Orientador: Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho / Coorientador: José Luz da Silveira / Banca: Eliana Vieira Canettieri / Banca: José Rui Camargo / Resumo: Com o progressivo aumento na demanda de energia, cresce a produção do etanol combustível e a preocupação com a destinação mais racional do seu resíduo - a vinhaça. Composta por alta carga orgânica, a vinhaça tem grande potencial poluidor, desde sua armazenagem, transporte, até sua destinação final, como na prática tradicional de fertirrigação in-natura da lavoura de cana-de-açúcar. O seu uso indiscriminado, traz grande impacto ambiental ao liberar para a atmosfera os gases de efeito estufa (CO2 e CH4) e contaminar o solo, lençol freático e cursos d'água. Para atender às normas ambientais e visões de sustentabilidade, várias alternativas tecnológicas têm sido estudadas e desenvolvidas para neutralizar os efeitos nocivos da vinhaça; elevando o status da vinhaça de resíduo industrial para subproduto industrial. A vinhaça passa a ser considerada como biomassa a ser convertida em outras fontes mais limpas de energia. Usinas de cana-de-açúcar já possuem experiência no uso de biodigestores e desenvolvem projetos para intensificar a conversão de vinhaça em biogás, com a vantagem do resíduo final do processo resultar em biofertilizante de alta qualidade. Para estas usinas, o presente trabalho apresenta a viabilidade técnica e econômica na conversão de 100% da vinhaça gerada, em biogás a ser convertida em potência elétrica por motores de combustão interna (MCI), com resultado favorável para o investimento e venda da energia produzida para a rede de distribuição / Abstract: With the progressive increase of the demand in energy, the production of fuel ethanol grows and so does the concern with one more rational destination of its residue - the vinasse. Composed of high organic load, vinasse has a huge polluting potential, from its storage, transportation, to its final destination, as the traditional practice of its fertigation in the sugarcane crop. Its indiscriminate usage brings a big environmental impact by releasing the greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) into the atmosphere and contaminating the soil, water table and watercourses. To comply with the environmental standards and the sustainability visions, many technological alternatives have been studied and developed, elevating it's status from industrial residue to industrial by-product. Vinasse become to be considered as biomass to be converted into other cleaner sources of energy. Sugarcane mills already have experience in biodigestion process and they have been developing projects to intensify the conversion of their vinasse into biogas. Thereby, there is a big advantage, the final process residue results in high quality biofertilizer. For these sugarcane mills, the present work presents the technical and economical feasibility in converting 100% of the generated vinasse into biogas to be converted into electric power by internal combustion engines (IC Engine), with enabling result to investing and energy solding to the distribution network / Mestre

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Júnior / Banca: Monica Sarolli S. M.Costa / Banca: Adriane de Andrade Silva / Banca: Marco Antonio M. Biaggioni / Banca: Sérgio Campos / Resumo: A glicerina bruta é um resíduo da produção de biodiesel de baixo valor agregado, no entanto, possui alto teor de carbono e potencial para produzir bons resultados se co-digerida de maneira anaeróbia com um material rico em nitrogênio como os dejetos de animais. Sendo assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a co-digestão de dejetos de bovinos leiteiros e dois tipos de glicerina bruta: bruta e bruta loira, em biodigestores anaeróbios operados em sistema semi-contínuo, sob delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições por tratamento, sendo DBL - dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + água; DBL+GB - dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + glicerina bruta + água; DBL+GL - dejetos de bovinos leiteiros + glicerina bruta loira + água. As cargas diárias foram iniciadas tanto no DBL+GB como no DBL+GL com 1,25% de glicerina bruta passando em seguida para 2,5; 5; 7,5, 10, 15 e 20%; os aumentos nas porcentagens foram graduais e realizados a cada 30 dias, sendo este o TRH estabelecido. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: pH, acidez volátil (AV), alcalinidade total (AT), relação AV/AT, temperatura, reduções dos teores de sólidos totais (ST) e de sólidos voláteis (SV), produção de biogás/dia, teor de metano (CH4), potencial de produção de biogás por quilograma: de substrato (m3 kg-1 subst.), de sólidos totais adicionados (m3 kg-1ST adic.), de sólidos voláteis adicionados (m3 kg-1 SV adic.) e de dejetos de bovinos leiteiros (m3 kg-1 dej.), teores de ... / Abstract: Crude glycerin is a waste from biodiesel production with a low added value, however, it has a high carbon content and potential to produce good results if it is co-digested with a rich nitrogen material as animal manures. This way, the aim of this study was the co-digestion evaluation of dairy cattle manures and two types of crude glycerin: crude and blonde crude, in anaerobic digesters operated in semi-continuous system, under experimental design entirely randomized with 5 repetitions for each treatment, DBL - dairy cattle manures + water; DBL+GB - dairy cattle manures + crude glycerin + water; DBL+GL - dairy cattle manures + blonde crude glycerin + water. Daily loads were initiated both in DBL+GB and DBL+GL with 1,25% of crude glycerin and then rising to 2,5; 5; 7,5, 10, 15 and 20%; increases in percentages were made gradually and every 30 days. The parameters assessed were: pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), total alkalinity (TA), VFA/TA ratio, temperature, removal of total solids (TS) and volatile solids (VS), biogas production, methane rate (CH4), potential of biogas production per kilogram: of substrate (m3 kg-1 subst.), total solids added (m3 kg-1 TS add.), volatile solids added (m3 kg-1 VS add.) and dairy cattle manures (m3 kg-1 dej.), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbon and organic matter content and carbon/nitrogen ratio. Least Square Means statistics was used to analyze the data (p<0,05). DBL+GB and DBL+GL treatments provided increments in biogas production in relation to DBL in all crude glycerin percentages tested. CH4 contents have been satisfactory and always above 59%, in all treatments. The ST and VS removals from DBL were less than DBL+GB and DBL+GL, and in these, increases in crude glycerin quantities accompanied. Potentials of biogas production varied according to the analyzed parameter: per kg of substrate and per kg of manures were higher in DBL+GB and in DBL+GL ... / Doutor

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior / Banca: Marco Antonio Martin Biaggioni / Banca: Monica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa / Banca: Valeria Cristina Rodrigues Sarnighausen / Banca: Tânia Mara Baptista dos Santos / Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a produção de biogás no processo anaeróbio da cama de frango, submetido ao processo de peneiramento e trituração, em função da diluição e reciclo, em sistema de abastecimento batelada e semi-contínuo. Para o processo de peneiramento utilizou-se uma peneira vibratória com malha de um mm e para trituração da cama de frango foi utilizado uma bomba trituradora. As diluições da cama de frango foram feitas de duas formas: cama de frango + água e cama de frango + reciclo. No sistema de abastecimento batelada, foram estudas as diluições nas seguintes proporções 1:8, 1:10 e 1:12 e a utilização de 20% de reciclo em substituição a água de diluição, avaliando-se as reduções de sólidos voláteis, produção de biogás e potenciais de produção de biogás. Para reduções de sólidos voláteis obtiveram-se bons resultados para as diluições 1:8 e 1:10, e para produção de biogás a diluição 1:8 com reciclo foi a que apresentou melhor resultado, bem como para os potenciais de produção de biogás. No sistema de abastecimento semi-contínuo, foi estudada a diluição 1:10 com 40% de reciclo. O tratamento que continha só reciclo foi o que proporcionou melhor redução de sólidos voláteis, não apresentando diferenças para a produção de biogás. Os melhores potenciais de produção de biogás foram obtidos com o tratamento que continha água. Concluiu-se que para o sistema batelada as diluições e o reciclo apresentaram bons resultados para redução de sólidos voláteis e produção de biogás e para sis... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the biogas production in the anaerobic process of the chicken litter, submitted to the screening and grinding process, as a function of dilution and recycle, in a batch and semi-continuous supply system. For the screen process used a vibrating screen with a mesh mm and grinding poultry litter was used a shredder pump. Dilutions of poultry litter were done in two ways: poultry litter + water and poultry litter + recycle. In the batching system, the dilutions were studied in the following ratios 1: 8, 1:10 and 1:12 and the use of 20% recycle to replace the dilution water. Evaluating the volatile solids reductions, biogas production and biogas production potentials. For volatile solids reductions, good results were obtained for the 1: 8 and 1:10 dilutions, and for biogas production at 1: 8 dilution with recycle it was the one that presented the best result and the biogas production potential obtained satisfactory results. In the semi-continuous supply system, the 1:10 dilution with 40% recycle was studied. The treatment that contained only recycle was the one that provided better reduction of volatile solids, the biogas production did not have difference between the treatments and for the potential of biogas production treatment that contained water was that presented better result. It is concluded that for the batch system dilutions and recycle presented good results for reduction of volatile solids and biogas production and for semi-continuous system the recycle proved to be efficient in the reduction of volatile solids and not interfering in the production ... / Doutor

Sustainable waste management remains a great challenge for many cities throughout the world. Landfilling is worldwide the most common way of treating municipal solid waste (MSW) and landfilling of organic matter releases the high potent gas methane, which contributes to global warming. If the biogas instead is collected, either from landfills or produced in a more optimal and controlled environment, it can be used as a fuel to substitute fossil fuels. In this thesis, these sorts of systems are referred to as biogas solutions. In Brazil, the eight largest economy in the world and by far the largest economy in Latin America, landfilling of MSW is essentially the only way MSW is disposed of. Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil, have had long issues with waste management, with up until 2012 deposing waste to one of the largest open landfills in the world. This study was done in collaboration with Biogas Research Center (BRC): a national biogas competence center with interests in the Brazilian biogas sector as well as contacts with the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Furthermore, as Swedish organic waste management practices are globally in the front edge, the Swedish perspective of waste management combined with local knowledge, could be valuable to find more efficient means of managing residues. Before initiating an actual biogas project, it is reasonable to perform an early assessment. This thesis aimed to perform an early assessment of the biogas sector in Rio, which was carried out by utilizing a multi-criteria framework. The framework consists of four categories (potential, feasibility, economic- and environmental performance), 14 key areas and 59 sub-questions, which helped gather, structure and assess information. An eight-week field study in Rio de Janeiro was part of the study. The results show that no full separation of organic content is performed as source in Rio, which is why the study included the waste streams of mixed MSW (disposed in landfills) and partly sorted organic waste (approximately 85 % organic content; referred to as Waste with High Organic Content, WHOC). Sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants was excluded from the study to enable a focus on MSW. Potential and feasibility are significantly higher for MSW compared to WHOC, although the authors argue WHOC (or even fully sorted organic waste) have substantial growth opportunities. The landfill receives approximately 1.2 million tonnes of organic wet waste per year and provides a biogas yield of 140 million Nm3 / year (50 – 55 % CH4); whereas 26 – 42 thousand tonnes of dry matter (DM) per year can be collected from WHOC, with a biogas yield potential of 6.6 – 19.5 million Nm3 / year (55 – 63 % CH4). The feasibility analysis showed that all key areas – competing applications, legislation and infrastructure – except economic instruments, are better rated for biogas production from MSW compared to WHOC. The most feasible area of use for the biogas in Rio de Janeiro was deemed to inject the gas in into the grid. The indicated environmental performance shows that injection of biogas to the gas grid reduces GHG emissions with 68 %; and for every tonne of DM digestate, approximately 8 kg phosphorous and 36 kg nitrogen can be replaced. The economic performance shows that biogas production from the landfill is more cost-efficient than from a bioreactor, however none of the biogas productions in Rio de Janeiro is profitable, which usually is expected of a waste management system. The study concludes with identifying several challenges the biogas sector in Rio will be facing: a lack of supply of biogas and no plan in action for increasing demand; economic challenges indicating need for investment support; and a lack of value chain for biofertilizers. The results of the study can hopefully provide stakeholders with a better understanding of opportunities and challenges with biogas solutions in Rio de Janeiro municipality, that ultimately can increase the chance for successful implementation in the region. / Hållbar avfallshantering är fortsatt en stor utmaning för många städer runtom i världen. Deponering är globalt sett det vanligaste sättet att göra sig av med fast kommunalt avfall och deponering av organiskt avfall avger den potenta gasen metan, som bidrar till global uppvärmning. Om biogasen istället samlas upp, antingen från deponin eller produceras i en mer optimal miljö, kan gasen istället användas som bränsle för att substituera fossila bränslen. I denna rapport kallas denna typen av system för biogaslösningar. I Brasilien, världens åttonde största ekonomin och den avsevärt största ekonomin i Latinamerika, hanteras fast kommunalt avfall i princip endast genom deponering. Rio de Janeiro, Brasiliens nästa största stad, har länge haft problem med avfallshantering, som fram tills 2012 slängde allt sitt avfall i en av världens största öppna deponier. Denna studie genomfördes i samarbete med Biogas Research Center (BRC): ett nationellt kompetenscenter inom biogas med intresse av den Brasilianska biogassektorn, samt med kontakter till det federala universitetet i Rio. Eftersom Sverige ur ett globalt perspektiv ligger i framkant vad gäller hantering av organiskt avfall, kan den svenska synvinkeln av avfallshantering kombinerat med lokal kunskap vara värdefull för att hitta effektivare avfallshanteringssystem. Innan man genomför ett skarp biogasprojekt är det klokt att göra en förstudie. Denna uppsats syftar till att genomföra en förstudie av biogassektorn i Rio de Janeiro, som uträttades med hjälp av ett multi-kriterieramverk. Ramverket består av fyra kategorier (potential, genomförbarhet, samt ekonomisk- och miljömässig prestanda), 14 nyckelområden samt 59 underfrågor. Ramverket användes för att assistera i insamlandet, strukturerandet och utvärderandet av information. En fältstudie på åtta veckor i Rio de Janeiro var en del av studien. Resultatet visar att ingen fullständig separering av organiskt avfall sker i Rio, vilket är orsaken till att studien inkluderar avfallsströmmarna blandat kommunalt avfall (som deponeras; benämns MSW) och delvis sorterat organiskt avfall (innehåller 85 % organiskt innehåll; benämns WHOC). Avloppsslam exkluderades från studien för att fokusera på fast kommunalt avfall. Potentialen och genomförbarheten är markant högre för MSW jämfört med WHOC, dock skall det understrykas att tillväxtpotentialen för WHOC är stor vilket ej framgår av siffrorna. Deponin mottager årligen nära 1.2 miljoner ton organiskt avfall (inkl. vatten) som ger en biogasutdelning på 140 miljoner Nm3 / år (50 – 55 % CH4); medan WHOC har en potential på 26 – 42 tusen ton (torrvikt) per år med en biogasutdelning på 6.6 – 19.5 miljoner Nm3 / år (55 – 63 % CH4). Genomförbarhetsanalysen för avfallsströmmarna visade att alla nyckelområden förutom ekonomiska instrument var värderade högre för MSW jämfört med WHOC. Studien visar vidare att det mest genomförbara användningsområdet för biogasen är injektion till gasnätet. Miljömässiga prestandan visar att substituering av naturgas med biogas kan sänka växthusgasutsläpp med 68 %, och för varje ton (torrvikt) av rötrester kan ca 8 kg fosfor och 36 kg kväve ersättas. Ekonomiska prestandan visar att biogasproduktion från deponi är mer kosteffektivt än i en bioreaktor, samt att ingen av biogaslösningarna är lönsamma, vilket kan väntas av en avfallshanteringslösning. Studien avslutas med att identifiera en rad utmaningar som biogassektorn i Rio ställs inför: en avsaknad på tillgång av biogas och ingen aktiv plan för att öka produktionen; ekonomiska utmaningar som indikerar ett behov av investeringsstöd; en brist på värdekedja för biogödsel. Resultatet av studien kan förhoppningsvis ge intressenter en bättre förståelse för vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som biogaslösningar ställs inför i Rio de Janeiro kommun – som i förlängningen kan öka möjligheterna för framgångsrika implementeringar av biogasprojekt i regionen.

Anaerobic digestion can be used to decrease the mass of organic wastes to be disposed of while producing useful biogas (CH4 and CO2) for heat or power production, but in air basins with strict emissions limits, biogas combustion is difficult to implement due to the high costs of controlling NOx emissions. NOx production can be minimized by blending H2 gas with CH4 at a volume ratio of 15:85 H2:CH4, which allows burning at ultra-lean air-to-fuel ratios. For biogas systems, a potential low-cost NOx control strategy is to produce H2-CH4 mixtures through two-phase anaerobic digestion, where two digester tanks are operated in series, with the first one producing a majority H2 and the second CH4. The resulting mixture of H2, CH4, and CO2 should combust with low NOx emissions. Furthermore, in theory, if the biogas from the second-phase is sparged through the first-phase, H2 would be stripped from the first-phase liquid medium, and H2 production would be more thermodynamically favored, possibly increasing H2 production. Laboratory experiments were used to determine the optimal conditions to generate biogas with a 15:85 H2:CH4 ratio using two phase digestion with glucose as the substrate. Specifically, the objectives of this thesis were to (1) determine the optimal conditions for operating the first-phase to produce H2, (2) determine the sparging rate required to achieve 15:85 H2:CH4 in the biogas, and (3) operate the first and second-phases together with second-phase biogas being sparged through first-phase medium to achieve 15:85 H2:CH4. The results from each of these objectives are described below. (1) The optimal conditions for H2 production in the first-phase were an organic loading rate of 22.9 g COD/L-day (chemical oxygen demand) and a hydraulic residence time of 12 hours. The resulting pH in the first-phase was 6.11 when operated under these conditions. Optimized hydrogen production in the first phase resulted in the generation of 1.02 ± 0.13 L H2/Ldigester-day, which can also be expressed as 0.61 ± 0.10 mol H2/mol glucoseconsumed, 0.42 ± 0.06 mol H2/mol glucoseintroduced, 1.06 ± 0.16 mol H2/mol CODdestroyed, and 0.06 ± 0.01 mol H2/mol CODintroduced. (2) Initial sparging experiments were conducted using nitrogen (N2) to represent second-phase biogas. The rates tested ranged from 1- 30 L N2/Lfirst-phase digester-hr. A 1.1 L gas/L-hr sparging rate was projected to result in a 15:85 H2:CH4 ratio. The projection was made using a power regression model (R2 = 0.99) of sparging rate vs. hydrogen content results, assuming the sparged N2 was replaced with typical biogas (60% CH4 and 40% CO2). (3) When both phases were integrated, the second-phase produced enough gas to sparge at only 0.28 L gas/Lfirst-phase digester-hr, which was far less than the optimal 1.1 L gas/Lfirst-phase digester-hr sparging rate. A non-optimal H2:CH4 ratio of 15:12 was obtained at the 0.28 L gas/L-hr sparging rate. Insufficient CH4 was generated due to the low organic loading provided to the second-phase. Although the 1.1 L gas/L-hr sparging rate was not tested in an integrated system, the results obtained from the 0.28 L gas/L-hr sparging rate differed from what was predicted by the nitrogen sparging model by only 14%. Therefore, the model was fairly accurate (at least at a low flow rate of 0.28 L gas/L-hr) and could still be valid for the predicted optimal flow rate of 1.1 L gas/L-hr. For future two-phase digestion studies, biogas production from the second-phase can be increased by adding more substrate to the second-phase or by using fixed-film digesters to possibly increase the number density of methanogens. It is also recommended to digest practical waste feedstocks, and possibly digest different feedstocks in the first and second-phases. Also, the effects of carbon dioxide on the combustion characteristics and NOx emissions of hydrogen-methane mixtures in biogas need to be researched.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23184号 / 工博第4828号 / 新制||工||1754(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 高岡 昌輝, 教授 田中 宏明, 准教授 大下 和徹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The diploma thesis includes proposals suitable for usage of the technologies for clearing the biogas into a quality of substitute natural gas (SNG). The most suitable technology is chosen for the clearing the biogas out of the septic tanks of the laboratory for biologically decomposable waste treatment at Institute of process and environmental engineering. There is a calculation , a proposal and a realisation of the experimental unit for clearing the biogas performed.

Abgasemissionsmessungen an Biogasanlagen-BHKW zeigten Überschreitungen des gemäß TA Luft festgelegten Formaldehydgrenzwertes. Ursache sind unvollständig ablaufende Verbrennungsprozesse. Die Biogasqualität, die Motorabstimmung und die Motorenwartung sind dabei von entscheidender Bedeutung. Für die vorliegende Schriftenreihe wurden vorhandene Messergebnisse von 97 BHKW im Hinblick auf mögliche Einflüsse und Korrelationen zwischen Biogaserzeugungsprozessen, Methangehalt, BHKW-Spezifikationen, Motorprozesse und der Wartung auf die Bildung von Formaldehyd untersucht. In die Auswertung gingen neben vorhandenen Messberichten, Datenblätter von sächsischen Anlagenbetreibern und Messergebnisse aus Thüringen ein. Im Ergebnis aller Untersuchungen stellt die Studie sechs Maßnahmenvorschläge zur Minderung der Formaldehydemissionen aus Biogas-BHKW vor.

Der Stand der Sicherheitstechnik beim Explosionsschutz an Biogasanlagen mit erweiterter Peripherie wurde einer aktualisierten Bewertung unterzogen. Ergänzend zum »Stand der Technik«, basierend auf der DGUV 113-001, wurden Empfehlungen erarbeitet, um den Stand der Sicherheitstechnik zur Gewährleistung des Explosionsschutzes an Biogasanlagen weiter zu erhöhen.

This thesis has investigated the effects of running the two full scale biogas digesters at Slottshagen wastewater treatment plant at 34 °C compared to 37 °C, in terms of process stability, biogas production and energy savings with the aim of saving energy and money by not heating the digesters as much. The main objective was to investigate whether it is at all possible to operate the biogas process at 34 °C or if the process becomes inhibited or otherwise unstable. If the process could be operated at 34 °C it might mean savings of both energy and money, provided that there is still a sufficient production of biogas.The experiment lasted for three months and investigated the short-term effects of the reduction of temperature. The process was monitored closely, and samples from the reactors were collected and analysed twice a week to ensure the stability of the biogas process. Several parameters were monitored online, the biogas production and methane content amongst others. Other parameters were calculated, such as the degree of degradation and specific methane production. This was done to ensure process stability and a sufficient production of biogas. The energy balance was calculated to evaluate if energy was saved by lowering the temperature in the digesters.The results show that the biogas process does remain stable at 34 °C while still producing a satisfactory amount of biogas during the short time of the experiment. Calculations show that both energy and money has been saved during the experiment. However, the system is largely dependent on seasonal variations, therefore further studies over a longer time period would be desirable. During the course of the thesis it has also become evident that the biogas process at Slottshagen is irregular in several aspects, and that it would be beneficial to even the process out, especially with regards to the hydraulic retention time. Making the process more even would enable further improvements to be made and simplify interpretations and comparisons of processstability data.