The non-metric postcranial traits characterize biological variability of human skeletal morphology. Special attention is beeing paid to changes in some muscular or ligaments' binding areas and to changes of the articulation facets which are considered to be possibly retaled to excessive physical stress, occuring through the lifetime. The osteological material belonging to the populations of the Corded Ware culture and the Bell Beaker culture in the area of Bohemia has been surveyed with respect to non-metric trait occurence. The origin of both of these culture bearers is still a discused issue. There is a hypothesis saying that bearers of both Late Eneotithic cultures might represent actually one population and the differency of cultural patterns were due only to life-style changes, not to large-area migration. With respect to the frequency of 94 postcranial non-metric traits both samples have been compared to each other on a basis of measure of divergence and mean measure of divergence. The samples of Late Eneolithic populations showed significant difference only in frequencies of two non- metric traits and along with the values of mean measure of divergence they seem to show rather homogeneity. Afterwards both samples were compared with a sample from Great Moravian burial site Mikulčice - Kostelisko and...

This thesis deals with Bell Beaker Culture at the end of the Eneolithic in two areas of its extension, in the Czech Republic and the Iberian Peninsula. We consider it as a one culture; however we can observe some differences mostly based on different domestic cultural background. Differences and similarities in manifestation of culture derived from an analysis of its various aspects in both areas such as settlement structure, funeral rite and material culture, of which the most characteristic are decorated Bell Beakers and archery equipment coming from the graves. This work is devoted to the characterization of Bell Beaker society and evolution of opinions on this phenomenon too.

The effects of metastable tetragonal zirconia on the properties of Ordinary Portland Cement were observed during which the effect of crystallite size pH on the preparation solution, precursor salt, and the presence of co-precipitates, Fe(OH)3, SnO2 and SiO2 on the crystallization temperature, enthalpy and crystal structure, immediately following the crystallization exothermic burst phenomenon in ZrO2 were measured. Thermal analysis and x-ray methods were used to determine crystallite sizes and structures immediately following the exothermic burst. Comparisons were made for zirconias prepared from oxychloride, chloride and nitrate solutions. The existence of tetrameric hydroxidecontaining ions in oxychloride precursor is used to rationalise low values of crystallization enthalpy. The position of the crystallization temperature, Tmax was not dependent on crystallite size alone but also on the pH at which the gel was made, the surface pH after washing, and the presence of diluent oxides. Enthalpy v r1/2 and Tmax v (diluent vol)1/3 relationships indicate that surface coverage effects dominate a surface nucleated phenomenon. The data established for ZrO2 systems was used to develop tetragonal-ZrO2-SnO2 powders capable of improving the mechanical properties of Ordinary Portland Cement discs. The ZrO2-OPC discs were prepared by powder mixing, water hydration and uniaxial pressing. Vicat needle tests showed that tetragonal-ZrO2 increases the initial setting rate. Microscopy indicated that porosity distribution changes near to ZrO2 particles. Zirconia has also been introduced into OPC discs by vacuum infiltration methods developed for solutions and colloidal suspensions. Comparisons between OPC discs and the OPCtetragonal ZrO2 composites have been made on the basis of diametral compression strength, Young’s modulus, hardness and toughness (K1c), as estimated by the cracked indentation method. Bell-shaped curves are found for the way the mechanical properties are changed as a function of Zirconia content.

Memory and nostalgia work in complex, paradoxical ways in Cormac McCarthy's No Country for Old Men and The Road, both haunting the main protagonists, Sheriff Ed Tom Bell and the father, as well as bringing them to crucial realizations. These men give up the traditional hero role for the more meaningful and generative image of “carrying the fire,” which unites these two novels. Carrying the fire represents a memorial and nostalgic longing for home and family. Bell and the father attain this vision because of their obsession with the past, and because of their struggle with memory and nostalgia. Memory, for these characters, has both personal and collective dimensions. Nostalgia, likewise, has a dual function, following Svetlana Boym's definition of nostalgics as being capable of restorative and reflective longing for the past. Family, or Paul Ricœur’s theory of close relations, bridges the gap between the conflicts of memory and nostalgia, acting as the means by which they understand this vision of carrying the fire while also embodying it. Additionally, the duality of both memory and nostalgia drive Bell and the father to seek for a prophetic vision, for stability in the past to deal with the threats in the present, which appears in the narrative structures of each novel.

Cette thèse porte sur la génération d'états quantiques mésoscopiques arbitraires de la lumière par l'utilisation itérée d'un protocole élémentaire simple, basé sur un procédé d'adjonction cohérente de photons. Ce protocole tire parti des deux descriptions ondulatoires et corpusculaires complémentaires de la lumière, en impliquant des états davantage propices à une description discrète (les photons, corpuscules élémentaires de la lumière) avec des mesures continues sur le champ électromagnétique (les mesures de quadratures). Nous démontrons la validité du protocole expérimentalement en montrant que celui-ci permet la génération d'états chats de Schrödinger optiques (superposition cohérente d'états quasi-classiques) comprimés en quadrature. Ces états présentent un grand intérêt étant donné qu'ils peuvent constituer la brique élémentaire du calcul quantique à états cohérents, le "qubit" (ou bit quantique). Nous étudions également la mise en oeuvre théorique du protocole dans la production d'états plus complexes : les états "Peignes en quadrature" dont la fonction d'onde sur la quadrature x est constituée d'une succession de fins pics gaussiens modulés par une large enveloppe gaussienne. Outre l'intérêt que ceux-ci présentent dans la mise en oeuvre de codes correcteurs d'erreurs quantiques, nous montrons qu'ils permettent de réaliser des violations des inégalités de Bell par mesures homodynes seulement, ouvrant la voie à des tests sans échappatoires / In this thesis, we propose a new scheme for the generation of mesoscopic optical quantum states of light, by the iterated use of an elementary protocol, based on a coherent adjunction of photons. This protocol takes advantage of the two complementary wave and particle descriptions of light, by involving intrinsically discrete states (photons, elementary particles of light) and continuous measurements on the electromagnetic field (quadrature measurements). We experimentally prove the validity of the protocol by showing that it enables the generation of squeezed optical Schrödinger cat states (coherent superposition of quasi-classical states). These states are of great interest as they can be used as the elementary piece in the coherent state quantum calculation, the "qubit" (or quantum bit). We also study the theoretical implementation of the protocol for the production of more complex states : the "quadrature Comb states", whose wavefunction along the quadrature x consists in a succession of thin gaussian peaks modulated by a larger gaussian envelope. Amongst other applications like quantum error correcting codes, we show that they allow for a violation of Bell's inequalities with homodyne measurements only, opening the path towards loophole-free violations

L’église Saint-Michel de Bordeaux est construite à la fin du Moyen Âge au centre d’une paroisse urbaine très dynamique. L’activité portuaire et commerciale fait vivre de nombreux artisans et enrichit les puissants marchands du quartier de la Rousselle. Ils sont investis dans le gouvernement de la commune et financent copieusement le chantier de leur église paroissiale. Leurs pratiques pieuses et leur activité à la tête de l’administration de la fabrique et des confréries sont représentatives de la religion civique à la fin du Moyen Âge. L’église accueille depuis la fin du XVe siècle un collège de prêtres-bénéficiers, au service des nombreuses fondations pieuses et des confréries installées dans les chapelles latérales. Elles sont construites durant le second chantier gothique, qui met en œuvre à partir du second quart du XVe siècle une vaste église flamboyante de plan basilical. Celle-ci succède à une première église gothique menée à son terme durant le XIVe siècle selon un parti-pris architectural de type « halle ». Le chantier de la cathédrale, qui introduit à Bordeaux les formes du gothique rayonnant du Nord de la France, est une source d’inspiration à Saint-Michel, dans le domaine de la modénature et de la sculpture monumentale. Le chantier flamboyant voit l’arrivée de maîtres-maçons dont l’œuvre a pu être identifiée. Elle se réfère aux chantiers normands, parisiens ou financés par le roi de France. Les Lebas de Saintes apportent leur culture artistique et leur technique à l’accomplissement du transept, à la conception de la nef et du clocher isolé. La faible influence de l’œuvre de Saint-Michel sur la création artistique locale est compensée par le rayonnement de son clocher-tour, un des plus hauts clochers du royaume. Son chantier exceptionnel est très bien renseigné par 11 années de comptes de la fabrique. Ils illustrent les conditions de travail et l’équipement nécessaire à la construction à grande hauteur. Un des autres chefs-d’œuvre de l’église, le portail nord, est probablement réalisé vers 1520 par Imbert Boachon, maître-maçon, imagier, menuisier, selon la nature des travaux et selon les villes ou il travaille. Aujourd’hui, la silhouette de l’église et du clocher, tous deux isolés au milieu de plusieurs places, ne reflète plus totalement la morphologie de l’œuvre médiévale. Des faiblesses structurelles obligent les hommes du XIXe siècle à reconstruire le chevet. Le clocher est rénové par Paul Abadie et l’église reçoit une esthétique gothique influencée par l’archéologie monumentale et les doctrines de la restauration patrimoniale de l’époque. / The church of St Michael of Bordeaux has been built in the late Middle Ages, in a very dynamic urban parish. The fluvial and commercial activities of the port generate work for craftsmen and enrich the powerful merchants from the borough of La Rousselle. These merchants are invested in the communal government and finance the building of their parish church. Their pious practices and their activity at the head of the parish fabric and friaries are good examples of the late medieval civic religion. From the end of the fifteenth century, the church receives a college of priest provided by religious benefits. They are in the service of many pious foundations and friaries which are established in the lateral chapels. These chapels are built during the second gothic construction, which makes a big Flamboyant style church with the plan of a basilica. This building follows a first gothic church, conducted at its term during the fourteenth century in accordance to a “halle” architectural volume. The construction of the cathedral of Bordeaux, which introduces the gothic style from the north of France, is an inspiration for St Michael, in the domain of modenature and monumental sculpture. The Flamboyant construction induces the arrival of some master mason, whose work can be identified. That work is influenced by Norman, Parisian and French king’s financed buildings. The Lebas from Saintes give their artistic culture and their technique to the accomplishment of the transept, to the conception of the nave and the isolated bell tower. The low influence of the work of St Michael of Bordeaux on the local artistic creation is balanced with the bell tower, one of the tallest in the French kingdom. Its constructions are well informed thanks to an eleven years’ register for the fabric accounting. It illustrates the work conditions and the necessary equipment for high tall building. One of the masterworks of the church, the north portal, is probably made around 1520 by Imbert Boachon, master mason, sculptor or joiner according to the kind of the work or the town where he works. Nowadays, the silhouette of the church and the bell tower are isolated in the middle of many places and are not totally representative of the medieval made morphology. Some structural frailties oblige the nineteenth century men to rebuild the chevet. The bell tower is renovated by Paul Abadie and the church receives a gothic aesthetic which is influenced by monumental archaeology and the patrimonial restorations doctrines of that period.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Joao Batista Alves Pereira.pdf: 1832144 bytes, checksum: 36798c7d302cc3a5d500e230c9f5af03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-21 / Evaluation of the vegetal growth, hydric necessity and water use efficiency by bell pepper crop (Capsicum annum. L.) under organic management in system of seeding with prepare soil and no till cropping system. This work was conducted in the experimental area of SIPA (Integrated system of agro ecological production), at the county of Serop?dica RJ, with the aim of valuate the growth , the water needs, and the efficiency of the use of the water by the bell pepper culture (Capsicum annuum. L ), at the conventional (PC) and the direct systems of soiling. The conventional system consisted of soil prepare with rotational hoe tied to a micro tractor, and the direct soiling, being done after the occupation of the area with a combination of Sorghum bicolor and Crotal?ria acroleura, that was grazed at the transplantation of the bell pepper s seedlings without previous soil preparation. The same fertilization and cultural practices permitted by the agro ecological handling, was used in both systems. The two systems tested, received sprinkler irrigation, and the determination of the water s blade, was made by monitoring with TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry), calibrated for the soil conditions of the experimental area. The splits were also monitorated by a tensiometer at a 50 cm. deep. Collects were made at intervals of 14 days, with the aim of foliar area evaluation, biomass accumulation by the parts of the plant, along the entire cycle, being also evaluated the crop production at the two systems of soiling. By the adjustment of the IAF (Foliar Area Indices ) and the biomass accumulated by the plant at the two systems of planting in function of accumulated day-degree (GDA), was verified that 1533 GDA was necessary to complete the productive cycle, reaching the top of accumulated biomass at 1059 and 1148 GDA, at PC and PD respectivement. There were no differences between the systems of planting, in respect of the growth rate and the productivity, however the PD system gave less competition between spontaneous vegetation and the bell pepper crop, reducing in 60% the necessity of hand labor at the firsts weddings. The PD system raise the efficiency of the use of water (EUA) by the crop reducing in 47,5 mm. the blade applied during its cycle, in relation of PC. The irrigation handling using TDR, provide an meaning EUA of 4,4 Kg.m-3, above the means of 1,5 to 3,0Kg.m-3, recommended by Doorenbos & Kassam (1994). The culture coefficients (Kc) recommended for the bell pepper crop, were evaluated together with the calculated coefficients using some methodologies proposed in this work, and was noted that the estimated Kc s values of the production cycles (ETc cycle) and by the Kc curve (graphic ETc) estimated during the culture cycle, were more appropriated for the calculation of the evapotranspiration of the crop. The estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo), by the pan class A method, made possible means close to those estimated by the Penman-Monteith model witch is recommended by FAO as standard. Therefore, the pan class A method, can be utilized in the estimated ETo, at same conditions of the experiment when there are no data of climate for the Penman-Monteith model use. Associated tensiometry and TDR for irrigation management, showed to be an essential practice when looking for raising the efficiency of the use of water. / Este trabalho foi realizado na ?rea experimental do SIPA (Sistema Integrado de produ??o Agroecol?gica), localizada no munic?pio de Serop?dica-RJ, com o objetivo de avaliar o crescimento, as necessidades h?dricas e a efici?ncia no uso da ?gua pela cultura do piment?o (Capsicum annuum. L), nos sistemas de plantio convencional (PC) e direto (PD). O sistema convencional consistiu de preparo de solo com enxada rotativa acoplada a micro-trator e o plantio direto, na ocupa??o da ?rea com pr?-cultivo, utilizando o cons?rcio Sorghum bicolor e Crotal?ria acroleura, os quais foram ro?ados por ocasi?o do transplante das mudas de piment?o, sem o preparo pr?vio do solo. Em ambos os tratamentos a cultura recebeu a mesma aduba??o de cova e tratos culturais permitidos pelo manejo agroecol?gico. Nos dois sistemas de plantio a cultura foi irrigada por aspers?o, e a determina??o das l?minas aplicadas, foi realizada atrav?s do monitoramento com TDR (Reflectometria no dom?nio do tempo), calibrado para as condi??es de solo da ?rea experimental. As parcelas foram monitoradas tamb?m por tensi?metro no perfil de 50cm de profundidade. Foram realizadas coletas em intervalos de 14 dias com a finalidade de avaliar a ?rea foliar e acumulo de biomassa pelas partes da planta, durante todo o seu ciclo, sendo avaliado tamb?m a produ??o pela cultura nos dois sistemas de plantio. Por meio do ajuste do IAF e da biomassa acumulada pela planta nos dois sistemas de plantio em fun??o de graus-dia acumulado (GDA), constatou-se que s?o necess?rios 1533 GDA para que a planta complete o seu ciclo produtivo, atingindo o m?ximo de biomassa acumulada aos 1059 e 1148 GDA, no PC e PD, respectivamente. Os sistemas de plantio n?o diferiram significativamente entre si com rela??o ?s taxas de crescimento e produtividade, entretanto o plantio direto proporcionou menor competi??o da vegeta??o espont?nea com a cultura, reduzindo em 60 % a necessidade de m?o-de-obra nas primeiras capinas. O PD aumentou a efici?ncia no uso da ?gua (EUA), pela cultura, reduzindo em 47,5mm a l?mina aplicada durante o seu ciclo, em rela??o ao PC. O manejo da irriga??o utilizando o TDR, proporcionou a EUA m?dia de 4,4kg.m-3, acima dos valores 1,5 a 3,0kg.m-3 propostos por Doorenbos e Kassam (1994). Os Coeficientes de cultivo (Kc) recomendados para a cultura, foram avaliados juntamente com os calculados por v?rias metodologias propostas neste trabalho, verificando-se que os valores de Kc estimados em fun??o dos ciclos de produ??o (ETc ciclo) e pela curva de Kc (ETc gr?fico) estimados durante o ciclo da cultura, se mostraram mais adequados ao c?lculo da evapotranspira??o da cultura. A estimativa da evapotranspira??o refer?ncia (ETo), pelo m?todo do tanque classe A , possibilitou valores pr?ximos aos estimados pelo modelo de Penman-Monteith recomendado pela FAO como padr?o. Portanto o m?todo do tanque classe A poder? ser utilizado na estimativa da ETo, em condi??es semelhantes a do experimento, quando n?o houver disponibilidade de dados clim?ticos para o uso do modelo de Penman- Monteith. O uso da tensiometria associado ao TDR no manejo de irriga??o revelou ser uma pr?tica indispens?vel, quando se almeja aumentar a efici?ncia no uso da ?gua.

La production et l'étude de la décohérence<br />de superpositions mésoscopiques d'états, communéments<br />appelés "Chats de Schrödinger", est l'un des enjeux<br />majeurs de l'Electrodynamique Quantique en Cavité. Dans ce<br />mémoire nous présentons une nouvelle technique pour<br />générer des superpositions mésoscopiques d'états du champ<br />électromagnétique dans le mode d'une cavité supraconductrice<br />de grand facteur de qualité. Nous observons qu'un atome de<br />Rydberg interagissant de façon résonnante avec un champ<br />cohérent contenant quelques dizaines de photons scinde celui-ci<br />en deux composantes de phases opposées +/-phi où phi<br />est inversement proportionnel à la racine du nombre de photons.<br />Les phases du champ et du dipôle atomique sont intriquées.<br />L'objet microscopique qu'est l'atome laisse ainsi son empreinte<br />sur l'objet mésoscopique qu'est le champ. Cet effet, dû à la<br />granularité du champ, disparaît à la limite classique. Nous<br />avons vérifié la corrélation entre la phase atomique et la<br />phase du champ, puis préparé une superposition de deux champs<br />cohérents de phases opposées. Nous avons analysé la<br />distribution de phase du champ par une technique de détection<br />homodyne. Nous avons ensuite estimé la cohérence des<br />superpositions réalisées. La distance des chats préparés<br />par cette technique est de l'ordre de 20 photons. Tester la<br />non-localité de la Mécanique Quantique constitue également<br />une motivation de nos expériences. On présente une étude<br />théorique et numérique de violation des inégalités de Bell<br />avec des états cohérents intriqués préparés dans les<br />modes de deux cavités distinctes.

Abstract The steel industry has been known as 'The mother of all industries '. With the emerging incidents such as Asian financial meltdown, industrialization of the China, and the policy of macro economic controls by the China government, the stock index of the steel industry has fluctuated violently. Despite the economy of China is to be adjusted upwards, in the foreseen future, the global steel supply will be probably exceed the demand. Such phenomenon definitely causes the pressure on the market that it also attracts much attention of the relevant stockholders. Current research investigates the most suitable model for valuating the stock price of the steel industry that would provide valuating methods to the corporate management and investors for decision making and investment. This research has studied 19 companies of steel industry of Taiwan listing companies with 6 approaches including the ¡¥Discounted Free Cash Flow Models¡¦, ¡¥Price to Earning Ratio¡¦, ¡¥Price to EBITDA Ratio¡¦, ¡¥Price to Sales Ratio¡¦, ¡¥Price to Book Value Ratio¡¦ and ¡¥Edwards-Bell-Ohlson Model¡¦ to valuate their reasonable intrinsic value from 2000 to 2005. The test of Theil¡¦s U is then applied to evaluate the approaches in order to justify the best valuation model. This study indicates the following results¡GThe Price to Book Value Ratio is the best valuation model since its smallest Theil¡¦s U value. The Price to Earning Ratio is the most unsuitable model for this evaluation purpose with a highest Theil¡¦s U value.

On demand single-photon and entangled-photon sources are key building-blocks for many proposed photonic quantum technologies. For practical device applications, epitaxially grown quantum dots (QDs) are of increasing importance due to their bright photon emission with sharp line width. Particularly, they are solid-state systems and can be easily embedded within a light-emitting diode (LED) to achieve electrically driven sources. Therefore, one would expect a full-fledged optoelectronic quantum network that is running on macroscopically separated, QD-based single- and entangled-photon devices. An all-electrically operated wavelength-tunable on demand single-photon source (SPS) is demonstrated first. The device consists of a LED in the form of self-assembled InGaAs QDs containing nanomembrane integrated onto a piezoelectric crystal. Triggered single photons are generated via injection of ultra-short electrical pulses into the diode, while their energy can be precisely tuned over a broad range of about 4.8 meV by varying the voltage applied to the piezoelectric crystal. High speed operation of this single-photon emitting diode up to 0.8 GHz is demonstrated. In the second part of this thesis, a fast strain-tunable entangled-light-emitting diode (ELED) is demonstrated. It has been shown that the fine structure splitting of the exciton can be effectively overcome by employing a specific anisotropic strain field. By injecting ultra-fast electrical pulses to the diode, electrically triggered entangled-photon emission with high degree of entanglement is successfully realized. A statistical investigation reveals that more than 30% of the QDs in the strain-tunable quantum LED emit polarization-entangled photon-pairs with entanglement-fidelities up to f+ = 0.83(5). Driven at the highest operation speed ever reported so far (400 MHz), the strain-tunable quantum LED emerges as unique devices for high-data rate entangled-photon applications. In the end of this thesis, on demand and wavelength-tunable LH single-photon emission from strain engineered GaAs QDs is demonstrated. Fourier-transform spectroscopy is performed, from which the coherence time of the LH single-photon emission is studied. It is envisioned that this new type of LH exciton-based SPS can be applied to realize an all-semiconductor based quantum interface in the foreseeable distributed quantum networks.