To be successful in sustainable building design, architects must consider energy efficient design strategies in the early design stage. Unfortunately, many architects still rely on simplified analysis, synthesis techniques, and historical examples. Although, building energy simulations are becoming more common in the design of buildings, architects rarely use simulation in the early design stage. The “Bioclimatic” charts have been used in the early design stage to define potential building design strategies to achieve indoor thermal comfort. Currently, many architects use the Givoni-Milne bioclimatic design chart (Milne and Givoni, 1979), which was developed based on principle reasoning and heuristics. There have been many attempts to develop computerized programs to further the bioclimatic analysis; however, there have been very limited efforts to test and evaluate the design strategies of the chart using simulations of a thermostatically-controlled building. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to promote comfortable buildings that reduce energy use through appropriate building design strategies. The objectives of the research are to develop a more accurate bioclimatic chart for a thermostaticallycontrolled residence by testing and evaluating the Givoni-Milne bioclimatic chart. The analysis is performed with DOE-2.1e program (Winkelmann, 1993) and TMY2 weather data (Marion and Urban, 1995) for several climates. To achieve these objectives, four main tasks were accomplished: 1) investigate the Givoni-Milne Bioclimatic Chart using representative weather data from several climates, 2) analyze and modify the design strategy boundaries using DOE-2 program and TMY2 weather data to simulate the effects of varied conditions of a thermostatically-controlled residence in different climates, 3) compare these new design strategy boundaries to the original Givoni-Milne design strategy boundaries, and 4) develop general guidelines for the new bioclimatic chart. In summary, there were some differences in the results from the Givoni-Milne bioclimatic chart and the DOE-2 simulation results. These results imply that without further modification, the G-M Chart may have only a limited use for a thermostaticallycontrolled residence. Therefore, to improve the usefulness of the bioclimatic chart the new bio-climatic chart for choosing design strategies for a thermostatically-controlled residence in the hot-humid climate of Houston, Texas, was developed. This new bioclimatic chart for a thermostatically-controlled residence will be a useful tool for architects and engineers in the early design stage. Similar versions of the new bioclimatic for other climates could then be developed.

To be successful in sustainable building design, architects must consider energy efficient design strategies in the early design stage. Unfortunately, many architects still rely on simplified analysis, synthesis techniques, and historical examples. Although, building energy simulations are becoming more common in the design of buildings, architects rarely use simulation in the early design stage. The "Bioclimatic" charts have been used in the early design stage to define potential building design strategies to achieve indoor thermal comfort. Currently, many architects use the Givoni-Milne bioclimatic design chart (Milne and Givoni, 1979), which was developed based on principle reasoning and heuristics. There have been many attempts to develop computerized programs to further the bioclimatic analysis; however, there have been very limited efforts to test and evaluate the design strategies of the chart using simulations of a thermostatically-controlled building. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to promote comfortable buildings that reduce energy use through appropriate building design strategies. The objectives of the research are to develop a more accurate bioclimatic chart for a thermostaticallycontrolled residence by testing and evaluating the Givoni-Milne bioclimatic chart. The analysis is performed with DOE-2.1e program (Winkelmann, 1993) and TMY2 weather data (Marion and Urban, 1995) for several climates. To achieve these objectives, four main tasks were accomplished: 1) investigate the Givoni-Milne Bioclimatic Chart using representative weather data from several climates, 2) analyze and modify the design strategy boundaries using DOE-2 program and TMY2 weather data to simulate the effects of varied conditions of a thermostatically-controlled residence in different climates, 3) compare these new design strategy boundaries to the original Givoni-Milne design strategy boundaries, and 4) develop general guidelines for the new bioclimatic chart. In summary, there were some differences in the results from the Givoni-Milne bioclimatic chart and the DOE-2 simulation results. These results imply that without further modification, the G-M Chart may have only a limited use for a thermostaticallycontrolled residence. Therefore, to improve the usefulness of the bioclimatic chart the new bio-climatic chart for choosing design strategies for a thermostatically-controlled residence in the hot-humid climate of Houston, Texas, was developed. This new bioclimatic chart for a thermostatically-controlled residence will be a useful tool for architects and engineers in the early design stage. Similar versions of the new bioclimatic for other climates could then be developed.

Στην παρούσα εργασία διερευνάται η βιοκλιματική δόμηση και αναλύονται θέματα άμεσα συνυφασμένα με αυτή. Ο βιοκλιματικός σχεδιασμός, στοχεύει στην εκμετάλλευση των θετικών περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων ώστε να μειωθούν οι ενεργειακές ανάγκες του κτιρίου καθ' όλη τη διάρκεια του έτους και να εξοικονομήσει τη συμβατική ενέργεια. Η εφαρμογή της βιοκλιματικής αρχιτεκτονικής μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε ενεργειακή ανεξαρτησία των μη Ανανεώσιμων Πηγών Ενέργειας έως 60%. Παράλληλα συμβάλλει στην αυξανόμενη μείωση των εκπομπών CO2. Η βιοκλιματική αρχιτεκτονική, στοχεύει στην κατασκευή βιώσιμων κατοικιών και πόλεων, έτσι είναι εξέχουσας σημασίας η χρησιμοποίηση ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας για την ορθή λειτουργία της κατοικίας. Στόχος είναι η κατασκευή κατοικιών που δεν ρυπαίνουν το περιβάλλον και καλύπτουν τις ανάγκες των ενοίκων με φυσικούς τρόπους χωρίς να τους επιβαρύνουν οικονομικά ούτε να προκαλούν προβλήματα στην υγεία τους και ρύπανση στο περιβάλλον. Στόχος της βιοκλιματικής αρχιτεκτονικής είναι επίσης η εξασφάλιση θερμικής, οπτικής και ακουστικής άνεσης, οι οποίες δημιουργούν ευχάριστα αισθήματα στους ενοίκους κατά τη διαμονή τους στην κατοικία και επιτυγχάνεται με την ορθή χρήση των παθητικών και των ενεργητικών συστημάτων, εφόσον υπάρχουν, σύμφωνα με τις προσωπικές ανάγκες των ενοίκων. Μέσα από αυτή την εργασία θα παρουσιάσω όλους εκείνους τους τρόπους-συστήματα (παραδοσιακά και σύγχρονα) που θα εντάξουν ένα κτίριο στην βιοκλιματική δόμηση. Όλα αυτά τα συστήματα είτε πρόκειται για ενεργητικά είτε για παθητικά έχουν ένα στόχο την εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας και την επίτευξη άνεσης με ότι αύτη περιλαμβάνει. / In this diploma thesis the bioclimatic building and many issues about this is, investigated and analyzed. The bioclimatic design, aims to exploit the positive environmental aspects to reduce the energy consumption of the building throughout the year and save non-renewable sources of energy. The application of bioclimatic architecture can lead to a 60% independence of non-renewable sources of energy. It can also contributes to a further reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Bioclimatic architecture, aims to build sustainable homes and cities, so it is of utmost importance to use renewable sources of energy for the proper function of the residence. The aim is to build homes that do not pollute the environment and meet the needs of residents in natural ways without being a financial burden and cause health problems. The aim of bioclimatic architecture is also to ensure thermal, visual and acoustic comfort, which creates a pleasant feeling to the guests during their stay in the house. This can be reached with the proper use of passive and active systems, according to personal needs of occupants. Through this work I will present all those way-systems (traditional and modern) that will incorporate a building in bioclimatic construction. All these systems whether passive or active has a goal of saving energy and achieving comfort.

Master of Architecture / Department of Architecture / Gary J. Coates / This research explores the bioclimatic and socio-cultural benefits of Kolkata’s courtyard houses. A typological and historical analysis of courtyard houses from around the world, as well as in Kolkata, provides a context for the field research. The main intention of this study is to explore the roles of solar shading and natural ventilation in courtyard houses located in the hot-humid climatic region. For this purpose interviews with the heads of household of ten courtyard houses in Kolkata were conducted in January 2005, to finally choose three houses for detailed experimental analysis. All three houses have high thermal construction and similar socio-economic conditions. This helped in comparing the results of the temperature (both ambient and surface temperatures) and air speed measurements among the three houses referred to as House A, House B and House C houses. House A and House C houses have shallow courtyards (high aspect ratios which in both cases equal 0.95), while House B house has a deep courtyard (low aspect ratio equal to 0.21). Further, ventilation analysis has been done with the help of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. The simulation study and the experimental data measurements focused on the comfort conditions generated within the house based on their differences in proportion of form and massing. The effects of solar shading and natural ventilation on activity patterns and uses of a space are also examined through occupant surveys. Finally, this research explores the historic courtyard houses in Kolkata, with a view to address the benefits of the universal courtyard form of design and speculate the appropriateness of the vernacular courtyard form in the modern architectural arena of Kolkata.

No description available.

Citrus is a valuable fruit crop in world trade. Citrus Black Spot (CBS), caused by Guignardia citricarpa Kiely, is a fungal disease of citrus. It occurs in many citrus producing countries including parts of Australia and South Africa, but it does not occur in the countries of the European Union (EU) or the United States of America (USA). To prevent the introduction of CBS, the EU and the USA have phytosanitary regulations that restrict the import of citrus fruit from areas where CBS is found. This study uses two bioclimatic modelling approaches — CLIMEX and response surface modelling — to predict which areas have climates suitable for CBS to establish. The work focuses on the citrus growing areas of South Africa and Europe, but other parts of the world are also considered. As CBS is dependent on citrus, geographical areas of global citrus production are also mapped, and models are used to predict which areas of South Africa have climates suitable for citrus cultivation under current and future climates. The potential impacts of climate change on CBS distribution in South Africa are also estimated. Results indicate that under current and future climates many areas in South Africa where citrus is not currently grown have a climate suitable for citrus cultivation, but most of these areas are also climatically favourable for CBS. Of the current citrus producing areas in South Africa, only the Northern and Western Cape Provinces are predicted to be unsuitable for CBS. Under climate change scenarios, some citrus production areas of Western Cape are predicted to become suitable for CBS, but the greater part of the Northern Cape will remain climatically unsuitable for the establishment of CBS in future. The climates of several CBS-free citrus producing areas around the world, such as Mexico, and Florida and Texas (USA) are suitable for CBS. However, European climate is unfavourable for CBS establishment, and provided importing countries comply to minimum standards, phytosanitary restrictions on the import of fruit from CBS infected areas may be unnecessary. This study is the first of its kind in citriculture, and in South Africa it is one of the few studies that investigates the effects of climate change on the potential distribution of a plant pathogen. Bioclimatic modelling was found to be a very useful means to combine complex data in order to make predictions relevant to Pest Risk Assessments. / Thesis (PhD (Environmental Management))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

abstract: Although many studies have identified environmental factors as primary drivers of bird richness and abundance, there is still uncertainty about the extent to which climate, topography and vegetation influence richness and abundance patterns seen in local extents of the northern Sonoran Desert. I investigated how bird richness and abundance differed between years and seasons and which environmental variables most influenced the patterns of richness and abundance in the Greater Phoenix Metropolitan Area. I compiled a geodatabase of climate, bioclimatic (interactions between precipitation and temperature), vegetation, soil, and topographical variables that are known to influence both richness and abundance and used 15 years of bird point count survey data from urban and non-urban sites established by Central Arizona–Phoenix Long-Term Ecological Research project to test that relationship. I built generalized linear models (GLM) to elucidate the influence of each environmental variable on richness and abundance values taken from 47 sites. I used principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce 43 environmental variables to 9 synthetic factors influenced by measures of vegetation, climate, topography, and energy. I also used the PCA to identify uncorrelated raw variables and modeled bird richness and abundance with these uncorrelated environmental variables (EV) with GLM. I found that bird richness and abundance were significantly different between seasons, but that richness and winter abundance were not significantly different across years. Bird richness was most influenced by soil characteristics and vegetation while abundance was most influenced by vegetation and climate. Models using EV as independent variables consistently outperformed those models using synthetically produced components from PCA. The results suggest that richness and abundance are both driven by climate and aspects of vegetation that may also be influenced by climate such as total annual precipitation and average temperature of the warmest quarter. Annual oscillations of bird richness and abundance throughout the urban Phoenix area seem to be strongly associated with climate and vegetation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Applied Biological Sciences 2019

Orientador: Mauricio Roriz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T21:23:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CamposNavarro_FidelErnesto_M.pdf: 24455849 bytes, checksum: 1545430cfcbfbeb60fea785ffb1f44fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O clima compreende um conjunto de variáveis climáticas, que dependendo do seu maior ou do menor grau de incidência é capaz de configurar e de caracterizar o bioclima de uma determinada região. Portanto, é imprescindível para a área da Construção e do Conforto que se tenha um conhecimento prévio do bioclima da região, com o propósito de conceber ambientes construídos confortáveis, por meio do aproveitamento das potencialidades energéticas naturais que são oferecidas pelo ambiente circundante à localização do projeto arquitetõnico. Por isso, o presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta de zoneamento bioclimático para a Bolívia, tendo como referência a análise das adequações construtivas utilizadas na arquitetura vernácula boliviana, em resposta ao clima das zonas. Este trabalho consistiu em duas etapas: a primeira - na coleta de dados medidos (normais climatológicas) sobre Temperaturas e de Umidades de 72 localidades bolivianas e 18 de países vizinhos, além de duas bases de dados interpolados: altitudes e normais climatológicas de todo o planeta. Para complementar espacialmente os dados climáticos, utilizou-se um processo de interpolação d,enominado Média Aritmética entre pontos vizinhos, o que permitiu produzir uma nova base de dados para o território boliviano. Posteriormente, esses dados foram novamente submetidos ao software ABC - Architectural Bioclimatic Classification o que finalmente resultou na definição de oito zonas bioclimáticas. Na segunda etapa - a partir da localização de alguns exemplos de arquitetura vernácula e da obtenção das normais climatológicas do seus respectivos locais, estes dados foram submetidos ao software ABC e às Planilhas de Mahoney Adaptada, com o objetivo de quantificar e qualificar as estratégias bioclimáticas necessárias, para fazer uma analogia dos parâmetros de correção a nível arquitetõnico utilizados pelos construtores nativos. Observou-se uma grande correlação entre as recomendações bioclimáticas das zonas determinadas e as respostas construtivas vernáculas. Portanto, o zoneamento bioclimático resultante pode orientar na escolha das estratégias bioclimáticas e, desta forma, contribuir com o desempenho térmico interno dos ambientes construídos / Abstract: Climate is a set of climatic variables which, depending on the force with which they act, can affect the bioclimate of a region. It is therefore necessary for the Building and Comfort area to know beforehand the climate of a region, so as to provide comfortable buildings by leveraging the natural energy potential of the environment around the architecture project. This work presents a bioclimaticzoning project for Bolivia, using as a reference the building adaptations made by Bolivian vernacular architecture in response to the zones' climates. This was divided into two steps: first, collecting data (climate normais) on temperature and humidity of 72 places in Boliviaand 18 places in neighbouring countries, along with two interpolated databases: altitude and climatic normais for the entire planeI. To complement spacially the climatic data, we used an interpolation process called Arithmetic Mean of Neighbouring Points, which allowed us to create a new database of the Bolivianterritory. Then these data were fed again to the ~BC (Architectural Bioclamatic Classification) software, which resulted in the defining of eight bioclimaticzones. In the second step, from the examples of vernacular architecture found and the climatic normals obtained from their sites, these data was fed to the ABC software and to the Adapted Mahoney Tables, in order to quantify and classify the necessary bioclimatic strategies so as to make an analogy with the architectural correction parameters used by the native constructors. We noticed a strong relation between bioclimatic recomendations of the determined zones and the vernacular building solutions. Therefore the resulting bioclimatic zoning can serve as a guide in choosing the bioclimatic strategies and contribute to the internal thermal performance of buildings / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Les règles et usages actuels de conception des bâtiments sont essentiellement basés sur la minimisation des déperditions thermiques, ce qui se traduit par la prédominance de l’isolation thermique comme solution d’enveloppe. Or cette logique n'est pas nécessairement la plus pertinente car des ressources énergétiques existent dans l'environnement, et leur apport mériterait d'être pris en considération. Certaines technologies bioclimatiques, et surtout solaires, existent déjà mais leur utilisation n'est pas du tout généralisée à cause d'un manque de repère sur leurs performances. Pour considérer la démarche bioclimatique, il est nécessaire de pouvoir évaluer à la fois la "qualité énergétique" de l'environnement, et l'aptitude des bâtiments à exploiter cet environnement. La méthodologie présentée dans cette thèse est basée sur le calcul d'indicateurs de performance bioclimatique issus de simulations numériques de bâtiments dans diverses conditions climatiques. La simulation permet de supprimer facilement une ressource pour pouvoir obtenir les besoins d'un bâtiment non impacté par la ressource. Ces besoins peuvent alors être comparés à chaque instant au potentiel de la ressource afin de déterminer un potentiel utile, valorisable par le bâtiment. Il est également possible de comparer les besoins du bâtiment dans la simulation sans et avec la ressource et d'en déduire la quantité d'énergie provenant de la ressource réellement utilisée par le bâtiment pour couvrir ses besoins. Un jeu d'indicateurs est ainsi défini pour toutes les ressources et tous les besoins d'un bâtiment, et adapté plus particulièrement aux besoins de confort thermique (chauffage et rafraîchissement) et à trois ressources de l'environnement (le soleil, la voûte céleste et l'air extérieur). Un cas d'étude est alors choisi pour appliquer cette méthode et les résultats sont analysés à l'échelle du bâtiment tout entier ainsi qu'à l'échelle de chaque paroi. Une première analyse globale, sur toute l'année, permet de fixer des points de repères sur l'état des ressources et l'exploitation qui en est faite par les bâtiments. Dans un second temps, les résultats instantanés sont analysés de manière dynamique, et montrent que ces nouveaux indicateurs permettent de bien caractériser le comportement d'un bâtiment dans son environnement. Enfin, les indicateurs sont utilisés dans une approche de conception des bâtiments, et plusieurs pistes sont explorées. Une étude paramétrique est tout d'abord menée et permet d'observer l'influence du niveau d'isolation sur les indicateurs de potentiel et de performance. Puis ces indicateurs sont utilisés pour évaluer la performance bioclimatique de solutions d'enveloppe solaires. Dans un troisième temps, une optimisation de l'enveloppe est menée selon deux critères : un critère classique de minimisation du besoin, mais également un critère bioclimatique de maximisation de l'exploitation du potentiel solaire. / With the current issues concerning the potential savings in the building sector, reducing building energy consumption is a key point. Up to now, efforts have been focused on insulation to separate the inner ambiance from the fluctuation of the outside air temperature. However, insulating a building from its environment deprives it from the renewable free energy sources which exchange with the envelope, either they are heating or cooling sources. Using the building envelope to exploit these resources is the very principle of the bioclimatic architecture. But bioclimatic systems have never been evaluated regarding the amount of available energy they could use, partly because the energy exchanges between the resources and the building have never been really qualified regarding to the building needs, neither quantified in terms of available energy capacity to meet these needs. The aim of this thesis is thus to propose a method to assess both: - the capacity of the environmental resources to cover the building needs, - the ability of the building to exploit the available energy resources. The method is mainly based on energy simulation and the basic data is a comparison of the behaviour of a building with and without a given environmental resource. The building energy needs without the resource can be compared to the resource potential and this comparison give the useful potential of the resource. Moreover, by comparing the building energy needs in the simulation with and without resource, we can get the amount of energy actually used by the building. From these two quantities, the useful and the exploited potential, a set of indicators can be defined and adapted to thermal comfort (heating and cooling needs) and three resources (sun, sky and air). The indicators are then applied to a study case and the results are analysed not only at the scale of the building, but also at the scale of each part of the envelope. A first analysis of the global results over the year is performed to get a first understanding of the state of the resources and the building performances. In a second step, the values are analysed at each time step, to characterize the behaviour of the building towards the environment. Finally, the indicators can be used to design buildings, in several ways. We performed a parametric analysis of the insulation level over the potential and performance indicators. Then, we used them to assess the bioclimatic performances of existing solar technologies. In a final step, the indicators have been used as criteria to optimize the building envelope parameters. Thus, the envelope parameters are optimized according to the minimization of the energy need, but also according to the maximization of the exploited potential.

Cette recherche est basée sur une étude numérique de performances thermiques d'un habitat bioclimatique. Dans cette étude, nous avons considérés deux habitats bioclimatiques, l'un concernant un habitat classique de toiture en tôles d'aluminium, de faux plafond en laine de bois et le second, un habitat intégrant du panneau de MCP qui sépare la toiture en tuiles transparentes de l'enceinte parallélépipédique. Les équations de transfert de chaleur dans l'habitat sont basées sur la méthode nodale et sont déduites d'un bilan thermique établi pour les différents composants de l'habitat. Les transferts de chaleur dans l'unité de stockage sont axées sur la méthode enthalpique et purement conductif. Elles sont résolues par une méthode implicite aux différences finies et les algorithmes de Gauss et de Thomas. Nous avons analysé l'influence de certains paramètres tels que : le flux solaire, l'épaisseur du mur, la température maximale et minimale, et le taux de renouvellement d'air sur les distributions de températures des composants de l'habitat et de l'unité de stockage, les efficacités thermiques de stockage et de déstockage de l'unité de stockage. Une modélisation des phénomènes de transfert de chaleur dans l'habitat et dans l'unité de stockage est présentée, complétée par une simulation du fonctionnement du système basée sur les notions de journée type à travers les données météorologiques de la région de Ouagadougou et terminé par une analyse technico-économique. / This research is based on a numerical study of thermal performances of a bioclimatic habitat. In this study, we considered two bioclimatic habitats, one concerning a conventional aluminum roofing habitat, wood-wool false ceilings, and the second, a habitat incorporating a MCP panel that separates the roof into tiles transparent parallelepipedic enclosure. The heat transfer equations in the habitat are based on the nodal method and are deduced from a heat balance established for the different components of the habitat. The heat transfers in the storage unit are focused on the enthalpy and purely conductive method. They are solved by an implicit finite difference method and the Gauss and Thomas algorithms. We analyzed the influence of certain parameters such as: solar flux, wall thickness, maximum and minimum temperature, and the rate of air exchange on the temperature distributions of the components of the habitat and water. Storage unit, the thermal efficiencies of storage and retrieval of the storage unit. A modeling of the heat transfer phenomena in the habitat and in the storage unit is presented, completed by a simulation of the functioning of the system based on the notions of typical day through the meteorological data of the region of Ouagadougou and ended by a technical and economic analysis.