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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

New Designs of Electrochemical H2O2 Based Biosensors For Advanced Medical Diagnosis

Janyasupab, Metini 16 August 2013 (has links)
No description available.
12

Robust Platinum-Based Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cell Applications

Coleman, Eric James 04 September 2015 (has links)
No description available.
13

Development of Nanoparticle Catalysts for Plasmonic Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide

Morin Caamano, Tatiana I. M. 16 January 2023 (has links)
The threat of the ongoing climate crisis requires the complete reduction of carbon emissions in the next two to three decades. Carbon dioxide electrochemical reduction (CO₂ER) poses a promising pathway to be able to maintain our current energy infrastructures in a carbon neutral fashion, by allowing the production of fuels and chemicals, such as CO, methanol and ethylene, with the use of carbon capture technologies and green energy. Thus far, Cu is the only metal that has demonstrated the ability to form hydrocarbon products. However, Cu is hindered by low selectivity. Improvements have been observed by coupling Cu with noble metals, such as Ag and Au. However, despite significant advancements, the technology has yet to achieve sufficient performance in activity, stability and selectivity for commercial viability. As such, this work pursued to further advance the activity of CO₂ER through the use of plasmonic Cu-based catalysts and the study of novel dinitrile-based electrolytes. It has recently been identified that CO₂ER can benefit from direct plasmonic effects induced by light illumination. In essence, certain light wavelengths can induce collective oscillations of the free electrons in the metallic particles, leading to an enhancement of their electrocatalytic performance. As such, the first project of this work involved the development and testing of plasmonic Cu-Ag bimetallic catalysts for the application of CO₂ER. Cu, Ag, as well as Cu-Ag bimetallic particles with variable morphologies were able to be synthesized through a facile one-pot sodium borohydride chemical reduction method. The synthesized catalyst performance was also compared to commercial catalysts. The synthesized particles were found to be active catalysts for CO₂ER, with improved electro-catalytic activities exhibited by Cu₈₅Ag₁₅, Cu₆₀Ag₄₀ and Cu syntheses in respective order. All nanoparticles demonstrated increases in the catalytic activity ranging between 15-26% under white light illumination, attributed to plasmonic promotion. The best plasmonic promotion of 26% was observed in the CuAg commercial alloy. Meanwhile, the best promotion of the synthesized bimetallic particles was of 18% found in the Cu₆₀Ag₄₀ catalyst. Additionally, improved electrochemical and plasmonic stability was observed with the use of the Cu-Ag bimetallic synthesized structures compared to monometallic Cu. In addition, most studies pertaining CO₂ER involve aqueous electrolytes due to their low cost and low toxicity. However, these systems are hindered by mass transfer limitations due to the low solubility of CO₂ in water. Organic-based electrolytes have been subjects of research as they possess higher CO₂ solubilities to water. As dinitriles pose a novelty in the role of CO₂ER, dinitrile-based electrolytes were studied and tested for the application. It was hypothesized that due to the decreased polarity in dinitrile solvents, CO₂ concentrations in the electrolyte would increase leading to improved catalytic activity. The testing was conducted by evaluating and comparing acetonitrile (ACN), adiponitrile (ADN) and sebaconitrile (SBN) solvent-based electrolytes. Increased CO₂ solubility was observed in the dinitriles with 582 mM and 503 mM of dissolved CO₂ in ADN and SBN respectively, compared to 270 mM in ACN. Results were corroborated through DFT modelling, indicating preference of CO₂ absorbance to nitrile groups on the molecules. However, despite increases in CO₂ concentration, the electrochemical activity decreased from ACN > ADN > SBN. The trend in activity was observed to be inversely proportional to the viscosity of the dinitrile solvents, which affected the ionic conductivity. Based on these developments, the present thesis opens a new perspective for the use of Cu-based nanoparticles for direct plasmonic enhancement with the use of a broad-range wavelength white light. Furthermore, the work also sheds light on the properties and resulting electrocatalytic activities of the use of dinitrile organic electrolytes for CO₂ER. The presented findings provide significant groundwork for further developments in the realm of CO₂ER.
14

Oxydation par l’oxygène moléculaire d’alcools en phase liquide en synthons carbonyles / Liquid phase oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl synthons with molecular oxygen

Frassoldati, Antonio 22 November 2011 (has links)
L’oxydation sélective des alcools en aldéhydes, acides ou cétones est une transformation très importante en chimie. L’emploi d’oxygène moléculaire comme oxydant permet de se placer dans une perspective de chimie verte, avec la production d’eau comme seul sous-produit principal. L’oxydation d’alcools primaires (1-octanol et géraniol) et d’alcools secondaires (2-octanol, 1-phénylethanol et alcools hétéroaromatiques dérivés de la pyridine) a été étudié en présence de catalyseurs au platine supportés sur charbon sous pression d’air, en solvant organique ou mélange à de l’eau. Les résultats ont montré une forte influence du solvant sur l’activité catalytique, avec un effet promoteur très important de l’eau sur la réaction. Cet effet a été discuté sur la base de différentes hypothèses. La promotion des catalyseurs au platine par le bismuth a permis d’observer des modifications de l’activité avec un effet positif en particulier dans l’oxydation des alcools hétéroaromatiques secondaires. La désactivation observée lors de l’oxydation de certains substrats a été analysée et des solutions ont été proposées pour la surmonter. / The selective alcohols oxidation to aldehydes, acids and ketones is an important transformation in chemistry. The use of molecular oxygen as oxidant is in adequation with a green chemistry perspective, since water is the only by-product. The oxidation of primary alcohols (1-octanol and geraniol) and secondary alcohols (2-octanol, 1-phenylethanol and pyridine substituted alcohols) has been studied in the presence of platinum supported carbon catalysts under air pressure in organic or mixed organic/aqueous media. The results have shown a strong influence of the solvent on the catalytic activity, with an important promoting effect of water on the reaction. This effect has been discussed based on several hypotheses. The promotion of platinum supported catalysts by bismuth has shown some modifications of the activity, with a positive effect in particular in the oxidation of secondary heteroaromatic alcohols. The deactivation observed during the oxidation reaction of some substrates has been analyzed and some solutions have been proposed to overcome the problem.
15

RhPt and Ni based catalysts for fuel reforming in energy conversion

González Arcos, Angélica Viviana January 2015 (has links)
Although current trends in global warming are of great concern, energy demand is still increasing, resulting in increasing pollutant emissions. To address this issue, we need reliable renewable energy sources, lowered pollutant emissions, and efficient and profitable processes for energy conversion. We also need to improve the use of the energy, produced by existing infrastructure. Consequently, the work presented in this thesis aims at investigating current scientific and technological challenges in energy conversion through biomass gasification and the alternative use of fossil fuels, such as diesel, in the generation of cleaner electricity through auxiliary power units in the transport sector. Production of chemicals, syngas, and renewable fuels is highly dependent on the development and innovation of catalytic processes within these applications. This thesis focuses on the development and optimization of catalytic technologies in these areas. One of the limitations in the commercialization of the biomass gasification technology is the effective catalytic conversion of tars, formed during gasification. Biomass contains high amounts of alkali impurities, which pass on to the producer gas. Therefore, a new material with alkali tolerance is needed. In the scope of this thesis, a new catalyst support, KxWO3 – ZrO2 with high alkali resistance was developed. The dynamic capability of KxWO3 – ZrO2 to store alkali metals in the crystal structure, enhances the capture of alkali metals "in situ". Alkali metals are also important electronic promoters for the active phase, which usually increases the catalysts activity and selectivity for certain products. Experimental results show that conversion of 1-methylnaphathalene over Ni/KxWO3 – ZrO2 increases in the presence of 2 ppm of gas-phase K (Paper I). This support is considered to contribute to the electronic equilibrium within the metal/support interface, when certain amounts of alkali metals are present. The potential use of this support can be extended to applications in which alkali "storage-release" properties are required, i.e. processes with high alkali content in the process flow, to enhance catalyst lifetime and regeneration. In addition, fundamental studies to understand the adsorption geometry of naphthalene with increasing temperature were performed in a single crystal of Ni(111) by STM analyses. Chapter 9 presents preliminary studies on the adsorption geometry of the molecule, as well as DFT calculations of the adsorption energy. In relation to the use of clean energy for transport applications, hydrogen generation through ATR for FC-APUs is presented in Papers II to V. Two promoted RhPt bimetallic catalysts were selected in a previous bench scale study, supported on La2O3:CeO2/d – Al2O3 and MgO : Y2O3/CeO2 – ZrO2. Catalyst evaluation was performed in a fullscale reformer under real operating conditions. Results showed increased catalyst activity after the second monolithic catalyst due to the effect of steam reforming, WGS reaction, and higher catalyst reducibility of the RhxOy species in the CeO2 – ZrO2 mixed oxide, as a result of the improved redox properties. The influence of sulfur and coke formation on diesel reforming was assessed after 40 h on stream. Sulfur poisoning was evaluated for the intrinsic activity related to the total Rh and Pt area observed after exposure to sulfur. Sulfur concentration in the aged catalyst washcoat was observed to decrease in the axial direction of the reformer. Estimations of the amount of sulfur adsorbed were found to be below the theoretical equilibrated coverage on Rh and Pt, thus showing a partial deactivation due to sulfur poisoning. / <p>QC 20150213</p>
16

Selective Hydrogenation of Butadiene over Non-noble Bimetallic Catalysts / Catalyseurs bimétalliques à base de métaux non nobles pour l'hydrogénation sélective du Butadiène

Wang, Zhao 26 June 2017 (has links)
Ce travail porte sur la préparation et la caractérisation de catalyseurs bimétalliques Cu-Zn, Ni-Zn et Fe-Zn supportés sur TiO2 avec des rapports atomiques variables et sur l'étude de leurs propriétés catalytiques pour l'hydrogénation sélective d'hydrocarbures polyinsaturés. Les méthodes de co-dépôt-précipitation à l'urée (DPu) et co-dépôt-précipitation à pH fixe (DP8) ont été utilisées pour la préparation des matériaux. Les ions métalliques se déposent séquentiellement sur la surface de TiO2 (selon la séquence CuII < ZnII ?FeII <NiII) durant la méthode DPu, alors qu'ils se déposent simultanément en utilisant la méthode DP8. Après réduction de l'échantillon à une température appropriée (350°C pour Cu-Zn, 450°C pour Ni-Zn et 500°C pour Fe-Zn), les analyses par DRX et STEM-HAADF couplé à EDS ont montré que des nanoparticules bimétalliques étaient formées pour les systèmes Cu-Zn/TiO2 (alliage Cu3Zn1 ou Cu0.9Zn0.1) et Ni-Zn/TiO2 (alliage Ni1Zn1 ou Ni4Zn1) avec une taille moyenne de particule inférieure à 5 nm. Seul du fer métallique a été détecté par DRX dans le cas de Fe-Zn/TiO2. Zn est inactif pour l'hydrogénation sélective du butadiène et agit comme un modificateur des catalyseurs monométalliques dont l'activité suit la séquence: Cu < Fe < Ni. L'ajout de Zn diminue légèrement l'activité, influence la sélectivité en butènes, mais augmente fortement la stabilité des catalyseurs. Cette plus grande stabilité des catalyseurs bimétalliques a été attribuée à la formation d'une quantité inférieure de dépôt carboné pendant la réaction, ceci résultant de la modification de la taille des ensembles de surface du métal actif par alliage avec Zn. / This work investigates the preparation and characterization of titania-supported non-noble bimetallic Cu-Zn, Ni-Zn and Fe-Zn catalysts with various atomic ratios and their catalytic properties for the selective hydrogenation of polyunsaturated hydrocarbons. Co-deposition-precipitation with urea (DPu) and co-deposition-precipitation at fixed pH (DP8) methods were employed for the samples preparation. The metal ions were sequentially deposited onto the TiO2 surface (the sequence of pH for ions deposition being CuII < ZnII ≈FeII < NiII) during the DPu, while they were simultaneously deposited using DP8 method. After sample reduction at proper temperature (350 °C for Cu-Zn, 450 °C for Ni-Zn and 500 °C for Fe-Zn), XRD and STEM-HAADF coupled with EDS showed that bimetallic nanoparticles were formed in Cu-Zn/TiO2 (Cu3Zn1 or Cu0.9Zn0.1 alloy) and Ni-Zn systems (Ni1Zn1 or Ni4Zn1 alloy) with average particle size smaller than 5 nm. Only metallic Fe was detected by XRD in Fe-Zn/TiO2. Zn is inactive for butadiene selective hydrogenation, and acts as a modifier of the monometallic catalysts whose activity follows the sequence: Cu < Fe < Ni. The addition of Zn slightly decreases the activity and influences the selectivity to butenes, but provides much more stable catalysts. The higher stability of the bimetallic catalysts was ascribed to the formation of lower amount of carbonaceous species during the reaction, resulting from the change in the size of the active metal surface ensembles by alloying with Zn.
17

Παρασκευή και μελέτη διμεταλλικών και τριμεταλλικών ηλεκτροκαταλυτών για κυψελίδες καυσίμου πολυμερικής μεμβράνης

Παπακωνσταντίνου, Γεώργιος 07 July 2010 (has links)
Το Η2 είναι το ελαφρύτερο και πλέον άφθονο στοιχείο στη φύση. Βρίσκεται παντού στη γη, στο νερό, στα ορυκτά καύσιμα και σε όλα τα έμβια όντα. Αν το Η2 αξιοποιηθεί κατάλληλα και χρησιμοποιηθεί για τροφοδοσία των κελιών καυσίμου, θα ελαχιστοποιηθεί η εξάρτηση του σύγχρονου πολιτισμού από τα ορυκτά καύσιμα, με συνεπακόλουθο τη μείωση των εκπομπών βλαβερών αερίων στην ατμόσφαιρα. Η χαμηλή θερμοκρασία λειτουργίας των κελιών καυσίμου πολυμερούς ηλεκτρολύτη (PEMFCs) προσφέρει πολλά πλεονεκτήματα και σε συνδυασμό με την υψηλή πυκνότητα ισχύος που αποδίδουν, τα καθιστά κύριους υποψήφιους για εφαρμογή στην αυτοκίνηση. Ωστόσο, η χαμηλή θερμοκρασία εγείρει και σημαντικά προβλήματα, όπως η χρήση ευγενών μετάλλων για την επιτάχυνση των αντιδράσεων και η ευαισθησία σε φαινόμενα δηλητηρίασης. Το κυριότερο δηλητήριο είναι το CO, βασικό παραπροϊόν των διεργασιών παραγωγής H2 από τους υδρογονάνθρακες, οι οποίοι προς το παρόν αποτελούν την κύρια πηγή του. Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή εξετάστηκαν τα φαινόμενα δηλητηρίασης από το CO της ανόδου του PEMFC. Καθώς το CO δεσμεύεται ισχυρότερα στην επιφάνεια του Pt από το καύσιμο Η2, η παρουσία του στην τροφοδοσία ακόμα και σε ίχνη απενεργοποιεί δραματικά τη λειτουργία της ανόδου. Έτσι, μελετήθηκαν διμεταλλικά και τριμεταλλικά καταλυτικά συστήματα, βασισμένα στο Pt, για την πιθανή αντιμετώπιση του προβλήματος, διαμέσου εξασθένισης του δεσμού Pt-CO ή ενίσχυσης της ηλεκτροχημικής οξείδωσής του από το Η2Ο, που είναι άφθονο στο περιβάλλον ενός PEMFC. Στο κεφάλαιο 1 περιγράφονται οι βιβλιογραφικές πληροφορίες για την τεχνολογία του Η2, όπως μέθοδοι παραγωγής του, καθαρισμού του και αποθήκευσης/μεταφοράς του. Στο κεφάλαιο 2 αναφέρονται οι βασικές αρχές λειτουργίας των κελιών καυσίμου, όσον αφορά στη θερμοδυναμική και στην κινητική, στα είδη τους και στις πιθανές εφαρμογές τους. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 γίνεται εκτενής περιγραφή των δομικών στοιχείων που απαρτίζουν ένα PEMFC, και βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση των καταλυτικών συστημάτων που έχουν μελετηθεί για τις βασικές αντιδράσεις. Στο κεφάλαιο 4 περιγράφονται συνοπτικά οι μέθοδοι χαρακτηρισμού και ανάλυσης καθώς και οι πειραματικές διατάξεις που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν. Στο κεφάλαιο 5 εξετάστηκε η επίδραση του υποστρώματος TiO2 στα χαρακτηριστικά του Pt, όσον αφορά την αλληλεπίδρασή του με το CO, σε διάταξη μονής κυψέλης καυσίμου. Παρουσιάστηκε αυξημένη ενεργότητα για την ηλεκτροοοξείδωση του CO και ασθενέστερη αλληλεπίδρασή του με την επιφάνεια του Pt, συντελώντας σε ενεργοποιημένη ρόφηση. Στο κεφάλαιο 6 με φασματοσκοπία υπερύθρου μελετήθηκαν τα χαρακτηριστικά της ρόφησης/εκρόφησης του CO σε μια σειρά καταλυτών Pt-Mo σε υπόστρωμα TiO2. Παρουσία των οξειδίων του Mo η θερμοκρασία εκρόφησης του CO ήταν σημαντικά μειωμένη σε σχέση με μονομεταλλικό Pt, υποδεικνύοντας ασθενέστερο δεσμό του CO με την καταλυτική επιφάνεια. Ωστόσο, παρουσία H2 ο δεσμός ισχυροποιείται, με αποτέλεσμα η εκρόφηση να πραγματοποιείται σε υψηλότερη θερμοκρασία. Αυτό εξηγήθηκε με βάση την ανταγωνιστική αντίδραση του H2 με τις οξειδικές ομάδες, τόσο του υποστρώματος TiO2, όσο και των οξειδίων του Mo. Στο κεφάλαιο 7 εξετάστηκε η οξείδωση του CO σε καταλύτη Pt4Mo/C, δεδομένου του αποσταθεροποιητικού ρόλου του Mo στα χαρακτηριστικά της αλληλεπίδρασης με το CO. Έτσι, αναγνωρίστηκε η ικανότητα των οξειδίων του Mo να διασπούν το Η2Ο σε δυναμικά που συμπίπτουν με τη λειτουργία της ανόδου ενός PEMFC, ενώ παρουσίασαν ενεργότητα για την οξείδωση του CO σε συνθήκες ανοιχτού κυκλώματος διαμέσου της αντίδρασης μετατόπισης με ατμό σε χαμηλή θερμοκρασία μέχρι και 60οC. Ωστόσο, η παραπάνω ιδιότητες δεν ήταν κατανεμημένες ομοιόμορφα στην καταλυτική επιφάνεια, παρά μόνο στη διεπιφάνεια Pt/MoOx, ενώ οι θέσεις μονομεταλλικού Pt παρουσίασαν έντονα φαινόμενα δηλητηρίασης. Επιπλέον, το Mo παρουσιάστηκε ευαίσθητο σε φαινόμενα διάλυσης στο όξινο υδατικό περιβάλλον του PEMFC για δυναμικά μεγαλύτερα από 0.2 V. Στο κεφάλαιο 8 μελετήθηκε η αλληλεπίδραση του CO με τριμεταλλικό καταλύτη Pt-Ru-Co σε σύγκριση με εμπορικό PtRu/C. Ο τριμεταλλικός καταλύτης παρουσιάστηκε ενεργότερος, με χαμηλότερη φαινόμενη ενέργεια ενεργοποίησης για την οξείδωση ροφημένου CO, εμφανίζοντας ισχυρότερη εξάρτηση από το εφαρμοζόμενο δυναμικό. / Hydrogen is the lighter and more abundant element in nature. It is everywhere in earth, water, fossil fuels and in all the living creatures. If H2 can be properly extracted and utilized as a fuel in fuel cells, the dependence of the global economy on fossil fuels will be minimized, resulting in significant attenuation of the greenhouse gases emissions in the atmosphere. The low operation temperature of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) offers a lot of advantages. In combination with the high power density yielded by the PEMFCs renders them as the main candidates for application in automotive industry. However, the low temperature raises significant problems, such as the use of noble metals for the acceleration of the basic reactions and the susceptibility in poisoning phenomena. The basic poison is carbon monoxide (CO), one of the main side-products of H2 production from fossil fuels, which for the moment is the main source of H2. In this thesis, the poisoning phenomena of the PEMFCs anode electrocatalysts from CO were investigated. Since CO is bounded on the surface of Pt stronger than the H2 fuel, its presence in the fuel feed in ppm levels deactivates the anode electrocatalyst. In order to eliminate this problem, bimetallic and ternary catalytic systems, based on Pt, were studied with the aim to reduce the Pt-CO bond strength or to promote the electrocatalytic oxidation of CO by water, which is abundant in the PEMFC environment. In chapter 1 is reported the literature information about H2 technology, such as H2 production and cleaning methods and the transport and storage infrastructure. In chapter 2, the basic thermodynamic and kinetic rules of fuel cells operation are referred together with the types of fuel cells and the possible applications. In chapter 3 the structural characteristics of the PEMFCs are outlined and the basic catalytic systems that have been studied for the fuel cell reactions are reviewed. The catalysts’ characterization methods, as well as the experimental procedures utilized in this thesis, are briefly described in chapter 4. In chapter 5 the effect of TiO2 support on the CO chemisorption’s and oxidative properties of Pt was investigated in a single PEMFC configuration. The activity of the CO electrooxidation reaction was enhanced and the Pt-CO bond was destabilized comparing to a commercial Pt/C catalyst. In chapter 6 the CO adsorption/desorption properties were studied by Infrared Spectroscopy, on a series of Pt-Mo catalysts supported on anatase TiO2. The presence of Mo oxides on the catalyst surface reduces significantly the CO desorption temperature in comparison to monometallic TiO2 supported Pt, suggesting the weak CO bonding on the catalytic surface. However, in the presence of H2, the Pt-CO bond strengthens, resulting in higher CO desorption temperature for all the catalysts tested. This was explained on the basis of competitive reaction of H2 with the oxidic surface species, originating from the TiO2 support and the surface Mo oxides. The CO electrooxidation activity of a Pt4Mo/C catalyst is described in chapter 7, considering the destabilizing effect of Mo on the Pt-CO bond. The surface Mo oxide species were able to dissociate H2O at potential values that coincide with the potential window of the PEMFC anode operation. This catalyst oxidized CO under open circuit conditions through the water gas shift reaction and at temperature as low as 60oC. However, the catalytic activity was not homogeneously distributed on the entire catalyst surface, but it was located at the Pt/MoOx interface, with the monometallic Pt sites to be strongly susceptible to CO poisoning. Furthermore, Mo was sensitive to dissolution phenomena in the hydrous acidic environment of the PEMFC for potentials higher than 0.2 V vs. rhe. Finally, in chapter 8 is described the interaction of CO with a ternary Pt-Ru-Co catalyst surface, in comparison to a commercial PtRu/C catalyst. The ternary catalyst was more active for the adsorbed CO electrooxidation, with a lower apparent activation energy than the bimetallic commercial one. The ternary catalyst exhibited zero reaction order with respect to CO partial pressure, while the PtRu/C showed negative reaction order due to competitive adsorption of CO and oxidic species for the same catalytic sites. The kinetic rate constant of the CO electrooxidation reaction for the ternary catalyst showed stronger dependence on the applied potential.
18

Préparation contrôlée de catalyseurs bimétalliques Pt-Rh supportés / Controlled preparation of supported Pt-Rh bimetallic catalysts

Hérault, Nelly 24 November 2014 (has links)
Les catalyseurs Pt-Rh supportés ont montré des propriétés intéressantes en ouverture sélective des naphtènes. Les performances catalytiques de ces catalyseurs dépendent, entre autres, de l'interaction entre le rhodium et le platine. L'objectif de ces travaux portait sur l'étude de l'influence de la méthode de préparation sur les interactions Pt-Rh. Dans ce but, plusieurs voies reposant sur des stratégies de synthèse différentes ont été sélectionnées, des plus classiques, comme l'imprégnation, aux plus sophistiquées, comme la modification d'un catalyseur monométallique parent par ajout d'un second métal par réaction de surface, la formation des particules Pt-Rh au sein de microémulsion ou de microsuspension ou encore la réduction des précurseurs métalliques assistée par radiolyse. Les catalyseurs ont été caractérisés par diverses techniques telles que la chimisorption d'hydrogène, la microscopie électronique en transmission, la réduction en température programmée, l'adsorption de molécules sondes (CO ou NO puis CO) suivie par infrarouge ou encore par réactions modèles. Ces caractérisations ont permis de mettre en évidence que (i) les imprégnations classiques ou assistées par radiolyse mènent à un mélange de particules monométalliques et bimétalliques, (ii) les méthodes de modification de surface permettent le dépôt du second métal sur les sites spécifiques des particules métalliques préformées, (iii) la synthèse des particules métalliques en microsuspension ou microémulsion permet également l'obtention de particules bimétalliques, mais avec la présence d'alliages Pt-Rh de surface. / Pt-Rh supported catalysts have demonstrated interesting properties in selective ring opening of naphthenic molecules. Their catalytic performances depend on several properties like platinum-rhodium interaction. The aim of this work was to study the influence of the preparation method on Pt-Rh interactions. For this purpose, several preparation ways were selected, from the most classical ones, such as impregnation, to more sophisticated ways such as (1) surface modification of monometallic catalyst by addition of a second metal (surface reactions), (2) formation of Pt-Rh particles in microemulsion or in microsuspension, or (3) impregnation assisted by radiolysis. Catalysts were characterized by various techniques such as hydrogen chemisorption, transmission electron microscopy, temperature programmed reduction, adsorption of probe molecules (CO or NO then CO) followed by infrared spectroscopy, or model reactions.These characterizations allowed demonstrating that (i) the classical impregnation or the one assisted by radiolysis leads to monometallic and bimetallic particles, (ii) metal deposition on specific sites of preformed metallic particles can be obtained by surface modification of monometallic catalysts, (iii) the synthesis of metallic particles in microemulsion or microsuspension yields bimetallic entities with Pt-Rh alloy at the particle surface.
19

Développement d’outils et de procédures pour la microcinétique expérimentale : application à la réaction CO/O2 sur des catalyseurs Ir/Al2O3 et bimétalliques Pt-Pd/Al2O3 / Tools and procedures development for the experimental microkinetic approach : application to the CO/O2 reaction on Ir/Al2O3 and bimetallic catalyst Pt-Pd/Al2O3

Couble, Julien 21 June 2012 (has links)
L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer des outils et des procédures pour l’approche par lamicro-cinétique expérimentale, de la réaction CO/O2 appliquée aux catalyseurs à base d’iridium et departicules bimétalliques Pt-Pd supportées sur alumine. La caractérisation de la première étape cléd’adsorption du réactif CO sur différents métaux (type d’adsorption, chaleurs d’adsorption de chaqueespèce) a nécessité le développement d’une méthode initialement adaptée à l’analyse IR en modetransmission dite méthode AEIR (Adsorption Equilibrium InfraRed spectroscopy). Les conditionsexpérimentales permettant une exploitation quantitative des spectres IR en mode réflexion diffuse ontété déterminées pour l’utilisation de la méthode AEIR. Cette méthode a ensuite été développée enétendant son domaine d’application à des catalyseurs reconnus comme dissociant fortement le COd’une part en mode réflexion diffuse pour des catalyseurs ne pouvant être étudiés en modetransmission (Fe/Al2O3) et d’autre part en mode transmission (Co/Al2O3). L’impact des paramètres liésà la préparation du catalyseur (nature du support, dispersion de la phase métallique et formation departicules bimétalliques) sur les chaleurs d’adsorption a ensuite été évalué sur des catalyseurs à based’iridium et des catalyseurs tels que Pt-Pd, Pt-Cu respectivement. Enfin l’approche micro-cinétique dela réaction CO/O2 appliquée aux catalyseurs à base d’iridium et de particules bimétalliques Pt-Pd, viaune étude par oxydation isotherme des espèces CO adsorbées à basses températures, a montré que lesétapes superficielles impliquées étaient similaires à celles sur platine et palladium. Les impacts dedivers paramètres expérimentaux sur l’oxydation des espèces CO adsorbées caractérisée par unepériode d’induction sont qualitativement identiques, seuls les paramètres cinétiques tels que l’énergied’activation apparente de la réaction sont modifiés. / The aim of this thesis is to develop tools and procedures to study by the experimentalmicrokinetic approach, in particular for the CO/O2 reaction applied to metal supported catalystcontaining iridium particles and bimetallic Pt-Pd particles. The characterization of the first elementarystep of CO adsorption on different metals (nature of adsorption, heat of adsorption of each species) hasrequired the development of a method initially adapted for the IR analysis in transmission mode:AEIR method (Adsorption Equilibrium InfraRed spectroscopy). The experimental conditions allowinga quantitative exploitation of IR spectra in diffuse reflectance mode has been established allowing theuse of the AEIR method. This method has been developed extending the range of application oncatalysts that dissociate strongly CO firstly using diffuse reflectance mode for catalyst which can notbe study in transmission mode (Fe/Al2O3) and then in transmission mode (Co/Al2O3). The impact ofparameters linked to the preparation of catalyst (nature of the support, dispersion of metallic phase,and formation of bimetallic particles) on the heat of adsorption has been evaluated on Ir catalysts andbimetallic particles like Pt-Pd, Pt-Cu respectively. Then, the microkinetic approach of the CO/O2reaction dedicated to Ir and Pt-Pd catalysts, considering the isothermal oxidation of CO adsorbedspecies at low temperature, has shown that the superficial steps involved were similar to those for Ptand Pd catalysts. The impacts of several experimental parameters on the oxidation of CO adsorbedspecies characterized by an induction period are qualitatively identical, only the kinetic parameterslike the apparent activation energy are modified.
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The promoting role of Au in the Pd-catalysed synthesis of vinyl acetate monomer

Owens, Thomas Graham January 2007 (has links)
No description available.

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