This thesis examines the impact of outdoor advertising on public space, by situating outdoor advertising within arguments about global corporate domination. I argue that the implosion of commercial messages into ever-increasing amounts of public space has repercussions for our ability to relate to each other as anything other than commercial beings. Outdoor advertising necessitates the use of stereotypes to communicate with its audience. The regulatory mechanisms for advertising sanction this use of stereotypes, which puts commercial needs and rights to free speech before the public's right to distance itself from commercial messages and values. The discourses of advertising and its progenitors reinforce hegemonic conceptions of gender, class and ethnicity thereby imbuing space with values which do not encourage diversity but promote narrow and limiting options for the self. By carefully examining the 'entrepreneurial adexec' and 'public interest' discourses that surround outdoor advertising, I argue that its global privatising power has been able to continue without challenge, as potential criticisms are silenced before they are even articulated. It will be shown how the various regulatory mechanisms operating under discourses of 'public accountability' actually serve commercial interests rather than public interests by supporting private-public partnerships and focussing narrowly on the implicit meaning in ads. Particularly problematic representations of gender, class and ethnicity in outdoor ads will be analysed to discern the various ways these impose certain values on public spaces in Christchurch through the process of commercialisation. Finally, graffiti and billboard liberation as forms of cultural resistance to this commercialisation will be examined.

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This long work of imagination is a culmination of years of writing about two characters, cousins Barb and Debbie: Barbara Catherin Owens and Deborah Jean Magee. Born in south-eastern Arkansas, Barb and Debbie haunted Amber Nicole Brooks until she initiated them into the world of fiction in an initial short story set in 1970. Since then, many stories, ranging from the 1960s to 1990s, have been born of these characters’ exploits, despair, and erotic encounters. In a drastic overhaul of prose, Amber has reworked the episodes of these characters lives into one long, linear narrative, a thing some folks might perhaps characterize as a novel.

With the growth of ubiquitous computing, people are getting familiar and receptive to the idea of using non personal devices in public spaces. An example of such a possible device are the large ambient displays which can be found in airports, subway stations, malls, and bus stops. While most of these devices are not interactive, some offer interaction through touchscreen. This study explored the impact of body-movement-based interaction on engagement of a peripheral information display. We developed and exhibited two versions of the same peripheral information display in a public space. The first version offered interactivity while no interaction was available in the second version. We counted the number of people who watched/interacted with the displays and timed how long they spent doing so. Qualitative data was also gathered through semi structured interviews and non-participant observations. The statistical analysis provide evidences that the mean time spent watching/interacting with the peripheral information display is higher when there is interaction. We are 95% confident that the interval from 0.25 to 13.71 seconds contains the difierence of mean time spent watching/interacting with the display between the two versions. The interviews and observations indicated that the interaction implemented is easily understandable by the public in few seconds without the need of instructions. / Med framväxten av ubik datateknik blir människor allt mer bekanta och mottagliga för att använda allmänt tillgängliga enheter i det offentliga rum. Ett exempel på en sådan enhet är dom stora bildskärmar som placerats på flygplatser, tunnelbanestationer, köpcenter och busshållplatser. Dom flesta av dessa är inte interaktiva, men några är interaktiva genom touch. Denna studie utforskar effekten av kroppsrörelse-baserat interaktion på människors engagemang med perifera informationsskärmar. Vi utvecklade och ställde ut två versioner av en informationsskärm i ett offentligt rum. Den första versionen var interaktiv medans den andra var statisk. Vi räknade antalet människor som uppmärksammade/interagerade med informationsskärmen och tog tiden på hur länge dom eventuellt stannade. Kvalitativ data samlades genom intervjuer genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och icke-deltagande observationer. Statistisk analys av data ger underlag för att säga att medelvärdet för tid spenderat framför informationsskärmen var högre när den var interaktiv. Med ett konfidensintervall på 95% slår vi fast att skillnaden i medelvärde för tid spenderat engagerad med informationsskärmen ligger mellan 0,25 och 13,71 sekunder för dom två versionerna. Intervjuer och observationer pekar mot att den implementerade interaktionen är lätt att förstå inom loppet av några få sekunder utan behov av instruktioner.

At present, light pollution is one of the fastest growing types of environmental pollution, mainly due to increased use of artificial light during the dark hours of the day. There are especially four factors that contribute to light pollution; glare,skyglow, light trespass and clutter. Digital billboards are becoming more common in urban environments and cause all these types of light pollution. The newest type of digital billboard shows a series of very bright images that change every few seconds. Although digital billboards become more common in the urban environment, there is very little research on how it affects people living adjacent to digital billboards. The majority of the research available is about how traffic safety is affected. It is important to study how traffic safety is affected, but it is an environment where people stay for shorter periods of time. Light, and light pollution, can affect people both physically and mentally, and therefore the lack of research on how the housing environment is affected must be addressed. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the living environment is affected by a digital sign, and if it is affected, how do residents relate to it? The results from the study can be used to discuss guidelines for how digital signs should be planned for urban environments to minimize discomfort. Prevention is important in order to avoid a negative impact on human health. To investigate whether light from digital billboard affects people's living environment, a case study with a quantitative approach was performed. The study was conducted in a residential area adjacent to a digital sign. The residents were contacted and asked to fill in a questionnaire with questions about their living environment and their attitude towards the digital sign. The results show that the resident living closest to the digital sign is affected the most. How the living environment is affected depends to a large extent on the placement of the sign in relation to the residence. Conclusions that can be drawn based on the results are that the respondents most affected live within a 30-degree angle seen from the sign. Many of the problems that arise due to digital billboards are due to lack of knowledge and shortcomings in planning. Lack of research and deficiencies in the signage programs make it difficult to plan suitable installations. To cause minimal discomfort, no digital signs should be placed directly in front of a residential building. / I dagsläget är ljusföroreningar en av de snabbast växande typerna av miljöföroreningar främst på grund av ökad användning av artificiellt ljus under dygnets mörka timmar. Det är framförallt fyra faktorer som bidrar till ljusföroreningar; bländning, himmelssken, ljusintrång och ljusansamlingar. Digitala skyltar blir allt vanligare i urbana miljöer och orsakar alla dessa typer av ljusföroreningar. Den nyaste typen av digitala skyltar visar en serie av väldigt ljusa bilder som byts med några sekunders mellanrum. Trots att digitala skyltar blir ett vanligare inslag i stadsmiljön finns det väldigt lite forskning om hur det påverkar människor som bor i anslutning till digitala skyltar. Majoriteten av forskningen som finns handlar om hur trafiksäkerheten påverkas. Det är viktigt att studera hur trafiksäkerheten påverkas men det är en miljö där människor vistas under kortare perioder. Ljus, och ljusföroreningar, kan påverka människor både fysiskt och psykiskt och därför måste bristen på forskning om hur boendemiljön påverkas åtgärdas. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur boendemiljön påverkas av en digital skylt, och om den påverkas, hur förhåller de boende sig till det. Resultaten från studien kan användas för att diskutera riktlinjer för hur digitala skyltar ska planeras in i stadsmiljön för att minimera obehag. Att arbeta förebyggande är viktigt för att undvika en negativ påverkan på människors hälsa. För att undersöka om ljus från digitala skyltar påverkar människors boendemiljö utfördes en fallstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Studien utfördes i ett bostadsområde som låg i anslutning till en digital skylt. De boende kontaktades och ombads fylla i ett enkätformulär med frågor om sin boendemiljö samt attityd till den digitala skylten. Resultatet visar att de som bor närmast den digitala skylten påverkas mest. Hur boendemiljön påverkas beror till väldigt stor del på skyltens placering i förhållande till bostaden. Slutsatser som kan dras baserat på resultatet är att de respondenter som påverkas mest bor inom en 30-gradig vinkel sett från skylten. Många av de problem som uppstår på grund av digitala skyltar beror på okunskap och brister vid planeringen. Avsaknad av forskning och brister i de skyltprogram som finns gör det svårt att planera lämpliga installationer. För att orsaka minimalt obehag bör inga digitala skyltar placeras direkt framför ett bostadshus.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:16:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Maria Busato.pdf: 3089702 bytes, checksum: e8318bf2790148279cc70d4d8bc94477 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This inquiry studies urban communication and its devices of attention. The objects of this investigation are the fashion images printed in banners, billboards, images in buildings and interiors of shopping centers. The current metropolises show off the fact that they have being organized around the production and the seduction for almost two hundred years. In them, it is possible to check that is built a practice of appearances beside the history of the persons and objects. Paradoxically, the metropolises practice ways of removal, at the same time that social movements produce forms of closeness. In that habitat, it was developed the sewing industry and next to it, a demanding and segmented public moved by the novelty. It is also in the same stage, played by beauty and consumption, that the advertisement image explores its appeal to an immediate one. So, contemporary cities so much produce fast-fashion products as much social types here called image-costumer. It is necessary to emphasize that to be delighted before images, depends on the personal capacity of the individual in managing the received data. In this context, different tendencies of reception are shown: some accept in the full text the pretentious images and others seize only the languages proposed by the media. The hypothesis of this inquiry proposes that fashion images fill out individual deficit through the reconfiguration of their symbolic elements. The first symbol of the individual it is the images that he stores in his memory. Since he was born, the individual is enclosed by stimuli, particularly visual stimuli. These symbols that support the individual nowadays they are also explored by advertisement market. In order to understand the dynamic of these events the following objectives are put: 1. to identify in what ways the observer appropriates the fashion images; 2. to investigate the communicative potential of fashion billboard. The connecting thread of this inquiry goes through the reflections of Dietmar Kamper who discusses the technical images; Harry Pross who treats the pragmatic results of the symbolic orders; Baudrillard and Milton Santos, they analyse the mediation of the objects in urban space; Walter Benjamin and George Simmel, they point out the reflexes of urban life on the individuals. There are two the axles of this inquiry, a vertical, which means, a bibliographical lifting and, the other one, horizontal reached through field work. At both, it is valued in which measure they bring near the images of surface of those primary ones filed by the individual in his memory. The images in fashion billboards are objects of specified glances and they contain in its structure an efficient device of attention: the face. In that context, the observer and the image are face to face but the binomial face-clothes, in the billboards, reveals a mechanism of variation. Because in making seeming, simulating, by the use of the garment becomes a way for going out from the boredom, the changing, when the potential is going up in value of transforming stimuli. The communicative strength of the binomial face-clothes rests in the capacity of the individual of turning elements of the memory into realizable objectives. Since, contemporary individual is enclosed of objects and feelings to build a visual identity / Esta pesquisa estuda a comunicação urbana e seus dispositivos de atenção. São o objeto desta investigação as imagens da moda estampadas em banners, outdoors, imagens em edifícios e interiores de shoppings. As metrópoles atuais herdam o fato de se organizarem em torno da produção e da sedução há quase duzentos anos. Nelas é possível verificar que ao lado da história dos corpos e dos objetos constrói-se uma prática das aparências. Paradoxais, elas promovem o distanciamento, mas também movimentações sociais que propiciam formas de vinculação. Nesse habitat se desenvolve a indústria da costura e junto dela um público exigente, segmentado e movido pela novidade. É também nesse palco, encenado pela beleza e o consumo, que a imagem publicitária explora seu caráter de apelo ao imediato. Assim, as cidades contemporâneas tanto geram produtos fast fashion quanto tipos sociais aqui denominados de consumidores-imagem . Deve-se ressaltar que extasiar-se diante de imagens depende da capacidade do indivíduo de administrar as informações recebidas. Neste contexto revelam-se tendências distintas de recepção, onde uns aceitam na integra as imagens exibidas e outros apenas se apropriam das linguagens propostas pela mídia. A hipótese desta pesquisa propõe que as imagens da moda preenchem o déficit do indivíduo por meio da reconfiguração de seus elementos simbólicos. O primeiro símbolo do indivíduo são as imagens que ele provisiona na memória. Esses símbolos que sustentam o homem hoje são potencializados pelo mercado publicitário. Para compreensão desses eventos colocam-se os seguintes objetivos: 1. Identificar de que forma o observador se apropria das imagens da moda; 2. Investigar o potencial comunicativo do outdoor de moda. Esta pesquisa percorre as reflexões de Dietmar Kamper que discute as imagens técnicas; Harry Pross que trata dos resultados pragmáticos das ordens simbólicas, Baudrillard e Milton Santos que analisam a mediação dos objetos no espaço urbano, Walter Benjamin e George Simmel que apontam os reflexos da vida urbana sobre os indivíduos; são dois os eixos desta pesquisa, um vertical mediante levantamento bibliográfico e outro horizontal alcançado por meio de pesquisa de campo. Em ambos avalia-se em que medida se aproximam as imagens de superfície daquelas primárias arquivadas pelo indivíduo na memória. As imagens nos outdoors de moda são objetos de olhares particularizados e contêm na sua estrutura imagética um dispositivo eficaz de atenção: o rosto. Nessa troca observador e imagem ficam frente a frente. O binômio rosto-roupa nos outdoors revelase um mecanismo de variação, pois o fazer parecer, o simular, pela vestimenta se mostra uma forma de sair do tédio, de mudar, valorizando-se o potencial do indivíduo de transformar estímulos. Sua força comunicativa repousa na capacidade do indivíduo de transformar elementos da memória em objetivos realizáveis. Desse modo, esta pesquisa conclui que o indivíduo contemporâneo cerca-se de objetos e sentidos para construir uma identidade visual personalizada

The aim of this thesis is to contrast the verbal and non-verbal persuasive techniques used in display hoardings in the Czech Republic and Germany. The mode and frequency of the features employed to attract consumers in both countries are compared. The specific goal of the thesis is to find out whether such advertisements can possibly mirror the values and norms of the society. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first discusses the merits and demerits of the billboard as an advertising mechanism. In this section, the relevant laws of the Czech Republic and Germany are surveyed. In addition, the current situation in both countries with regard to this type of open-air promotion is examined. The second chapter summarises what is known about persuasion in general and the manipulative techniques employed to influence people. In this context, linguistic devices in Czech and German to achieve this end are evaluated. The final chapter provides an analysis of the material gathered for the thesis. The database consists of posters from 30 Czech and 30 German billboards which were photographed in the regions of South Bohemia and Lower Bavaria. The objective was to create a representative sample of contemporary outdoor advertisements in both countries. From the outset, close attention is paid to verbal features. These are divided into phonetic, word-forming, syntactic, and lexical devices. In terms of non-verbal features, typography, colour, and visual style are scrutinized. Since an advertisement is a complex means of communication, the interaction between the visual format and the text is also discussed.

This study has a dual purpose. Firstly, it is aimed at determining the need for the effective management of outdoor information transfer as an important resource in the aesthetic environment. Effective management is seen as an optimisation of the benefits of outdoor information transfer, as well as a minimisation of its negative impacts. Secondly, this study was aimed at providing user-friendly guidelines to achieve this. The South African Manual for Outdoor Advertising Control (SAMOAC) was developed in 1998 as a national guideline document to provide detailed conditions for the management and control of outdoor advertisements and signs. This manual recognises the differences in local needs and circumstances and suggests that controlling authorities should adapt the prescribed conditions in this regard. Up till now this document has not been implemented successfully by the relevant controlling authorities. Outdoor advertisements of all sizes are increasing at an alarming rate in South Africa to the detriment of the perceptual environment and tourism resources. One of the most obvious reasons for this is the lack of motivation amongst the controlling authorities together with the persistency of the outdoor advertising industry. This study provides the necessary motivation for involving controlling authorities, the outdoor advertising industry and the public in the meaningful and sustainable management of outdoor information transfer. It looks at the benefits and impact of outdoor information transfer in a holistic manner by taking the variety and interrelationship of such impacts and benefits into consideration. Most previous studies have only concentrated on a single aspect of outdoor information transfer namely the correlation between billboards and road accidents. A key finding of this study is that the effective management of outdoor information transfer is unnegotiable. A laissez faire approach by controlling authorities and self-control by the outdoor advertising industry will lead to visual chaos. A balanced and responsible approach should be followed in managing outdoor information transfer. Outdoor advertising should never be aimed at utilising and maximising every available advertising opportunity and implementing whatever is technologically achievable at the cost of the perceptual environment. The effective management of outdoor information transfer is in the interest of both the perceptual environment and the outdoor advertising industry. It has been found that sense of place and placeness play an important role with regard to the impacts and benefits of outdoor information transfer. The lack of sufficient environmental ethics in Western society has been identified as an underlying problem. A non-pragmatic environmental world-view has therefore been provided based on Christian axioms to serve as a basis for environmental management including perceptual resource management and the management of outdoor information transfer. In order to actualise the need for the effective management of outdoor information transfer general principles and user-friendly guidelines are provided that will be universally applicable. It will make the management of outdoor information transfer less subjective and will serve as a basis for legislative and control measures. These principles and guidelines are flexible enough to accommodate a variation in local conditions, lifestyles and aspirations. It can therefore serve as an instrument to adapt SAMOAC to suit local circumstances and needs. The recommendations provided in this study are aimed at creating an appreciation for the perceptual environment as well as the role and aesthetic contribution of outdoor advertisements and signs. It is also aimed at involving the public, controlling authorities and the outdoor advertising industry in the sustainable management of outdoor information transfer as an important part of the perceptual environment. / Thesis (PhD (Regional Planning))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Town and Regional Planning / unrestricted

This diploma thesis focuses on drivers of motor vehicles and the usual time they spend by specific objects. The theoretical part of the thesis brings an overview of literature on human perception. The eye-tracker is defined here as the instrument used for scanning the movements of the drivers eyes, here are also named its types and its applications in various fields of life. Finally, this part deals with the advertisements placed alongside roads acting as distractive elements. The experimental part builds upon the collected video recordings and offers an analysis of drivers’ observations of outdoor advertisements that attract their attention, mainly billboards.

The purpose of this thesis is to raise awareness about the contribution historic signs make to the experience of a place. Illuminated signage has played a key role in the development of the American landscape. The relationship between illuminated signage and sense of place is complex. Because of the ephemeral nature of signs and the public perception of them as advertising tools, the preservation community frequently overlooks signs. By examining three case studies, this thesis presents three different approaches to the preservation of illuminated signage. The first case study is the 2002 New Mexico Route 66 Neon Sign Restoration Project. This case uses Route 66 to examine the preservation of original material in original location. The second case study is the 2002 Amendment to the New York City Zoning Regulations, which mandates signage saturation in Times Square. This case examines the preservation of the experience of Times Square by protecting the historical use of innovative signage. The third case study is the 1996 installation of restored illuminated signs by the Neon Museum in Las Vegas at the Fremont Street Experience. This case examines the collections approach to preserving original Las Vegas illuminated signs in an outdoor museum setting as public works of art. While these three case studies evaluate iconic locations, the lessons are broadly applicable. The preservation approaches outlined here illustrate that every situation is unique and requires a full analysis of the context of the sign. Preservationists should evaluate signage within their local communities by examining the artistry and materiality of the signs. However, it is equally important to evaluate the overall community context of the signs. In order to preserve the experience of historic illuminated signage, it is imperative that preservationists and the general public understand that there are numerous approaches to safeguarding these works and that the time to take action is now. / text