La presente tesis pretende conectar propuestas teleológicas con la poética planteada por Carlos Germán Belli en su extenso poema ¡Salve, Spes! Un objetivo es demostrar que este poema es un hito del desarrollo diacrónico de la poética belliana, ya que codifica tanto una singular propuesta de creación lírica, así como un entramado conceptual ético que funciona como fundamentación temática del poema. La primera parte de la tesis está enfocada en el marco teórico sobre teleología, planteada en tratados aristotélicos y, posteriormente, desarrollada por reelaboraciones de terapéutica e identidad moderna que plantean las obras filosóficas de Ernst Bloch, Charles Taylor y Martha Nussbaum. La segunda parte de la tesis establece límites para la interpretación y comparación de ¡Salve, Spes! en el corpus poético belliano. Se demuestra que el poema de Belli propone la resolución de tensiones temáticas e imbricaciones estilísticas en este punto particular de su producción, en el cual la figura de la Spes funciona como alegoría central que consolida dicho proceso. El análisis de los tópicos recurrentes, la unidad métrica y la intertextualidad dariana sirven para demostrar que ¡Salve, Spes! funciona como una renovación celebratoria de motivos formales, simbólicos y alegóricos en el universo conformado por Belli.

This thesis explores the notion of opposition in the Sonetti romaneschi by the Roman poet Giuseppe Gioachino Belli (1791-1863). It sees the poet as a warring rebel on the literary scene and examines his poetics and rhetoric of war through his choice of form (the hallowed sonnet structure), language (the ‘rotten’ vernacular) and subject (the downtrodden, previously voiceless underclass); it shows that these cornerstones of Belli’s opus are in polemical response to literary stimuli and intimately connected to the political, religious and sociological upheavals in and beyond Rome in the troubled run-up to Unification. Chapter one, entitled ‘Breaking the mould’, draws on Belli’s explicit declaration of war on his literary predecessors, and considers the influence of the Milanese writer Carlo Porta, arguing that Belli is more inimical than amicable, and not the simple imitator as thought to date. Chapter two, ‘A passage of arms: possessing the dialogue sonnet’, maintains that the fulcrum of Belli’s antagonistic poetics and his realist enterprise lies in his unprecedented use of the dialogue sonnet form and the staging of direct debate. Chapter three, entitled ‘The Battle of the Sexes’, treats opposition at a thematic level, applying gender studies and related theory to Belli for the first time. Chapter four, ‘War and peace: the silent revolution’, examines Belli’s creation of a totally new literary language, fulfilling the criteria for what Deleuze and Guattari, within broadly Marxist parameters, would identify as a ‘minor literature’ in the work of Kafka, in which a major language is somehow wrested from its anchors of power, or ‘deterritorialized’, to subvert the literary world from within. The thesis shows that Belli is more revolutionary than previously thought as a literary innovator, and an understudied giant of modern European literature as opposed to the marginal figure the historiography is wont to maintain.

Zugl.: Trier, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2005

Submitted by Pós graduação Farmácia (ppgfar@ufba.br) on 2017-05-30T20:39:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia-Thamires -farmacia-final.pdf: 2671133 bytes, checksum: d04fe328ab695f2547b14e8d937e5959 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barroso (pbarroso@ufba.br) on 2017-06-01T17:33:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia-Thamires -farmacia-final.pdf: 2671133 bytes, checksum: d04fe328ab695f2547b14e8d937e5959 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:33:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia-Thamires -farmacia-final.pdf: 2671133 bytes, checksum: d04fe328ab695f2547b14e8d937e5959 (MD5) / FAPESB / O diagnóstico dos coccídeos Cryptosporidium e Isospora belli é realizado principalmente pela pesquisa de oocistos em esfregaços fecais corados. Entretanto, não existe uma padronização na rotina laboratorial para a identificação microscópica desses coccídeos. O diagnóstico da Cryptosporidium pode também ser realizado pela detecção de coproantígenos por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) ou pela amplificação do DNA através da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), dispensando a identificação morfológica dos oocistos. Além disso, a análise do polimorfismo genético de fragmentos de restrição (PCR-RFLP) pode ser utilizada na caracterização das espécies de Cryptosporidium, permitindo um melhor entendimento da dinâmica da transmissão deste parasito. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (1) comparar as técnicas de concentração de formol-acetato de etila (FE) e sedimentação por centrifugação (SC), bem como as técnicas de coloração de Ziehl-Neelsen modificado (ZN), auramina (AR) e safranina (SF) na detecção de oocistos de Cryptosporidium e Isospora belli em amostras fecais; (2) comparar a microscopia com a pesquisa de coproantígeno para o diagnóstico de Cryptosporidium e avaliar os resultados discordantes utilizando a PCR e (3) caracterizar as espécies de Cryptosporidium de amostras fecais humanas, através da PCR-RFLP. Para comparação entre os métodos de concentração de oocistos, FE e SC, e as técnicas de coloração, ZN, AR e SF, foram utilizadas amostras fecais positivas para Cryptosporidium (n=27) e I. belli (n=15), conservadas em formalina a 10%. Os métodos foram avaliados quanto ao número de oocistos detectados e a qualidade microscópica dos esfregaços. Para comparação entre o método de ZN e ELISA para o diagnóstico de Cryptosporidium foram examinadas amostras fecais de 626 crianças de diferentes grupos. Posteriormente, todas as amostras positivas para Cryptosporidium obtidas no estudo, juntamente com outros isolados disponíveis no laboratório, foram submetidos à extração de DNA e análise por Nested-PCR/RFLP dos genes COWP e 18S rRNA, para determinação das espécies de Crptosporidium. Os métodos SC e ZN identificaram mais oocistos de ambos parasitos do que os demais métodos avaliados (p<0,05). Houve perda de oocistos no anel de detritos gordurosos no FE em praticamente todas as amostras de Cryptosporidium e I. belli. Por outro lado, os métodos FE e AR apresentaram menos artefatos nos esfregaços comparados aos demais, sendo classificados com qualidade microscópica superior. A frequência de Cryptosporidium nas crianças foi de 2,6% (16/626), sendo maior no grupo com doença diarreica, enfatizando a importância deste coccídeo como agente etiológico da diarreia infantil. A sensibilidade e especificidade do ELISA foram de 85,7% e 99,7%, respectivamente. A eficiência da amplificação do DNA de Cryptosporidium foi de 92% (23/25), considerando os resultados dos dois genes analisados. As espécies do parasito identificadas foram C. hominis (78,3%), C. felis (8,7%), C. parvum (4,3%) e mistura C. felis + C. hominis (8,7%). Esses dados são os primeiros de genotipagem de Cryptosporidium de indivíduos de Salvador, demonstrando a predominância de C. hominis nas infecções, e a elevada frequência de C. felis, sugerindo um provável papel de gatos na transmissão do parasito aos humanos em nosso meio. / The diagnosis of coccidia Isospora belli and Cryptosporidium is usually accomplished by identification of oocysts in stained fecal smears. However, there is a lack of standardization in the routine laboratory for microscopic identification of these coccidia. The diagnosis of Cryptosporidium can also be done by detecting coproantigens using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or by parasite DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), eliminating the need of morphological identification of oocysts. Furthermore, the analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism of amplified DNA (RFLP-PCR) can be used to characterize the species of Cryptosporidium, allowing a better understanding of the transmission dynamics of the parasite. The objectives of this study were: (1) to compare the techniques of concentration of formalin-ethyl acetate (FE) and sedimentation by centrifugation (SC), as well as the techniques of modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), auramin (AR) and safranin (SF) in the detection of Cryptosporidium and Isospora belli in stool samples, (2) to compare the microscopy with coproantigen detection for the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium and evaluate discordant results using PCR and (3) to characterize the species Cryptosporidium in human fecal samples by PCR-RFLP. To compare the methods for concentration, FE and SC, and staining of oocysts, ZN, AR and SF, there were used positive fecal samples for Cryptosporidium (n = 27) and I. belli (n = 15), preserved in 10% formalin. The methods were evaluated according the numbers of oocysts detected and the microscopic quality of smears. For comparison between ELISA and ZN for the diagnosis of Cryptosporidium in faecal samples, there were examined 626 stool samples from children of different groups. Subsequently, all positive samples for Cryptosporidium obtained in the study, along with other isolates available in the laboratory, were subjected to DNA extraction and analysis by Nested-PCR/RFLP of the COWP and 18S rRNA genes to determine the species of Crptosporidium. The SC and ZN methods identified more oocysts of both parasites than other methods tested (p <0.05). The loss of oocysts in the fatty debris layer of FE method was observed in all Cryptosporidium and I. belli samples. Moreover, the methods of FE and AR had fewer artifacts in smears compared to the others, being ranked with higher microscopic quality. The frequency of Cryptosporidium in children was 2.6% (16/626), being higher in patients with diarrheic disease, emphasizing the importance of this protozoan as etiologic agent of childhood diarrhea. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 85.7% and 99.7%, respectively. The efficiency of amplification of Cryptosporidium DNA was 92% (23/25), considering the results of the two genes. The species of the parasite identified were C. hominis (78.3%), C. felis (8.7%), C. parvum (4.3%) and a mixture of C. felis + C. hominis (8.7%). To our knowledgment, these data represent the first genotyping study of Cryptosporidium from individuals of Salvador, demonstrating the dominance of C. hominis infection and the high frequency of C. felis, suggesting a potential role of cats in the transmission of the parasite to humans in our area.

Motherhood and maternity are common themes in Nicaraguan author Gioconda Belli’s (1948–) writings, but in Waslala (2006) her exploration of the mother figure dives further into what a relationship with such a figure provides. Through a development narrative, parallel to that of female Bildungsroman and quest-romance, the protagonist, Melisandra, grows in maternal history and culture in her search for mother. This thesis uses the theories of Carol Christ, Dana Heller, Joseph Campbell and others to see Melisandra’s odyssey through the lens of a quest narrative. Along this journey, two maternal figures play an important role in preparing her for her climactic reunion with her own biological mother. They both teach and give examples of female strength and authority that Melisandra then emulates. As Melisandra discovers and forms her own identity, she finds herself in a pivotal position that intertwines her quest with that of her community’s. Upon leaving the utopian Waslala where she meets her mother, it becomes apparent that the mother has become central for both Melisandra’s personal identity and that of her community. Ultimately, the trajectory of Melisandra’s journey shows the archetype and figure of the mother as paramount for growth, development, and self-actualization.

Dans le contexte de la progressive (re-)démocratisation de l'isthme centraméricain au cours des années 1990, le sous-genre du roman historique connaît un nouvel essor s'inscrivant ainsi dans une tendance globale du sous-continent latino-américain. Les auteurs femmes de l'isthme non seulement commencent à se saisir du genre romanesque en général qu'elles n'avaient que peu cultivé jusqu'alors, mais participent activement de ce nouvel engouement que suscite la mise en fiction de l'histoire, un phénomène qui n'a été que très peu examiné par la critique. La présente recherche est construite à partir de l'analyse textuelle de sept romans publiés entre 1992 et 2007 par six écrivaines centraméricaines. D'une part, nous tentons de montrer que l'écriture fictionnelle de l'histoire des romancières centraméricaines se caractérise par un certain nombre de spécificités qui relèvent de l'approche historique des marginaux et des exclus du pouvoir. D'autre part, nous cherchons à mettre en lumière que cette écriture s'inscrit également dans une tendance plus générale que nous avons qualifiée d'« esthétique de la trace » : une évolution progressive du roman historique vers le roman de la mémoire historique. Aussi, cette recherche menée à bien sur une littérature encore trop marginale dans les universités européennes a pour objet de contribuer à l'analyse des modalités d'écriture de l'histoire choisies par les auteurs femmes en Amérique centrale et de concourir à la compréhension du changement de paradigme que nous semble subir actuellement le roman historique, non seulement dans la région, mais aussi dans nombre de pays latino-américains marqués par un processus de transition politique. / In the context of the progressive (re-)democratization of the Central American isthmus during the 1990s, the sub-genre of the historical novel lived a new boom inscribing itself in a global tendency on the Latin American sub-continent. Women writers in the isthmus not only started to make their presence felt in the novel, in general, scarcely cultivated by them up to that moment, but participated actively in the new enthusiasm provoked by the mise en fiction of history, a phenomenon barely studied by Central American literary criticism up until then. This study is based on the textual analysis of seven novels published between 1992 and 2007 by six Central American women writers. It seeks to demonstrate that the fictional writing of these Central American women novelists is characterized by a certain number of specific features that do not depend on biology but represent a historical approach that predominantly focuses on women, the marginalised and those excluded from power. On the other hand, it also tries to show that at the same time this writing is part of a more general tendency that we have termed the "aesthetics of trace": a progressive evolution of the historic novel towards the novel of historical memory. In this way, the present research about a literature still too marginalized in European universities, aims at contributing to the analysis of the modes of history writing chosen by women writers in Central America and to the comprehension of the change of paradigm, which the historical novel is undergoing at this moment, not only in the Central American region, but also in a number of Latin American countries that are marked by a process of political transition.

Si la littérature centre-américaine est peu étudiée, la poésie contemporaine des femmes de l’Isthme l’est moins encore. Nous avons donc souhaité participer au développement de ce champ de recherche, en étudiant l’œuvre lyrique de six écrivaines d’Amérique centrale. Dans ce corpus, publié de 1948 à nos jours, la réinvention des mythes – par l’appropriation, l’actualisation et/ou le détournement – nous a semblé particulièrement significative. Pour l’aborder, nous suivons tout d’abord le fil de la vie des poétesses sur la trame de l’Histoire contemporaine de l’Isthme et de sa littérature. Puis, nous tentons de caractériser les différents types de mythes qui peuplent leurs recueils – mythes ancestraux (amérindiens, grecs et bibliques) et mythes « nouveaux-nés », fruits de représentations stéréotypées et souvent idéalisées (l’Eternel féminin ou le « macho »). Par l’analyse textuelle et une approche théorique basée sur la réécriture et la mythocritique, nous étudions le traitement de ces motifs et figures mythiques selon leur provenance et leur valeur prescriptive envers les femmes. Nous observons ensuite de quelle manière la réinvention des mythes s’inscrit dans la poétisation du cycle de la vie, de la création (Genèse du Monde, de l’humain, de l’enfant, du poème) à la mort. Enfin, nous analysons comment, à travers le prisme du mythe, le statut de la femme et de l’homme sont redéfinis – notamment en brisant l’alternative femme exemplaire (Pénélope, l’ange du foyer) / femme fatale ou « perdue » (Eve, Médée, la prostituée), en valorisant l’héroïsme au féminin et à travers de nouveaux mythes (la femme sauvage) – pour aboutir à une réinvention des relations homme/femme. / The literature of Central America – and in particular the contemporary works of the female poets in this region – is a little-studied subject. We therefore wished to help develop this field of research by examining the lyrical work of six women writers from Central America. In this corpus, published from 1948 to the present day, the reinvention of myths is, to our minds, especially significant. In order to tackle this subject, we shall first unravel the threads of these poets’ lives from the fabric of the contemporary history and literature of Central America. We shall then attempt to characterise the types of myths found in their poems – age-old tales (Amerindian, Greek and Biblical) as well as « newborn » myths that are the fruit of stereotyped and images (the Archetypal Female or the « macho » male). Through textual analysis and a theoretical approach based on rewriting and myth criticism, we shall study the way these myths are dealt with according to where they come from and their advisory value regarding women. We shall then consider the way in which the reinvention of myths is part of the poetic depiction of the life cycle from creation (the genesis of the world, of human life; the birth of a child, of a poem) to death. Finally, we shall analyse how the status of women and men is redefined through the prismatic distortion of the myth – by breaking down the dichotomy between the commendable woman (Penelope, the angel in the house) and the femme fatale or « fallen woman » (Eve, Medea, the prostitute), or praising female heroism through new myths (such as the wild woman) – with a view to breaking new ground in male-female relationships.

Considerada um gênero menor, a literatura confessional foi, por muito tempo, excluída dos estudos acadêmicos. Porém, na última década o mercado editorial abriu-se sensivelmente para estas obras. Este trabalho procura analisar sob a luz da literatura comparada as autobiografias de Gioconda Belli, poetisa nicaraguense e da política holandesa-somali Ayaan Hirsi Ali, e encontrar na narrativa autobiográfica entrecruzamentos com a modernidade. As narrativas autobiográficas despontam com uma alternativa de situar o sujeito no mundo, um sujeito de certa forma descentrado e que pontua a experiência pessoal como uma alternativa de reconstrução de sua identidade e de reconstruir este mundo. / Por mucho tiempo se consideró a la literatura confesional como un género menor y se la excluyó de los estudios académicos. Sin embargo, en la última década, ocurrió una gran apertura del mercado editorial a estas obras. Esta tesis de maestría busca analizar, bajo la luz de la literatura comparada, las autobiografías de Gioconda Belli, poetisa nicaragüense, y de la política holandesa-somalí Ayaan Hirsi Ali. Asimismo, intenta encontrar en la narrativa autobiográfica un entrecruzamiento con la modernidad. Las narrativas autobiográficas despuntan como una alternativa de situar el sujeto en el mundo, un sujeto sin centro y que puntúa la experiencia personal como una alternativa de reconstrucción de su identidad y reconstrucción del mundo.

Considerada um gênero menor, a literatura confessional foi, por muito tempo, excluída dos estudos acadêmicos. Porém, na última década o mercado editorial abriu-se sensivelmente para estas obras. Este trabalho procura analisar sob a luz da literatura comparada as autobiografias de Gioconda Belli, poetisa nicaraguense e da política holandesa-somali Ayaan Hirsi Ali, e encontrar na narrativa autobiográfica entrecruzamentos com a modernidade. As narrativas autobiográficas despontam com uma alternativa de situar o sujeito no mundo, um sujeito de certa forma descentrado e que pontua a experiência pessoal como uma alternativa de reconstrução de sua identidade e de reconstruir este mundo. / Por mucho tiempo se consideró a la literatura confesional como un género menor y se la excluyó de los estudios académicos. Sin embargo, en la última década, ocurrió una gran apertura del mercado editorial a estas obras. Esta tesis de maestría busca analizar, bajo la luz de la literatura comparada, las autobiografías de Gioconda Belli, poetisa nicaragüense, y de la política holandesa-somalí Ayaan Hirsi Ali. Asimismo, intenta encontrar en la narrativa autobiográfica un entrecruzamiento con la modernidad. Las narrativas autobiográficas despuntan como una alternativa de situar el sujeto en el mundo, un sujeto sin centro y que puntúa la experiencia personal como una alternativa de reconstrucción de su identidad y reconstrucción del mundo.

Considerada um gênero menor, a literatura confessional foi, por muito tempo, excluída dos estudos acadêmicos. Porém, na última década o mercado editorial abriu-se sensivelmente para estas obras. Este trabalho procura analisar sob a luz da literatura comparada as autobiografias de Gioconda Belli, poetisa nicaraguense e da política holandesa-somali Ayaan Hirsi Ali, e encontrar na narrativa autobiográfica entrecruzamentos com a modernidade. As narrativas autobiográficas despontam com uma alternativa de situar o sujeito no mundo, um sujeito de certa forma descentrado e que pontua a experiência pessoal como uma alternativa de reconstrução de sua identidade e de reconstruir este mundo. / Por mucho tiempo se consideró a la literatura confesional como un género menor y se la excluyó de los estudios académicos. Sin embargo, en la última década, ocurrió una gran apertura del mercado editorial a estas obras. Esta tesis de maestría busca analizar, bajo la luz de la literatura comparada, las autobiografías de Gioconda Belli, poetisa nicaragüense, y de la política holandesa-somalí Ayaan Hirsi Ali. Asimismo, intenta encontrar en la narrativa autobiográfica un entrecruzamiento con la modernidad. Las narrativas autobiográficas despuntan como una alternativa de situar el sujeto en el mundo, un sujeto sin centro y que puntúa la experiencia personal como una alternativa de reconstrucción de su identidad y reconstrucción del mundo.