The purpose of this study was (1) to compare the lower body strength, power, and the bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal femur in a group of trained postmenopausal women who have been in low intensity exercise program for a long time with age-matched sedentary controls, and (2) to evaluate the magnitude of the correlation between muscle function and site-specific BMD in these postmenopausal women. Healthy postmenopausal women (n = 17) between the age of 60 and 80 were divided into two groups: 9 exercisers (mean ± SE, 74.8 ± 3.2 years) who had been in an exercise training program for at least 5 years and 8 control (mean ± SE, 71.6 ± 3.4 years) who had not been in any exercise program for at least 5 years. The exercise group performed three one hour sessions a week of aerobic and resistance training for an average of 9.9 years. The exercise training consisted of 30 minutes walking and one or two sets of twelve to fifteen repetitions focused on large muscle groups. The BMD of the proximal femoral region was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). By using a Cybex Leg Press machine, 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) tests were performed for lower body strength and power of lower body were obtained by a seated chair rise. Statistical analysis demonstrated no statistical differences between the left and right region of the femur BMD for either group, with the averaged BMD being 0.858 g/cm2 for the controls and 0.853 g/cm2 for the exercisers. The trochanter BMD for the exercisers were 7 % (left) and 6 % (right) higher than the controls although these values were not statistically significant. The 1RM leg press strength ranged from 29.5 to 47.6 kg (mean ± SE, 40.21 ± 2.62 kg) in controls and from 31.8 to 61.2 kg (mean ± SE, 45.93 ± 3.72 kg) in exercisers. Although the exerciser group lifted 14.2 % more weight than the control group, the difference was not statistically significant. The results of power test ranged from 14.59 to 31.21 kg • m/sec (mean ± SE, 22.94 ± 5.67 kg • m/sec) in controls and from 13.63 to 38.60 (mean ± SE, 28.88 ± 6.81 kg • m/sec). The power did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, it is noted that between group differences approached significance at p < 0.07. Correlations between body composition and femoral neck BMD were also determined. Neither weight, nor BMI was significantly correlated with femoral neck BMD in the exercise and control group. Lower body strength and power did not correlate with the BMD of the femoral neck, Ward's triangle, or trochanter in either group. Although the BMD of the proximal femoral region did not differ between two groups the higher mean age (+ 3.2 years) of the exercise group suggested that a low intensity exercise training program can increase power and strength and maintain BMD in postmenopausal women. However, the low intensity of resistance training program utilized by the exercise group was no more effective in maintaining BMD than an active lifestyle. / School of Physical Education

This investigation dealt with locating and measuring x-ray absorption of radiographic images. The methods developed provide a fast, accurate, minicomputer control, for analysis of embedded objects. A PDP/8 computer system was interfaced with a Joyce Loebl 3CS Microdensitometer and a Leeds & Northrup Recorder. Proposed algorithms for bone location and data smoothing work on a twelve-bit minicomputer. Designs of a software control program and operational procedure are presented. The filter made wedge and limb scans monotonic from minima to maxima. It was tested for various convoluted intervals. Ability to resmooth the same data in multiple passes was tested. An interval size of fifteen works well in one pass.

SUMMARY: Aim of this thesis is to provide, by using trace elements analysis and Pb isotopes analysis of archaeological findings from Roman era and following migration period, informations about basic bioarchaeological parameters of sites Abrahám, Rusovce II and Sládkovičovo (territory of present Slovakia) and Sopianae site (area of present Pécs city in Hugary). Analyses were performed on samples of 81 bones and 21 dental enamels. For purposes of this work most important concentrations are of Ca, P, Sr, Zn, Ba, Fe, Al, Mn and Pb (and its isotopes). They were consequently used for calculating Ca/P ratio in order to assess extent of after-burial diagenetic changes. For this purpose Al and Fe concentrations were taken into account too. Sr/Ca and Sr/Zn ratios were compared to assess prevailing type of diet. The Ba/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios were compared in order to asess supposable mobility of some individuals. By using of Pb concentrations and its isotopes contamination by this metal was assessed. During interpretations of individual conclusions useability of samples outgoing from assessment of extent of diagenetic alterations were always taken into account. Little changes in chemical composition of samples arise in case of Sopianae site, samples from other sites are greatly preserved. Using of paleodietary...

Animal bones found on archaeological sites can be connected to the economic structures of the society and what activities the humans performed. During the Merovingian Period and the Viking Age on the island of Gotland there are several sites that have been difficult to interpret. One of these sites is Signallottan which has several finds that are connected to iron working but also a lot of cremated animal bones. The proposed study investigates how the animal bones are connected to the site and what purpose they had. The study also compares the site to other archaeological sites to see how they differ. This will be achieved by analyzing the animal remains found at the site. The material consists of roughly 56 kilograms of bones that were excavated during 2018 and is currently stored in the osteological laboratory in Visby, Sweden. This study leaves some questions open but most likely Signallottan has only had one main purpose. What this purpose is, is still unknown and needs further research.

Cremated bones from animals has been recovered in conjunction with a number of hearths in Visby, Gotland. This find has started a controversial discussion in the archeological field regarding usage of bones as a supplement in iron working. Archeological investigations often tend to overlook the information that could be gained from osteological materials. Animal bones can give us insight and contribute with new perspectives on economics, diet, livestock and much more. The aim of this bachelor is therefore to look closer at the relations between bones and iron working and to establish if the bones were used to enhance the phosphorus levels of the iron. This will be achieved by analyzing cremated bones from the archeological site Visby RAÄ 230. The material will also be compared with previous studies regarding iron working.

O urânio (U) é um elemento tóxico radioativo encontrado na natureza, normalmente presente na água e nos alimentos e acumula-se preferencialmente em ossos. Nestes, a medula óssea constitui o alvo com o maior risco radiobiológico. Foram utilizados 60 ratos wistar recém desmamados, com vinte e dois dias de vida. Destes, trinta e cinco foram tratados com ração suplementada de 50ppm (parte por milhão) de Nitrato de Uranila e vinte e cinco foram mantidos como controle. Os animais tratados foram separados em seis grupos com cinco animais cada e os grupos controle com três animais. Foi feita a eutanásia dos 5 animais de cada grupo alimentado com urânio e 3 animais de cada grupo de controle com intervalo de tempo de 3 e 4 dias para avaliar alterações histopatológicas, hematológicas, na densidade mineral óssea e medir o teor de urânio acumulado em ossos, em função do tempo, utilizando a técnica de registro de traços de fissão SSNTD (Solid State Nuclear Track Detector). Nas avaliações histopatológicas foi observada congestão, fibrose e necrose hepática, degeneração vacuolar e desarranjo cordonal dos hepatócitos. Essas alterações iniciaram-se em animais alimentados durante três dias com ração contendo U e se intensificaram nos animais tratados durante onze dias, sugerindo que tenha ocorrido combinação de efeitos toxicológicos e radiobiológicos. Foi observada degeneração vacuolar, cilindros hialinos, fibrose e necrose nos rins dos animais alimentados com ração suplementada de U, a partir de quatorze dias de alimentação, decorrentes da nefrotoxicidade do Nitrato de Uranila. Foi observado que não ocorre alteração da densidade mineral óssea no curto prazo; porém, os animais tratados durante 21 e 28 dias, ou seja, expostos ao U por período mais longo, tiveram a densidade mineral óssea diminuída. Ocorreu substancial acúmulo de urânio nos ossos, onde foi observado 1,139 ± 0,057 ppm em ossos e 0,705 +- 0,092 ppm em dentes. Os animais dos grupos controle apresentaram teor de urânio praticamente constante no decorrer do estudo. Não foi observada alteração do teor de urânio em ração comercial. / Uranium (U) is a radioactive toxic element found in the environment, naturally present in water and food, with preference for accumulation in bone. In the latter, marrow is the target with the highest radiobiological risk. It was carried out a study with sixty Wistar rats, twenty two days old, starting at the post weaning period. From this total, thirty five animals fed with chow containing Uranyl Nitrate at a concentration of 50 ppm (parts per million) were selected as the treated group, while the remaining twenty five were the control group. Treated animals were divided into six groups with five animals each plus six control groups with three animals each. Five animals of the treated group and three of the control group were sacrificed at intervals of four days to observe histopathologic, hematologic, and bone mineral density (BMD) alterations, as well as to measure the uranium content in bone as function of time, using the Solid State Nuclear Track Detector technique. It was observed congestion, vacuolar degeneration, hepatocytes misalignment, fibrosis and necrosis in liver. These alterations were initiated in treated animals fed for three days with diets containing U and intensified in the animals treated for eleven days, suggesting the occurrence of an intertwining between radiobiological and toxicological effects. It was also observed vacuolar degeneration, hyaline cylinders, fibrosis and necrosis in the kidneys of the treated animals, all initiated after fourteen days of treatment, and these effects were attributed to the nephrotoxic character of the Uranyl Nitrate. It was found out that the BMD was not altered in the short range term of treatment, that is, treatments of twenty-one and twenty-eight days, but appreciably reduced in the long range term. There was substantial accumulation of uranium in bones and teeth, where it was measured concentrations of 1.139 ± 0.057 ppm and 0.705 ± 0.092 ppm, respectively. The uranium concentration in the bones of animals of the control group were low and approximately constant.

As fraturas dos ossos longos são geralmente provocadas por esforços dinâmicos de impacto (choque). O esclarecimento do comportamento de ossos submetidos a testes controlados de impacto pode representar um aprofundamento no conhecimento geral sobre as questões que envolvem a ocorrência das fraturas. Os testes de impacto são, de modo geral, realizados por meio de uma máquina especificamente desenvolvida, provida de um martelo pendular que incide sobre corpos de prova do material testado. Porém, as máquinas de impacto disponíveis no mercado são projetadas para ensaiar materiais com dimensões definidas de acordo com a norma relativa ao tipo de material, que não são adaptadas para materiais biológicos. Os materiais biológicos são em geral anisotrópicos, o que impede a confecção de corpos de prova com formas e dimensões rigorosamente padronizadas, como acontece com os materiais não biológicos. Desta forma, uma máquina de ensaio de impacto para materiais biológicos deve ser, necessariamente, especificamente desenvolvida para essa finalidade, com a principal característica de que os apoios dos corpos de prova possam ser mudados de forma e posição conforme as necessidades de cada material em teste. Foi o objetivo deste trabalho, projetar, construir e testar, comparativamente a outra máquina comercialmente disponível, uma máquina de ensaio de impacto especificamente destinada a materiais biológicos, com possibilidade de variação dos vãos entre os apoios dos corpos de prova, o que flexibiliza o ensaio de acordo com as características de cada material. / Fractures of long bones are generally caused by dynamic impact loads (shock). Studying clearing the behaviour of bones submitted to controlled impact tests may contribute to deepen the general knowledge on the phenomena involving the event of fractures. The impact tests are usually carried out with a specially designed machine, provided with a pendulum hammer which strikes on specimens of the tested material. However, the commercially available impact testing machines are designed for isotropic materials, of definite shape and dimensions according to standards specific for each material, which are not adapted for biologic materials. The biologic materials are in general anisotropic by nature, what prevents the construction of test pieces with rigorously standardised shape and dimensions, as it happens with non-biological materials. Therefore, especially designed impact testing machine should be developed for this purpose. lts a main characteristic would be that the test pieces supports can be changed and moved, to adapt to their shapes and dimensions. The design, development and test of as impact testing machine specifically designed for bone, comparing it to another conmercially available machine, was the aim of this work machine developed enables the variation of the distance between the test piece supports, which allows to carry out tests according to the physical characteristics of any test piece.

Este estudo investigou o efeito da Roziglitazona (RTZ) sobre a perda óssea alveolar induzida pela periodontite (POAIP). Durante 3 semanas, ratos receberam sal puro de RTZ (i.p.) ou a formulaço comercial Avandia<font face=\"Symbol\">&#210; (v.o.); os grupos controles receberam os repectiovos veículos (DMSO ou CMC). Duas semanas após o inicio do tratamento, a periodontite (P) foi induzida. Após 7 dias da indução da P, as mandíbulas foram removidas para mediço da perda óssea alveolar. Amostras de osso alveolar foram analisadas por qPCR para RUNX2, Osterix, TRAF6, TRAF2, RANKL, óxido nítrico sintases (e, n e iNOS) e PPARs (<font face=\"Symbol\">a, <font face=\"Symbol\">b e <font face=\"Symbol\">g). A farmacocinética da RTZ para cada formulaço foi estudada por HPLC-MS/MS. Tanto o sal puro como a formulaço comercial de RTZ resultou no agravamento da POAIP. Apesar dos resultados similares nas concentrações plasmáticas de RTZ os mecanismos de sinalizaço parecem depender da formulaço administrada a qual pode ser devido a interferência do veículo. / This study investigate the effects of rosiglitazone (RTZ) on periodontitis-induced alveolar bone loss (PIABL). Rats received RTZ during 3 weeks, either as the pure maleate salt (i.p.) or the commercial formulation Avandia<font face=\"Symbol\">&#226; (p.o.); control animals received the respective vehicles (DMSO or CMC). Two weeks after the treatments begins, periodontitis (P) were induced. After 7 days after P induction, jaws were removed for ABL measurement. Alveolar bone samples were analyzed by qPCR for RUNX2, Osterix, TRAF6, TRAF2, RANKL, nitric oxide sintase (e, n and iNOS) and PPARs (<font face=\"Symbol\">a, <font face=\"Symbol\">b e <font face=\"Symbol\">g). RTZ pharmacokinetics from each formulation was also studied (HPLC-MS/MS). RTZ, either from the pure maleate salt or the commercial Avandia, resulted in aggravated PIABL. Despite resulting in similar plasma RTZ concentrations, signaling mechanisms seem to depend on the administered formulation which could be due to vehicle related effects interfence.

A óxido nítrico sintase induzível (iNOS) é uma enzima responsável pela síntese do óxido nítrico, envolvido na regulação de vários processos fisiológicos, com destaque para relevantes efeitos sobre o tecido ósseo. Entretanto, o papel da iNOS no reparo ósseo alveolar permanece pouco conhecido. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o papel da iNOS no processo de reparo ósseo alveolar pósexodontia em condições homeostáticas (controle) e infecciosas em camundongos. Para isso, foram utilizados animais das linhagens WT (C57Bl/6) e iNOSKO, divididos em 2 grupos, condição homeostática (exodontia do incisivo superior direito) e alveolite experimental (induzida pela inoculação de uma suspensão de cultura bacteriana), e analisados de acordo com os diferentes períodos experimentais (0, 7, 14 e 21 dias pós-exodontia), através da análise histomorfométrica e molecular. Na análise histomorfométrica, avaliou-se a densidade de volume das estruturas referentes ao coágulo sanguíneo, tecido conjuntivo e tecido ósseo. Na análise molecular, quantificou-se a expressão de mRNA codificando genes de marcadores do metabolismo ósseo; marcadores de osteoclastos; citocinas e quimiocinas, através de reações de RealTimePCR. A expressão de iNOS esteve presente durante todo o processo de reparo ósseo alveolar nos camundongos C57Bl/6, porém de maneira mais expressiva no período de 7 dias pós-exodontia, e se mostrou aumentada pela indução de alveolite. A análise histomorfométrica demonstrou discretas alterações no processo de reparo ósseo alveolar, na ausência de iNOS, tanto em condições homeostáticas quanto infecciosas. Em condições homeostáticas, a ausência de iNOS não impactou de forma significativa o processo de reparo ósseo alveolar pósexodontia, mas se mostrou associada à modulação de vasos sanguíneos. Já em condições infecciosas, a ausência de iNOS se mostrou associada à modulação de células inflamatórias, osteoblastos e osteoclastos. De forma geral, conclui-se que embora a enzima iNOS module certos aspectos do processo de reparo ósseo alveolar de forma pontual, sua ausência não interferiu de forma significativa nesse processo. / The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of nitric oxide, a reactive molecule involved in the regulation of several physiological processes, highlighting relevant effects on bone tissue. However, the role of iNOS in alveolar bone repair remains unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of iNOS in alveolar bone healing process after dental extraction in homeostatic and infectious conditions in mice. With this aim, WT (C57Bl/6) and iNOSKO mice strains were divided into 2 groups, homeostatic condition (extraction of the upper right incisor) and experimental alveolitis (induced by inoculation of a suspension of bacterial culture), and analyzed according to the different experimental periods (0, 7, 14 and 21 days post-extraction), through molecular and histomorphometric analysis. In histomorphometric analysis, the volume density of structures related to blood clot, tissue and bone were evaluated. The molecular analysis quantified the expression of mRNA encoding genes of defined as bone metabolism markers; osteoclast markers, as well cytokines and chemokines through RealTimePCR reactions. The expression of iNOS was detected during the all process of the alveolar bone repair in C57Bl/6 mice, with an expression peak at 7 days post-extraction time point, and was significantly enhanced by alveolitis induction. Histomorphometric analysis showed small changes in alveolar bone repair process in the absence of iNOS, in both homeostatic as infectious conditions. Under homeostatic conditions, the absence of iNOS did not impact significantly the process of alveolar bone healing after dental extraction, but it was associated with modulation of blood vessels formation. In the infectious conditions scenario, the absence of iNOS was associated with modulation of inflammatory cells, osteoblasts and osteoclasts counts. In general, it is concluded that even the enzyme iNOS module some aspects of alveolar bone repair in a particular and punctual manner, their absence does not interfere significantly in the overall outcome of alveolar bone repair process.

Sabe-se que o estudo da anatomia é de fundamental importância para todo e qualquer procedimento médico-cirúrgico, como também para o entendimento de toda a fisiologia e das doenças que acometem os seres vivos. Porém, para a prática da odontologia veterinária, especialidade que vem crescendo sobremaneira nos últimos anos, nota-se a ausência de uma compilação única do estudo anatômico da cabeça das espécies mais tratadas, especificamente cães e gatos. Considera-se, portanto, oportuno realizar um estudo geral dos ossos do crânio, dando ênfase ao sistema estomatognático e incluindo a articulação temporomandibular, visando descrever, ilustrar e correlacionar suas estruturas, aplicando este conhecimento na prática cirúrgica, ressaltando os pontos de maior importância para o desempenho da especialidade, disponibilizando uma base de conhecimento que atue como um \"guia&quot; para o médico-veterinário que se interessa e pratica a odontologia veterinária. Para a realização das ilustrações, crânios de cães e gatos foram preparados pela técnica de maceração, fotografados e radiografados, com suas estruturas ósseas identificadas de acordo com as necessidades da correlação cirúrgica. / The study of anatomy is important to accomplish any kind of surgical and medical procedure and to understand the physiology and the diseases that happen in animals. Nowadays, veterinary dentistry is an important area of veterinary medicine which has been increasing and improving during the last years. However, currently, the veterinarian can not find any specific and exclusive literature about head anatomy of dogs and cats. It is therefore important to perform a study of the bones of the cranium, specially the bones of the stomatognathic system, including the temporomandibular joint, describing and illustrating the most important structures and correlating this knowledge with the surgical procedures. This paper serves the veterinarians that work with dentistry as a \"guide&quot;. The illustrations and the radiographs were made with macerated craniums of dogs and cats and had the structures identified according to the surgical necessities.