Para suprir a crescente demanda pela produção de alimentos de origem animal baseada nos princípios do bem-estar, é importante que produtores de leite bovino se preocupem em identificar pontos fortes e fracos em seu sistema de produção, para que melhorias sejam realizadas, e sua manutenção neste mercado competitivo, favorecida. Sugere-se que há uma complementariedade entre aumento de produção causado por um melhor manejo (nutrição, instalações, controle sanitário etc.) e o aumento no nível de bem-estar animal - BEA. No entanto, percebe-se certa resistência dos pecuaristas para adoção de novas tecnologias e de instrumentos da administração e da gestão de empresas para proporcionar segurança nas tomadas de decisão de seu próprio negócio. Portanto, objetivou-se neste estudo, avaliar o retorno do investimento em melhorias para o bem-estar de vacas leiteiras em sistemas de produção em pasto e em confinamento. A partir da aplicação do protocolo de avaliação Welfare Quality® em seis unidades produtivas de leite bovino no estado de São Paulo, foram identificados pontos críticos de BEA a serem melhorados. Com base em um orçamento para realização dessas melhorias e em referências na literatura, foi estruturado um fluxo de caixa incremental para avaliação dos projetos de investimento em cada sistema produção. De acordo com os resultados obtidos para os parâmetros econômicos payback, valor presente líquido (VPL) e taxa interna de retorno (TIR), ambos os projetos de investimento foram considerados economicamente atrativos. Por fim, visando ao aprofundamento deste estudo, que relaciona aspectos técnicos com a viabilidade econômica na pecuária leiteira, utilizou-se da simulação de modelos de \"bioeconômicos\" para realização da análise de investimento em estratégias isoladas de melhorias. Pode-se concluir que o conjunto dos resultados obtidos de acordo com os três objetivos permitiu associar ferramentas de gestão que integram fatores técnicos, biológicos, sociais e econômicos em sistemas de produção de leite em pasto e em confinamento de acordo com esses estudos de caso. / To meet the growing demand for production of animal-based foods while emphasizing principles of animal welfare, dairy farmers should be motivated to identify the strengths and weaknesses in their production system. By analyzing their production system, improvements can be implemented in order to improve gains in a competitive market. It is suggested that there is a correlation between increased production due to better management of nutrition, facilities, sanitary control etc. with the increased levels of animal welfare (AW). Traditional dairy farmers are reluctant when trying to adopt new technologies and business-management tools which would aide in important decision-making to protect their most valued asset; their own business. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the return on investment in improvements to the welfare of dairy cows on pasture and in confinement systems. Based on the application of the Welfare Quality® evaluation protocol in six dairy farms in the state of São Paulo, critical points of AW for improvement were identified. Based on a budget to carry out these improvements and with references in available literature, an incremental cash flow for evaluation of investment projects in each of the two production systems was established. According to the results obtained through Payback economic parameters, net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR), both investment projects were considered economically attractive. Finally, in order to deepen this study which relates technical aspects with economic viability in dairy farming, bioeconomic simulation models were used to conduct the investment analysis in isolated strategies for improvement. Based on the three goas, it can be concluded that the use of tools that integrate technical, biological, social and economic aspects involved dairy production according with this study cases.

Une grande partie de la ressource halieutique est, à ce jour, surexploitée, voire menacée d’extinction. Il est donc nécessaire de gérer cette ressource de manière à assurer la viabilité du secteur économique de la pêche. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étendre et de compléter les modèles existant dans la littérature économique sur le sujet qui visent à analyser les effets de différentes stratégies de préservation de la ressource sur le profit du secteur de la pêche. Ces travaux souffrent en effet de deux limites principales.D’une part, ils mettent principalement en avant les caractéristiques biologiques de la ressource dans l’espace et leurs travaux se limitent généralement à la détermination du niveau de pêche qui assure le rendement soutenable maximal. Cependant, d’un point de vue économique, ces travaux sont limités puisqu’ils ne prennent pas en compte les interactions stratégiques entre agents.D’autre part, concernant les politiques de gestion de la ressource halieutique dans l’espace, peu de travaux intègre les stratégies individuelles des agents pour évaluer les impacts de ces règlementations sur l’état des stocks. De plus, en ce qui concerne les aires marines protégées, les travaux existant se concentrent sur les impacts de ce type de mesures sur les stocks de ressource et leur approche ne permet pas d’évaluer l’impact de la taille d’une aire marine protégée.Il est donc important d’élargir l’analyse dans deux directions. Tout d’abord, Nous allons tenter d’améliorer les travaux existants en y intégrant les stratégies des pêcheurs dans le cadre d’un secteur oligopolistique, (structure de marché représentative du secteur de la pêche), tout en prenant en compte les caractéristiques biologiques en termes de dispersion pour savoir dans quelle mesure ces différents aspects influencent les perspectives de préservation.Enfin, nous nous intéresserons, dans le même cadre d’analyse, aux politiques de gestion des ressources halieutiques pour évaluer leur efficacité. / Much of the fishery resource is, to date, overexploited even endangered. It is therefore necessary to manage this resource to ensure the sustainability of the fishery’s economic sector. The aim of this work is to extend and complete the existing models in the literature on the topic which aim for analyze the effects of different strategies for resource conservation benefit of the fishery sector. Indeed, these studies suffer from two main limitations.On the one hand, they put forward mainly the biological characteristics of the resource in space and their works are generally limited to the determination of the fishing level which provides the maximum sustainable yield. However, from an economic point of view, these works are limited, as they do not take into account the strategic behavior between agents.On the other hand, concerning the management policies of fishery resources in space, a few studies integrate agents’ individual strategies to evaluate the impacts of these regulations on the stocks state. In addition, with regard to marine protected areas, existing works focus on the impact of such measures on resources stock and their approach does not allow evaluating the impact of the size of a marine reserve.It is therefore important to extend the analysis in two directions. Firstly, we will try to improve existing works on integrating fishermen strategies in an oligopolistic sector (market structure representing the fishery sector), while taking into account the biological characteristics in terms of dispersion, to investigate in which extent these aspects influence the preservation prospects.Then, we focus, in the same analytical framework, the fishery resources management policies to evaluate their effectiveness.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar valores econômicos para características componentes de índices de seleção em bovinos de corte na fase de cria. Os dados produtivos analisados foram simulados e representativos de sistemas de produção que fazem uso dos programas de melhoramento genético animal. Os valores de custos e receitas aplicados foram coletados de empresas ligadas ao setor econômico da pecuária de corte nacional. As características assumidas como critérios de seleção, para as quais estimaram-se valores econômicos, foram: probabilidade de prenhez aos 14 meses (PP14), habilidade de permanência (HP) e peso a desmama (PD). Para a estimação de valores econômicos, foi aplicada a metodologia de Modelo Bioeconômico, a qual estima o lucro adicional a partir da alteração no desempenho produtivo da característica de influência genética, enquanto mantendo constante todas as demais variáveis analisadas. O valor econômico da PP14 foi de R$0,71 por percentual de prenhez, avaliado por novilha e de R$1,16 por kg bezerro(a) desmamado, para a característica de PD. Os valores econômicos da HP, avaliados por vaca, foram de R$1,37, R$1,87, R$2,37 e R$2,87, considerando-se o custo de compra da novilha a R$450,00, R$500,00, R$550,00 e R$600,00, respectivamente. Os resultados econômicos obtidos foram padronizados para o valor genético-econômico, medida resultante do produto entre o desvio padrão genético aditivo da característica e o respectivo valor econômico. A HP, apesar de, em valores absolutos, ser a característica de maior importância econômica para o sistema produtivo analisado, apresenta o valor genético-econômico inferior em relação às características de PP14 e PD, as quais têm maior herdabilidade e variabilidade genética. O valor genético-econômico da soma das características PP14 e HP foi maior do que PD, sugerindo serem as características de fertilidade as mais economicamente importantes para o sistema produtivo simulado, específico ao comércio de bezerros desmamados para o mercado. / The objective of the present study was to estimate economic values for component of selection indexes in beef cattle herds during suckling phase. Analyzed productive data was simulated and representative of production systems assisted by breeding program. Values of costs and incomes were collected from companies related to the economical study of national cattle raising. Selection criteria, for which economic values was estimated, were: heifer pregnancy at 14 months (PP14), stayability (HP) and weight weaning (PD).) The methodology of Bioeconomic Model was applied to estimation of economic values (VE). This methodology estimates the impact in the profit from the alteration in performance for each trait of genetic influence, keeping constant all the others variables analyzed. The VE for PP14 was R$0.71 for percentage of heifer pregnant, evaluated for heifer, and R$1.16 for kg of calves weaned analyzed for PD. The VE of the HP, analyzed for cow, were R$1.37, R$1.87, R$2.37 and R$2.87 considering the heifer cost purchase of R$450.00, R$500.00, R$550.00 and R$600.00, respectively. The VE were standardized for the genetic-economic value, result of multiplication of additive genetic standard deviation of the trait by respective VE. Although HP, in absolute values, was the trait of larger economic importance to the analyzed productive system, it presents inferior genetic-economic value compared PP14 and PD. This inversion is due to greater heritability and genetic variability of PP14 and PD. The genetic-economic value of the PP14 and HP together, was more important than WW, showing that the traits of fertility are the most economically important for this simulated productive system, specific to the commerce of calves weaned for the market.

Tackling grand challenges such as anthropogenic climate change, urgently requires an increase in bio-based resource utilization in regard to offsetting fossil dependencies within industrial sectors, also known as bioeconomic shifts. Bioeconomic shifts can be achieved by implementing Mission-oriented innovation (MOI), which concerns facilitating and directing resources towards achieving predetermined missions. Public actors within Uppsala region have proposed a regional mission which communicates their approach towards achieving a bioeconomic shift. Therefore, this study explores the empirical and contextual barriers to MOI- implementation towards increasing local bio-based rest flow utilization, enabling an expansion biochar within Uppsala region. To satisfy the purpose and research question, an inductive qualitative interview-based case study was performed. This allowed for an understanding of contextual barriers regarding an implementation of MOI from the perceptions of the purposefully sampled interviewees. Thematic analysis was then applied to uncover codes and themes within the gathered data. Noteworthy, and a valuable takeaway for future studies regarding MOI-implementations, is that many of the observed barriers could be mitigated through further developing abilities that enable codification of tacit knowledge. Difficulties in facilitating necessary cooptation, uncertainty associated with innovation, and lengthy payback horizons contribute to MOI-implementation barriers within Uppsala region. A lack of structures that enable the synchronization of, and cooperation between, public and private actors has resulted in barriers for public actors to incentivize and facilitate activities towards achieving a regional expansion of biochar. Also, a lack of resource allocation to enable an MOI-implementation, results in barriers towards exploiting/counteracting contextual advantages/disadvantages towards achieving the regional mission. Contextual advantages include mobility of knowledgeable individuals, universities, and waste management facilities. Contextual disadvantages regard insufficient resource allocations, lack of public actor involvement, and policy which is currently unable of facilitating necessary activities. The results and associated theory support the notion that innovation policy should communicate routes and directions, and better organize actors and activities towards specific missions. Increasing the ability to assess previous and future MOI-implementations, while incentivizing cooperation through shared risks and rewards. Increased communication and assessments of MOI-implementations could also increase the ability to further develop contextual advantages. Contributing and expanding upon existing MOI-literature, this study emphasizes codification of knowledge as to increase the transferability of MOI-related policies and activities between, and within domains. Increased transferability could entail positive spillover effects, regarding the ability of actors to learn from successful, and non-successful MOI-related activities. This knowledge could increase the success rate of MOI-implementations, thus increasing the ability to further develop MOI-implementation frameworks.

Les aménagements hydro-agricoles de la vallée du fleuve Niger se dégradent à cause des externalités négatives des activités agropastorales d’amont. A ces externalités on ne peut pas appliquer la taxe pigouvienne parce qu’elles sont diffuses, difficiles à évaluer en termes monétaires. Par contre, elles peuvent être maitrisées par des aménagements antiérosifs,lesquels ne sont pas spontanément adoptés par les agro-éleveurs. Le mécanisme de paiement pour des services environnementaux a été proposé pour inciter les pratiques antiérosives au niveau local entre agro-éleveurs pauvres situés en amont et riziculteurs dégageant des surplus rizicoles et situé en aval. Dans ce contexte, les paiements pour des services environnementaux sont-ils des outils incitatifs efficaces. Pour analyser cette problématique, tous les flux agronomiques et économiques ont été modélisés. Des scénarii ont été simulés afin d’évaluer la faisabilité et l’efficacité des mécanismes de paiements pour des services antiérosifs. Les simulations suggèrent que le mécanisme de paiement est intéressant. Les paiements permettent une meilleure redistribution des bénéfices et une réduction de la pauvreté. Tous les usagers sont gagnants. Les uns subventionnent les aménagements antiérosifs et les autres les adoptent. Ils créent des services antiérosifs qui améliorent la durabilité des ressources et une amélioration des revenus des exploitants. / The irrigation schemes of the River Niger valley are degrading because of the negative externalities of the agropastoral activities in upstream. To these externalities, we cannot apply the Pigouvian tax because they are diffuse and difficult to be assessed in money terms. Conversely, they can be mastered by erosion control, but that are not spontaneously adopted by agropastoralist. Thus, the mechanism of payment for environmental services has been proposed to study and analyze the possibility for production a sustained services of control erosion at the local level between poor agropastoralists and rice growers who realize production surpluses. Payments for environmental services are incentive tools, which are original and effective in producing sustained services. Flows of agricultural and economic interests have been modeled. Many scenarios have been simulating in order to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of payment mechanisms for erosion control services. The simulations show that the mechanism of payment was interesting between local users. The payment has made a better redistribution of profits and has alleviated poverty. All users are winners. Some users subsidize for an anti-erosion and other users have adopted them. They have created a sustainable anti-erosion service that has supported a more sustainable management of resources and has improved farm incomes.

Les prairies permanentes constituent des réservoirs potentiels d’alimentation fourragère et occupent plus de 66% des surfaces dans les zones de montagne. Ces zones présentent de fortes contraintes naturelles qui rendent difficile la valorisation des ressources herbagères. Les caractéristiques géographiques des parcelles et la structure des exploitations doivent donc être mieux prises en compte dans la gestion des surfaces fourragères pour améliorer le fonctionnement des systèmes d’élevage herbagers. La conduite simultanée de troupeaux bovins laitiers et bovins allaitants, s’inscrit dans une démarche relevant de l’agroécologie et qui peut apparaitre comme un facteur favorable au fonctionnement des systèmes d’élevage bovins avec une plus grande autonomie fourragère et de meilleures performances économiques et environnementales. Nous proposons d’analyser et modéliser le fonctionnement de ces systèmes d’élevage mixtes avec doubles troupeaux bovins laitiers et bovins allaitants pour explorer les compromis entre conduite d’élevage et niveau de production des troupeaux, autonomie fourragère globale, valorisation de la diversité géographique, niveaux et variabilité des profits et durabilité de l’utilisation des prairies.Pour répondre à cette problématique nous avons testé trois hypothèses : (I)- La conduite simultanée de troupeaux mixtes bovins laitiers et bovins allaitants permet une meilleure valorisation de l’herbe par pâturage que les systèmes bovins spécialisés dans les zones de contraintes tout en maintenant de bonnes performances économiques. (II)- Dans des conditions optimisées de fonctionnement économiques, les systèmes d’élevage bovins mixtes laitier-allaitant s’adaptent mieux aux aléas de prix pour générer des profits plus stables et plus élevés, comparés aux systèmes bovins spécialisés. (III)- Les systèmes d’élevage bovins mixtes laitier-allaitant permettent une utilisation maitrisée de la biomasse avec de meilleures performances environnementales tout en maintenant les services écosystémiques des végétations.Nous utilisons le modèle d’optimisation bioéconomique Orfee (Optimization of Ruminant Farm for Economic and Environmental assessment) développé pour explorer les systèmes d’élevages, associé à des données d’exploitations en régime de croisière (choix des cas-types BL18 et BL22) issues de la base de données des exploitations, baptisée DIAPASON. Le modèle a été adapté pour prendre en compte les contraintes géographiques et l'hétérogénéité des parcellaires basée sur la typologie française des prairies permanentes.Nous souhaitons ainsi observer les meilleurs équilibres correspondants aux conditions optimales de fonctionnement des exploitations représentées par deux cas-types déclinés selon cinq scénarios (100D, 75D, 50D, 25D et 0D, D étant le pourcentage d’UGB bovin laitier dans le troupeau). Les analyses permettent via les simulations d’obtenir des indicateurs biotechniques et économiques robustes pour évaluer les systèmes bovins mixtes herbagers dans les zones de montagnes.Selon les résultats obtenus, les systèmes d’élevage bovins mixtes laitier-allaitant, et plus particulièrement les systèmes équilibrés entre troupeau bovins laitiers et troupeau bovins allaitants, maximisent la valorisation de l’herbe par pâturage dans les zones soumises à des contraintes de mécanisation et d'accès aux vaches laitières. Ces systèmes présentent les meilleures capacités d’adaptions aux aléas économiques avec de bonnes productions animales, des performances économiques intéressantes et moins variables, comparées aux systèmes bovins spécialisés. Ces systèmes présentent également de meilleurs compromis pour les performances environnementales par comparaison à ceux des systèmes bovins spécialisés. / Permanent pastures represent potential reservoirs of forage and cover more than 66% of the area of mountain zones. Nonetheless, these zones have strong natural limitations that make it difficult to use herbage resources. Geographic characteristics of fields and farm organization must thus be considered in more detail in the management of forage areas to improve pasture-based livestock systems functioning. Simultaneous production of dairy and beef cattle herds (i.e. “mixed dairy-beef cattle systems”) falls within the scope of agroecological approaches and may appear as factor favoring the functioning of cattle systems with greater forage autonomy and better economic and environmental performances. We analyzed and modeled the functioning of these mixed dairy-beef cattle systems to explore compromises between livestock management and the production level of the herds, overall forage autonomy, use of the geographical diversity, level and variability of profits and sustainability of pasture use.To address this issue, we tested three hypotheses: (I)- Mixed dairy-beef cattle systems use grazed herbage better than specialized cattle systems (dairy or beef) in zones with constraints while maintaining good economic performance. (II)- Under conditions of optimal economic functioning, mixed dairy-beef cattle systems adapt better to price variations, generating more stable and higher profits, than specialized cattle systems. (III)- Mixed dairy-beef cattle systems use biomass well, with better environmental performances, while conserving ecosystem services of the vegetation.We used the bioeconomic optimization model Orfee (Optimization of Ruminant Farm for Economic and Environmental assessment), developed to assess livestock systems, based on data from two farms in a steady state (case studies BL18 and BL22 from the French livestock-network database DIAPASON). Orfee was adapted to consider geographic constraints and field heterogeneity based on the French typology of permanent prairies. We then used the model to predict the best equilibria, corresponding to optimal conditions of functioning of farms, represented by the two case studies in five scenarios (100D, 75D, 50D, 25D and 0D, where D represents the percentage of dairy cattle in the herd). Analysis with the simulations yielded robust biotechnical and economic indicators for assessing mixed dairy-beef cattle systems in mountain zones.Based on the results, mixed dairy-beef cattle systems, especially those with 50% dairy cattle, maximize the use of grazed herbage in zones with constraints on mechanization and access of dairy cows to pastures. These systems have a greater ability to adapt to economic variations, with better levels of animal production and more attractive and less variable economic performances than those of specialized cattle systems. These systems also have better compromises between environmental performances than specialized cattle systems.

O presente estudo foi subdividido em duas partes: análises genéticas e análises econômicas. A primeira teve por objetivos definir modelos de avaliação genética para as características de desempenho e carcaça em uma linhagem comercial de frangos e estimar os parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos para essas características. A segunda parte teve por objetivos derivar os ponderadores econômicos para essas características de acordo com dois segmentos de mercado de carne de frango e propor índices econômicos de seleção para esses segmentos. As características avaliadas foram: taxa de conversão alimentar (CA), peso corporal à seleção juvenil (PC), pesos de carcaça (PCAR), carne de peito (PPEI) e pernas (PPER), rendimentos de carcaça (RCAR), carne de peito (RPEI) e pernas (RPER). As estimativas dos componentes de (co)variância foram obtidas pelo método de máxima verossimilhança restrita utilizando os programas MTDFREML e VCE-6. O teste de razão de verossimilhança foi utilizado para verificar qual o modelo mais adequado à avaliação genética para cada característica. Para a obtenção dos ponderadores econômicos foi desenvolvido um modelo bioeconômico determinístico e a análise econômica foi simulada para uma cadeia de produção de frangos integrada. Foi proposto um índice de seleção para o segmento de mercado frango inteiro e outro para cortes de frango. Foram obtidas estimativas de correlação por postos de Spearman entre os valores preditos pelos dois índices para três intensidades de seleção. Os efeitos de ambiente permanente materno e genético aditivo materno foram significativos (P<0,01) para todas as características. As estimativas de herdabilidade direta e materna foram 0,29 e 0,02 para CA, 0,45 e 0,05 para PC, 0,17 e 0,04 para PCAR, 0,26 e 0,06 para PPEI, 0,22 e 0,02 para PPER, 0,31 e 0,02 para RCAR, 0,53 e 0,04 para RPEI, e 0,44 e 0,02 para RPER, respectivamente. Os ponderadores econômicos foram -1,1783 R$/ponto para CA, 0,007 e 0,006 R$/g para PC respectivamente para o segmento de mercado frango inteiro e cortes de frango, 0,0552, 0,0758 e 0,0629 R$/% para RCAR, RPEI e RPER, respectivamente. Os resultados sugerem que todas as características podem ser selecionadas esperando progresso genético na população estudada. Os efeitos maternos foram importantes, mesmo de pequena magnitude (0,02 a 0,06), e devem ser considerados nos modelos de avaliação genética a fim de obter maior acurácia da predição dos valores genéticos individuais. A CA representou relevante impacto econômico para os dois segmentos de mercado. Para o segmento de mercado cortes de frango, as características de carcaça foram quase tão importantes quanto às de desempenho. A classificação das aves gerada pelos dois índices foi alterada à medida que diminuiu a proporção de aves selecionadas. Portanto, índices de seleção distintos devem ser considerados nos programas de melhoramento de frangos enquanto segmentos diferentes de mercado de carne de frango na proposta de maior eficiência econômica da utilização do mérito genético predito. / The present research was subdivided in two parts: genetic analyses and economic analyses. The first part was conducted to determine models for genetic evaluation of performance and carcass traits in a commercial broiler line and to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters for these traits. The second part was conducted to derive economic weights for these traits according to two market segments of broiler meat and to propose economic selection indexes for these segments. The traits analyzed were: feed conversion ratio (CA), body weight at juvenile selection (PC), carcass (PCAR), breast meat (PPEI) and leg (PPER) weights, and carcass (RCAR), breast meat (RPEI) and leg (RPER) yields. Estimates of the (co)variance components were obtained by the restricted maximum likelihood method by the software MTDFREML and VCE-6. The likelihood ratio test was applied in order to verify which model was more adapted to the genetic evaluation for each trait. A deterministic bioeconomic model was developed for the derivation of economic weights and the economic analysis was simulated for an integrated broiler production system. It was proposed a selection index for the market segment of whole carcass and another for cuts. Spearman correlation estimates among predicted values from the two indexes were obtained for three selection intensities. For all traits, the maternal genetic and permanent environmental effects were significant (P<0.01). The estimates of direct and maternal heritability were 0.29 and 0.02 for CA, 0.45 and 0.05 for PC, 0.17 and 0.04 for PCAR, 0.26 and 0.06 for PPEI, 0.22 and 0.02 for PPER, 0.31 and 0.02 for RCAR, 0.53 and 0.04 for RPEI, and 0.44 and 0.02 for RPER, respectively. The economic weights were -1.1783 R$/point for CA, 0.007 and 0.006 R$/g for PC respectively for the market segment of whole carcass and cuts, 0.0552, 0.0758 and 0.0629 R$/% for RCAR, RPEI and RPER, respectively. The results suggest that traits analyzed can be selected and genetic progress will be expected. Maternal effects were important, even of small magnitude (0.02 to 0.06), and should be considered in genetic evaluation models in order to obtain accurate prediction of the breeding values of the individuals. The CA represented significant economic impact for the two market segments. For the market segment of cuts, carcass traits were almost as important as the performance traits. The classification of chickens generated by the two selection indexes was changed as the proportion of selected chickens decreased. Therefore, different selection indexes should be considered in broiler breeding programs while different segments of broiler meat market in the proposal for greater economic efficiency in the use of predicted genetic merit.

O presente estudo foi subdividido em duas partes: análises genéticas e análises econômicas. A primeira teve por objetivos definir modelos de avaliação genética para as características de desempenho e carcaça em uma linhagem comercial de frangos e estimar os parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos para essas características. A segunda parte teve por objetivos derivar os ponderadores econômicos para essas características de acordo com dois segmentos de mercado de carne de frango e propor índices econômicos de seleção para esses segmentos. As características avaliadas foram: taxa de conversão alimentar (CA), peso corporal à seleção juvenil (PC), pesos de carcaça (PCAR), carne de peito (PPEI) e pernas (PPER), rendimentos de carcaça (RCAR), carne de peito (RPEI) e pernas (RPER). As estimativas dos componentes de (co)variância foram obtidas pelo método de máxima verossimilhança restrita utilizando os programas MTDFREML e VCE-6. O teste de razão de verossimilhança foi utilizado para verificar qual o modelo mais adequado à avaliação genética para cada característica. Para a obtenção dos ponderadores econômicos foi desenvolvido um modelo bioeconômico determinístico e a análise econômica foi simulada para uma cadeia de produção de frangos integrada. Foi proposto um índice de seleção para o segmento de mercado frango inteiro e outro para cortes de frango. Foram obtidas estimativas de correlação por postos de Spearman entre os valores preditos pelos dois índices para três intensidades de seleção. Os efeitos de ambiente permanente materno e genético aditivo materno foram significativos (P<0,01) para todas as características. As estimativas de herdabilidade direta e materna foram 0,29 e 0,02 para CA, 0,45 e 0,05 para PC, 0,17 e 0,04 para PCAR, 0,26 e 0,06 para PPEI, 0,22 e 0,02 para PPER, 0,31 e 0,02 para RCAR, 0,53 e 0,04 para RPEI, e 0,44 e 0,02 para RPER, respectivamente. Os ponderadores econômicos foram -1,1783 R$/ponto para CA, 0,007 e 0,006 R$/g para PC respectivamente para o segmento de mercado frango inteiro e cortes de frango, 0,0552, 0,0758 e 0,0629 R$/% para RCAR, RPEI e RPER, respectivamente. Os resultados sugerem que todas as características podem ser selecionadas esperando progresso genético na população estudada. Os efeitos maternos foram importantes, mesmo de pequena magnitude (0,02 a 0,06), e devem ser considerados nos modelos de avaliação genética a fim de obter maior acurácia da predição dos valores genéticos individuais. A CA representou relevante impacto econômico para os dois segmentos de mercado. Para o segmento de mercado cortes de frango, as características de carcaça foram quase tão importantes quanto às de desempenho. A classificação das aves gerada pelos dois índices foi alterada à medida que diminuiu a proporção de aves selecionadas. Portanto, índices de seleção distintos devem ser considerados nos programas de melhoramento de frangos enquanto segmentos diferentes de mercado de carne de frango na proposta de maior eficiência econômica da utilização do mérito genético predito. / The present research was subdivided in two parts: genetic analyses and economic analyses. The first part was conducted to determine models for genetic evaluation of performance and carcass traits in a commercial broiler line and to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters for these traits. The second part was conducted to derive economic weights for these traits according to two market segments of broiler meat and to propose economic selection indexes for these segments. The traits analyzed were: feed conversion ratio (CA), body weight at juvenile selection (PC), carcass (PCAR), breast meat (PPEI) and leg (PPER) weights, and carcass (RCAR), breast meat (RPEI) and leg (RPER) yields. Estimates of the (co)variance components were obtained by the restricted maximum likelihood method by the software MTDFREML and VCE-6. The likelihood ratio test was applied in order to verify which model was more adapted to the genetic evaluation for each trait. A deterministic bioeconomic model was developed for the derivation of economic weights and the economic analysis was simulated for an integrated broiler production system. It was proposed a selection index for the market segment of whole carcass and another for cuts. Spearman correlation estimates among predicted values from the two indexes were obtained for three selection intensities. For all traits, the maternal genetic and permanent environmental effects were significant (P<0.01). The estimates of direct and maternal heritability were 0.29 and 0.02 for CA, 0.45 and 0.05 for PC, 0.17 and 0.04 for PCAR, 0.26 and 0.06 for PPEI, 0.22 and 0.02 for PPER, 0.31 and 0.02 for RCAR, 0.53 and 0.04 for RPEI, and 0.44 and 0.02 for RPER, respectively. The economic weights were -1.1783 R$/point for CA, 0.007 and 0.006 R$/g for PC respectively for the market segment of whole carcass and cuts, 0.0552, 0.0758 and 0.0629 R$/% for RCAR, RPEI and RPER, respectively. The results suggest that traits analyzed can be selected and genetic progress will be expected. Maternal effects were important, even of small magnitude (0.02 to 0.06), and should be considered in genetic evaluation models in order to obtain accurate prediction of the breeding values of the individuals. The CA represented significant economic impact for the two market segments. For the market segment of cuts, carcass traits were almost as important as the performance traits. The classification of chickens generated by the two selection indexes was changed as the proportion of selected chickens decreased. Therefore, different selection indexes should be considered in broiler breeding programs while different segments of broiler meat market in the proposal for greater economic efficiency in the use of predicted genetic merit.

Cette thèse a pour thème central l'étude de deux problèmes soulevés dans les pêcheries modernes, la dégradation des habitats et le manque d'informations, qui comptent parmi les causes les importantes de la surexploitation des ressources halieutiques. Les deux premiers chapitres sont consacrés à l'examen du problème de la dégradation des habitats marins liée notamment aux activités de pêche destructrices. Le modèle de Gordon-Schaefer est prolongé afin de tenir compte de l'impact négatif de la pêche sur les habitats. Les conséquences pour la gestion sont analysées et l'importance de la prise en compte des habitats dans le développement des programmes de gestion des ressources halieutiques est mise en évidence. Le modèle élaboré est ensuite utilisé pour évaluer les bénéfices économiques des récifs artificiels, un outil de gestion auquel font de plus en plus appel les gestionnaires des pêcheries artisanales pour répondre à la dégradation des habitats. Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre, le rôle de l'information pour une pêche durable est examiné lorsque la ressource est en accès libre. Si, dans les deux premiers chapitres, il est supposé que les informations complètes sont disponibles pour l'élaboration des recommandations de gestion, dans la dernière étude, la décision concernant l'exploitation des ressources halieutiques est prise dans un contexte où aucune information sur la ressource n'est accessible. Cette décision est prise individuellement par chaque pêcheur qui opère dans la pêcherie. En développant un modèle multi-agents, nous montrons l'impact de l'apprentissage des pêcheurs sur la dynamique globale du système halieutique. / This thesis focuses on two main problems posed in contemporary fisheries: habitat degradation and lack of information. They count among the most important causes of the overexploitation of marine resources. The first two chapters aim at examining the habitat degradation that is linked to destructive fishing activities. The Gordon-Schaefer model is extended to take account of the negative impact of fishing on the habitats. The consequences for fisheries management are analyzed and the importance of taking into account habitats in the development of fisheries management programs is highlighted. Then the extended model is used to evaluate the economic benefits of artificial reefs, a management tool to which frequently resort the managers of small-scale fisheries to mitigate the effects of habitat degradation. Finally, in the third chapter the role of information for sustainable fisheries is examined under open access. If in the first two chapters it is assumed that there is complete information, in the last study this assumption is relaxed - no information on the resource is known. The decision concerning the exploitation of marine resources is made individually by each fisherman that operates in the fishery. By developing an agent-based model, we show the impact of individual learning on the global dynamics of the system.

La nécessité d'une approche intégrée des pêches est actuellement largement affirmée, notamment par la FAO, en particulier dans le contexte des pêcheries artisanales tropicales. Ces pêcheries à petites échelles, souvent multi-spécifiques sont très importantes en termes d'emploi et de production, y compris pour la sécurité alimentaire. Néanmoins ces pêcheries et la biodiversité exploitées sont souvent marquées, d'une part, par le manque de données rendant difficile leur gestion dans le cadre d'une approche écosystémique, d'autre part, par la complexité des systèmes écologiques et économiques sous-jacents incluant interactions trophiques et techniques.Cette thèse contribue à la mise au point d'outils bioéconomiques adaptés aux petites pêcheries tropicales dans la perspective d'une gestion durable des pêches fondée sur l'approche écosystémique. Dans cette perspective, la pêcherie côtière en Guyane Française constitue un cas d'étude particulièrement fécond. La thèse propose ainsi des évaluations multi-critères, des modèles bioéconomiques complexes et des scénarios de gestion viable pour cette pêcherie.Dans un premier temps l'analyse statistique multi-variée suggère un statut global satisfaisant de la pêcherie en termes de durabilité. Cependant des différences de performance sont notées au sein de la pêcherie, notamment au niveau des zones frontalières. Aussi des améliorations dans le mode de gestion sont proposées. Ensuite, à travers la modélisation bioéconomique, les projections des différents scénarios de pêche montrent qu'à long terme le niveau d'exploitation actuel peut ne pas être en adéquation avec la future augmentation de la demande locale et qu'une perte de biodiversité peut avoir lieu. Un scénario dit de « co-viabilité » conciliant des objectifs à la fois écologique, économique et social, avec une probabilité de réalisation satisfaisante, est mis en exergue. Enfin, la comparaison des comportements optimaux en situation coopératif et non coopératif, montre dans quelle mesure la viabilité est favorisée quand les acteurs coopèrent. Au-delà du diagnostic apporté pour le cas d'étude, la méthode utilisée s'avère prometteuse dans le contexte des petites pêcheries tropicales, tandis que l'approche de « co-viabilité » permet de trouver les modalités d'exploitation dans le cadre de compromis entre durabilité écologique et socio-économique, ce que les principes de gestion halieutiques traditionnels ne permettent généralement pas. / The need for an integrated approach to fisheries is now widely affirmed, including the FAO, in particular in the context of tropical artisanal fisheries. These small-scale fisheries, often multispecies are very important in terms of production, employment and food security. However these fisheries and the exploited resources are often characterized by a lack of data making difficult their management within an ecosystem approach, and by the ecological and economic system complexities including trophic and technological interactions.This thesis aims to contribute to the development of bioeconomic tools for small tropical fisheries in a sustainable management perspective based on the ecosystem approach. In this perspective, the French Guiana coastal fishery constitutes an interesting case study. The thesis proposes multi-criteria evaluations, complex bioeconomic models and viable management scenarios for this fishery. At first, multivariate statistical analysis suggests a satisfactory overall status of the fishery in terms of sustainability. However, some performance differences are noted within the fishery, particularly at border areas. Also, management improvements are proposed. Then, through bioeconomic modeling, projections of different fishing scenarios show that, in the long term, the current exploitation level may not be consistent with the future increase of local demand and a loss of biodiversity may occur. A scenario called "co-viability" reconciling ecological, economic and social objectives, with a high probability of achievement is exhibited. Finally, the comparison of optimal behavior in cooperative and non-cooperative conditions, confirms that harvest levels are greater when actors do not cooperate. Furthermore, it is shown that the state of the ecosystem depends on the fishing strategies and the type of interaction between species. Beyond the diagnosis made for the case study, the method is promising in the context of small tropical fisheries, while the co-viability approach allows finding the exploitation conditions under which ecological and socio-economic sustainability are meet, what the conventional fisheries management generally do not allow.