plasmatique en œstradiol et testostérone permettrait de réduire à la fois les teneurs en composés odorants et l’agressivité des porcs. Les porcs de rang de dominance élevé ont une teneur en androsténone supérieure dans le gras. Un état inflammatoire chronique modéré ne semble pas affecter la teneur en androsténone. Enfin, la dégradation de l’hygiène du logement augmente fortement la concentration en scatol, probablement via des changements de composition du microbiote intestinal. / Boar taint, due to the accumulation of androstenone and skatole in the fat tissue, is the major constraint to the production of entire male pigs. Androstenone is produced by the testes. Its synthesis increases during pubertal development. Skatole is produced in the hind gut. Its hepatic catabolism is inhibited by sexual steroids. Apart from genetics and feeding, the factors affecting boar taint have been little studied.The current thesis approaches four aspects of the boar taint problem: 1) the heritability of the fat content of odorous compounds in the fat tissue and their genetic correlations with indicators of health, sexual development and aggressiveness; 2) to study the effect of dominance on the fat content of boar taint compounds; 3) to determine the influence of a moderate chronic inflammatory status on the sexual development and the fat concentration in androstenone; 4) to evaluate the effect of contrasting hygiene conditions on the fat concentration in skatole and, to analyOur results confirm the high heritability of the fat concentrations of boar taint compounds but their genetic correlations with health indicators are low. A selection to decrease the plasma concentrations in estradiol and testosterone should decrease both boar taint compound concentrations and aggressiveness of boars. Boars with a high dominance rank have a higher fat concentration in androstenone. Lastly, the degradation of the housing hygiene conditions strongly increases the concentration in skatole, probably through modifications in gut microbiota composition

This research focuses on aspects of parental involvement in homework and the differing power relations which homework uncovered within the family. It is concerned with the deeper implications of homework through exploring the attitudes, behaviours and beliefs of teachers and/or parents and/or pupils and to consider who really is in control of the homework process, the perceived and actual roles of the participants, the resistances to homework and the possible changing social factors which impinge on homework. This thesis offers a unique contribution to the homework discourses as it uses a qualitative approach, drawing on an extended version of the French and Raven (1959) conceptualisation of power as a means of interrogating the data, by labelling certain attitudes, behaviours and beliefs, to seek explanations of the patterns of power. These patterns of power are exposed through the family’s story of their engagement, or not, in the homework process. The notion of engaging pupils in the learning process is at the heart of many of the recent educational initiatives, arising from the National debate on Education (2002). At the heart of these new initiatives is the notion of learners being actively involved in the learning process, in and out of the classroom to encourage them to take responsibility for their learning. A number of implications for pupils, parents, teachers and the government are considered. These particularly relate to the effective practices of teachers and parents as a means of preventing the pupils from controlling the homework process and to the government to consider appropriate and effective means of ensuring that all concerned are engaged in conducting homework which is interesting, stimulating and motivating.

This study examines how conative factors contribute to effective e-learning for corporate and academic learners. Inference of what effective e-learning activities are were traced during a focus group session, a question on a discussion list, validation of information from different sources such as observers, the verifier, the de-brief session, the scribe, the video and audio recordings and correlation with current literature. Effective learning (self-direction and collaboration), techno- and information literacy and an effective learning environment are the strongest predictors of effective e-learning. The combination of intention (motivation) and action (volition) are the two descriptive factors for conation. The study highlights existing models of conative factors and learner motivation as well as the relationships between conative factors with special reference to internal (pulling) and external (pushing) driving forces. In conclusion, the role of the conative domain in e-learning is seen as being the psychological link between the physical learning environment and effective e-learning. / Dissertation (MEd (Computer-Integrated Education))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Curriculum Studies / unrestricted