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L'évolution du rôle d'une organisation transcontinentale fondée sur la solidarité religieuse : l'OCI / The Evolution of the Role of a transcontinental Organization founded on the Religious Solidarity : the OICAnouti-Azizé, Suzanne 27 January 2017 (has links)
L’Organisation de la Coopération Islamique (OCI) créée en 1969 suite à l’incendie de la mosquée Al-Aqsa, représente la voix du monde musulman. C’est la deuxième organisation intergouvernementale après l’ONU regroupant cinquante-sept Etats membres aux quatre coins du monde.Un Programme d’Action Décennal (PAD) a été adopté lors du 3ème Sommet islamique extraordinaire réuni en 2005. Le PAD vise une nouvelle vision pour le monde musulman : « la solidarité dans l’action ».Cette thèse étudie l’évolution du rôle de l’OCI pour relever les défis politiques, économiques, sociaux et culturels qui surgissent sur la scène internationale et affectent la communauté musulmane. Elle met l’accent sur les points réalisés du PAD et les entraves de l’OCI à établir l’unité de l’Oummah islamique. / The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has been established in 1969, following the fire of the Al-Aqsa mosque. This organization represents the voice of the Islamic world and it is considered according to its membership, the second intergovernmental organization after the UNO. OIC includes fifty seven member states coming from all over the World.A Ten-year Program of Action (TYPOA) has been adopted in 2005 during the third extraordinary Islamic Summit, aiming at establishing a new vision for the Islamic World called: « Solidarity into action ».This thesis discusses the evolution of the role of the OIC relating international challenges of political, economic, social and cultural nature that the Islamic communities have to face. The thesis points out the matters that have been achieved through the TYPOA and the obstacles that the OIC faced regarding the necessity to unify the Islamic Ummah.
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Urban Segregation in Malmö : Discourse Policy Analysis at the Local Level and the Emergence of New ActorsAbolghasem Rasouli, Sina January 2021 (has links)
Segregation is frequently described as a consequence of the global restructuring of social, economic, and political expansions in which multicultural cities, like Malmö, become part of them. This study aims to highlight how visions of housing segregation and exclusion in the city of Malmö has been represented in the local policy documents (Master Plans) through the last three decades and to understand how a newly emerged glocal actor, known as BID Malmö, have impacted the urban governance in the city. In order to investigate these developments, this study applies two analytical frameworks. In terms of policy analysis, it employs a what’s the problem represented to be? (WPR) approach and for the conceptualization of BID Malmö applies the theory of the Global City. Policy analysis shows that urban segregation has been persistent in the city of Malmö through the last three decades, however the representation of problem has shifted vibrantly from placing citizens as the main cause of housing segregation during 1990s to an arena that includes contingent processes and practices that need to be tackled. Policy analysis also shows that Malmö municipality, through shifting the burden of responsibility, now promotes partnership between public and private actors to reduce exclusion based on specific district needs. Moreover, this study argues that the city of Malmö, because of the cross-border network of global cities, is now a space where one can identify formation of new types of global politics of place where informal political actors are emerging and can actually impact the urban governance. Finally, this study maintains that the city of Malmö, along with its newly emerged glocalized actor, fit into the theory of the Global City, by Saskia Sassen. Therefore, this study has also a deductive qualitative analysis.
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Vliv druhu konstrukce na index odlišnosti při oceňování bytů komparativní metodou / The influence of the construction type on the distinction index used for the comparative method of real-estate appraisalSpousta, Michal January 2013 (has links)
Quantification of the influence of type construction is realized for the purpose of determining the market price of flats by using comparative method of valuation. Comparative method is based on the market principle. Comparative method is based directly on a comparison of sales similar properties in similar conditions. Comparing price of comparative properties and appraised property is performed by using a number of criteria of significant differences, the evaluation of these criteria are quantified by using the coefficients of differences. In practice is usual to provide the range and number of coefficients based on professional judgment. The most important coefficients in comparative method of valuation are location, technical characteristics, equipment, accessories, property rights, other relevant factors and mainly the coefficient of influence of type construction is one of the most important factors of pricing. Due to this fact based on the analysis of public available sources (mostly from real estate server www.sreality.cz) is set, how the price is affected by the type of flat construction. During the creation database and it´s layout was found, that one of the pricing factor for the type of structure is insulation, therefore is this factor also considered.
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Taktika stavebních podniků při přípravě cenových nabídek u veřejných zakázek na stavební práce / Tactics of construction companies in preparing bid prices for public works contractsDrozdová, Adriana Unknown Date (has links)
Diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the approach of construction companies to the preparation of price offers. The theoretical part contains an explanation of the basic concepts of the issue and possible ways to determine the price of the construction work. In the practical part, this topic is researched in practice using a questionnaire survey. The results of the questionnaire survey are followed by two interviews with representatives from practice. After evaluating these data, the established hypotheses are verified and recommendations are expressed.
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Vztah nájemného a ceny bytu / Dependence price of rent on common flat priceChmelík, Tomáš Unknown Date (has links)
Main objective of this thesis is to determine the process for rent calculation of flats in line with presumptions influencing dependence of rent on common flat price. Proposed methodology is based on presumption of investing in property and possible yields or risks of this investment. The work studied the effects of correlation rentals and flat price.
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Att dominera en allmänning i delaktighetens namn : En kritisk diskursanalys av BID Malmös elskåpsprojekt / Dominating a Common in the Name of Participation : A Critical Discourse Analysis of BID Malmö’s Utility Box ProjectAxelsson, Vendela January 2023 (has links)
The purpose of this essay has been to attain an in-depth understanding of communicative power struggles within the urban space from a critical urban perspective based on the Right to the City. The project that constitutes the case study for this analysis has been the BID Malmö’s utility box project. The starting point has been that Malmö’s utility boxes function as a communicative medium, an urban public bulletin board, a common whose usage is constrained by projects implemented by entities like BID Malmö. The study is grounded in a theoretical understanding of the city as a social product, marked by power struggles linked to the competitive, postindustrial city. Critical urban theory has been combined with a discourse-oriented ctitical perspective focusing on power, ideology and hegemony, forming the basis for the conducted critical discourse analysis. The findings of the study reveal that art and culture are assigned a central role in the postindustrial city, tasked with transforming urban space. The transformation from a dirty or unsafe current to a safe and attractive futurecity. At the same time, culture is assigned a commitment to fostering participation, even as the same art is used to enclose and restrict certain parts of the public space. / Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att nå fördjupad kunskap om det urbana rummets kommunikativa maktkamper utifrån ett kritiskt urbant perspektiv om Rätten till staden. BID Malmös elskåpsprojekt har utgjort undersökningens fallstudie. Utgångspunkten har varit att Malmös elskåp är ett kommunikativt medium, en urban offentlig anslagstavla, en allmänning. Vars användning begränsas genom olika projekt som genomförs av bland andra BID Malmö. Undersökningen förankras i en teoretisk förståelse för staden som socialt producerad och präglad av maktkamper kopplade till den konkurrerande, postindustriella staden. Den kritiska urbana teorin har kombinerats med ett diskursteoretiskt perspektiv med fokus på makt, ideologi och hegemoni. Vilka tillsammans har lagt grunden för den genomförda kritiska diskursanalysen. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att konsten och kulturen tillskrivs en central roll i den postindustriella staden, vars uppgift är att omskapa rummet till något annat än vad det är idag med fokus på trygghet och stadens attraktivitet. Kulturen tillskrivs ett åtagande att skapa delaktighet, samtidigt som samma kultur används för att inhägna och stänga ner delar av det offentliga rummet och minska rätten till staden.
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[en] ASSESSING THE NASH EQUILIBRIUM OF A BID-BASED SHORT-TERM HYDROTHERMAL MARK / [pt] AVALIAÇÃO DO EQUILÍBRIO DE NASH DE UM MERCADO HIDROTÉRMICO DE CURTÍSSIMO PRAZO POR OFERTASJOAO PEDRO MATTOS COSTA 11 July 2023 (has links)
[pt] A possível mudança no paradigma de formação de preço no Brasil do
modelo vigente por custos auditados para o modelo por oferta, com o
objetivo de modernizar o Setor Elétrico e buscar práticas que incentivem a
competição, implica a necessidade de estudos prévios para auxiliar o processo
de transição e a definição do desenho de mercado adequado à realidade
brasileira. Nesse sentido, o uso de modelos de equilíbrio, notadamente o
Equilíbrio de Nash, desponta como uma poderosa ferramenta ex-ante que
permite analisar o comportamento dos competidores para identificar possíveis
ineficiências a serem mitigadas.
Com esse fim, o presente trabalho modela o processo decisório de ofertas
ótimas de um competidor em um mercado de energia elétrica de dia-seguinte de
base hidrotérmica por um modelo de otimização binível, possibilitando a identificação do Equilíbrio de Nash do mercado através de um algoritmo baseado
em Gauss-Seidel. Adicionalmente, o método é aplicado a dois experimentos
numéricos: a um sistema-teste de três barras e a um caso representativo do
sistema brasileiro completo, permitindo a análise do comportamento dos competidores a partir da comparação dos resultados com os modelos de Custos
Auditados e Equilíbrio Competitivo. Foram observados os impactos das
afluências e das cascatas de usinas hidrelétricas de múltiplos proprietários nas
receitas e, consequentemente, no comportamento dos competidores. Por fim,
foi verificada a ocorrência de competição exclusivamente pelas quantidades,
além da prática de retenção de ofertas por parte dos competidores para a
modificação do preço de equilíbrio de mercado, aumentando suas receitas. / [en] The potential shift in Brazil s energy pricing paradigm from the current Audited Costs model to the Bid-Bases model, with the aim of modernizing the electricity sector and seeking practices that encourage competition, implies the need for preliminary studies to assist the transition process and define the appropriate market design for the Brazilian reality. In this sense, the use of equilibrium models, notably the Nash Equilibrium, emerges as a powerful ex-ante tool that allows the analysis of competitors behavior to identify possible inefficiencies to be mitigated.To this end, this thesis models the optimal bidding decision process of a competitor in a hydrothermal day-ahead electricity market using a bilevel optimization model, enabling the identification of the Nash Equilibrium of the market through an algorithm based on the Gauss-Seidel. Additionally, the method is applied to two numerical experiments: a three-bus test system and a representative case of the complete Brazilian system, allowing for the analysis of competitors behavior by comparing the results with the Audited Costsand Competitive Equilibrium models. The impacts of water inflows and hydro plants in cascade with distinct ownership on revenues and consequently competitors behavior were observed. Finally, the occurrence of competition exclusively in quantities was verified, as well as the practice of quantity bids retention by competitors in order to modify the market equilibrium price, increasing their revenues.
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[en] NON-PARAMETRIC ESTIMATIONS OF INTEREST RATE CURVES : MODEL SELECTION CRITERION: MODEL SELECTION CRITERIONPERFORMANCE DETERMINANT FACTORS AND BID-ASK S / [pt] ESTIMAÇÕES NÃO PARAMÉTRICAS DE CURVAS DE JUROS: CRITÉRIO DE SELEÇÃO DE MODELO, FATORES DETERMINANTES DEDESEMPENHO E BID-ASK SPREADANDRE MONTEIRO DALMEIDA MONTEIRO 11 June 2002 (has links)
[pt] Esta tese investiga a estimação de curvas de juros sob o
ponto de vista de métodos não-paramétricos. O texto está
dividido em dois blocos. O primeiro investiga a questão do
critério utilizado para selecionar o método de melhor
desempenho na tarefa de interpolar a curva de juros
brasileira em uma dada amostra. Foi proposto um critério
de
seleção de método baseado em estratégias de re-amostragem
do tipo leave-k-out cross validation, onde K k £ £ 1
e K é função do número de contratos observados a cada
curva
da amostra. Especificidades do problema reduzem o esforço
computacional requerido, tornando o critério factível. A
amostra tem freqüência diária: janeiro de 1997 a
fevereiro
de 2001. O critério proposto apontou o spline cúbico
natural -utilizado com método de ajuste perfeito aos
dados - como o método de melhor desempenho. Considerando
a
precisão de negociação, este spline mostrou-se não
viesado. A análise quantitativa de seu desempenho
identificou, contudo, heterocedasticidades nos erros
simulados. A partir da especificação da variância
condicional destes erros e de algumas hipóteses, foi
proposto um esquema de intervalo de segurança para a
estimação de taxas de juros pelo spline cúbico natural,
empregado como método de ajuste perfeito aos
dados. O backtest sugere que o esquema proposto é
consistente, acomodando bem as hipóteses e aproximações
envolvidas. O segundo bloco investiga a estimação da
curva
de juros norte-americana construída a partir dos
contratos
de swaps de taxas de juros dólar-Libor pela Máquina de
Vetores Suporte (MVS), parte do corpo da Teoria do
Aprendizado Estatístico. A pesquisa em MVS tem obtido
importantes avanços teóricos, embora ainda sejam escassas
as implementações em problemas reais de regressão. A MVS
possui características atrativas para a modelagem de
curva
de juros: é capaz de introduzir já na estimação
informações
a priori sobre o formato da curva e sobre aspectos da
formação das taxas e liquidez de cada um dos contratos a
partir dos quais ela é construída. Estas últimas são
quantificadas pelo bid-ask spread (BAS) de cada contrato.
A formulação básica da MVS é alterada para assimilar
diferentes valores do BAS sem que as propriedades dela
sejam perdidas. É dada especial atenção ao levantamento
de
informação a priori para seleção dos parâmetros da MVS a
partir do formato típico da curva. A amostra tem
freqüência diária: março de 1997 a abril de 2001. Os
desempenhos fora da amostra de diversas especificações da
MVS foram confrontados com aqueles de outros métodos de
estimação. A MVS foi o método que melhor controlou o
trade-
off entre viés e variância dos erros. / [en] This thesis investigates interest rates curve estimation
under non-parametric approach. The text is divided into two
parts. The first one focus on which criterion to use to
select the best performance method in the task of
interpolating Brazilian interest rate curve. A selection
criterion is proposed to measure out-of-sample performance
by combining resample strategies leave-k-out cross
validation applied upon the whole sample curves, where K k
£ £ 1 and K is function of observed contract number in each
curve. Some particularities reduce substantially
the required computational effort, making the proposed
criterion feasible. The data sample range is daily, from
January 1997 to February 2001. The proposed criterion
selected natural cubic spline, used as data perfect-fitting
estimation method. Considering the trade rate
precision, the spline is non-biased. However, quantitative
analysis of performance determinant factors showed the
existence of out-of-sample error heteroskedasticities. From
a conditional variance specification of these errors,
a security interval scheme is proposed for
interest rate generated by perfect-fitting natural cubic
spline. A backtest showed that the proposed security
interval is consistent, accommodating the evolved
assumptions and approximations.
The second part estimate US free-for-floating interest rate
swap contract curve by using Support Vector Machine (SVM),
a method derived from Statistical Learning Theory.
The SVM research has got important theoretical results,
however the number of implementation on real regression
problems is low. SVM has some attractive characteristics
for interest rates curves modeling: it has the ability to
introduce already in its estimation process a priori
information about curve shape and about liquidity and price
formation aspects of the contracts that generate the curve.
The last information set is quantified by the bid-ask
spread. The basic SVM formulation is changed in order to be
able to incorporate the different values for bid-ask
spreads, without losing its properties. Great attention is
given to the question of how to extract a priori
information from swap curve typical shape to be used in
MVS parameter selection. The data sample range is daily,
from March 1997 to April 2001.
The out-of-sample performances of different SVM
specifications are faced with others
method performances. SVM got the better control of trade-
off between bias and variance of out-of-sample errors.
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Le droit français des OPA - un modèle pour le droit brésilien ? / The French law of takeover bids, a model for the brazilian law ?Mendia Twardowsky, Bianca 29 November 2017 (has links)
L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser le système juridique français et brésilien concernant les stratégies de défense contre les offres publiques d'acquisition visant à prendre le contrôle des sociétés cotées en bourse. Les offres publiques d'acquisition font l'objet d'un vif débat, plus particulièrement lorsqu'elles présentent un caractère hostile pour la société cible. En France, de nombreux efforts législatifs ont été mis en œuvre en vue d'encadrer les OPA et de lutter contre les prises de contrôle rampantes. L'analyse du droit positif permet de mettre en lumière ces différents efforts ainsi que leur mise en œuvre à travers diverses techniques par les sociétés visées. Grâce à l'analyse juridique des stratégies anti-OPA en France, le système brésilien peut prendre connaissance de cette expérience et trouver la meilleure approche juridique pour les sociétés cotées ayant un capital flottant important. Au Brésil, la récente vague d'IPO a été possible grâce à la réforme dans la bourse BM&FBOVESPA. Dorénavant, la BM&FBOVESPA présente le scénario idéal pour prendre le contrôle des sociétés cotées. Ainsi, l'importance de ce thème est le résultat de la dispersion de l'actionnariat après la première vague d'introduction en bourse dans le marché de capitaux brésilien, et en France, elle se traduit par l'évolution dans environnement légal des défenses anti-OPA face à des pratiques qui ne cessent d'évoluer. / The objective of this thesis is to analyse the French experience and the Brazilian legal environment concerning the defense strategies against hostile corporate takeovers aimed at taking control over public companies. Through the analysis of the French legal system of the anti-takeover strategies, the Brazilian system will be able to acquire this experience and find the best legal approach for Brazilian public companies with dispersed ownership. The importance of this theme is the result of the ownership dispersion following the first IPOs in the current Brazilian securities exchange market, which provides the ideal scenario for taking control of these publicly-traded companies, as well as the changes and the evolution in the French legal environment.
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De la légitimité et de la légalité des régimes de droits de souscription d'action en réponse à une offre publique d'achatParé, Christian 08 1900 (has links)
Le présent mémoire dresse un portrait des règles entourant la mise en vigueur et l'entrée en application de régimes de droits de souscription d'actions. À cet effet, l'auteur résume les règles entourant les offres publiques d'achat, examine les principes touchés par la mise en place d'un régime de droits de souscription d'actions, ainsi que les effets d'un tel régime sur la valeur des actions. Dans un deuxième temps, l'auteur se penche sur la légalité des régimes de droits de souscription d'actions en effectuant une revue du principe de l'égalité des actionnaires et des droits et obligations des administrateurs en matière de défense à une offre publique d'achat. L'auteur termine en effectuant une revue des divers recours qui s'ouvrent aux divers intervenants. / The present thesis tries to review the main rules regarding the creation and the application of a shareholders rights plan. The author reviews also the sections of the Securities Act pertaining to the Take-Over bid. The author also explains the main principles of the corporation law domain and how a shareholders rights plan may be implemented. Second, the author reviews the legality of the implementation of the shareholders rights plan with regards to the shareholders rights given by the Law, and to the obligations and duties of the directors of the Corporation. At the end of the present thesis, the author presents a review of the main recourses opened to the Shareholders, the corporation and the bidder.
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