In the United States, a growing number of young people are failing to launch into self-sufficiency, a characteristic of adulthood recognized by most cultural groups. These "boomerang children" return home and interrupt the life course development of their "empty nest" mothers who must suspend plans for self-development. How mothers from different socioeconomic backgrounds cope with this countertransitional phenomenon while preparing their children for successful relaunch is not well known. Elder's life course paradigm provided the theoretical framework for this phenomenological study. Perceptions were collected from an ethnically diverse group of 23 empty nest mothers with 30 boomerang children and seven boomerang grandchildren from five U.S. states, recruited using criterion-based convenience sample. Data were collected through recorded telephone interviews that were transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using Saldana's codes-categories-emergent themes model. The findings revealed that boomerang children caused emotional and financial distress, a reassessment of parenting skills, and that boomerang grandchildren reinvigorated the mother's prime identity as a caregiver. These findings were consistent regardless of ethnicity or socioeconomic status. This study contributes to the empirical literature by depicting the boomerang phenomenon as a shift in cultural expectations which represents a new phase in the life course development paradigm. Findings from this study can also guide the work of future researchers, assist mental health counselors who deal with these issues, and inform school guidance counselors who design career trajectories for students.

In the United States, a growing number of young people are failing to launch into self-sufficiency, a characteristic of adulthood recognized by most cultural groups. These â??boomerang childrenâ?? return home and interrupt the life course development of their â??empty nestâ?? mothers who must suspend plans for self-development. How mothers from different socioeconomic backgrounds cope with this countertransitional phenomenon while preparing their children for successful relaunch is not well known. Elder's life course paradigm provided the theoretical framework for this phenomenological study. Perceptions were collected from an ethnically diverse group of 23 empty nest mothers with 30 boomerang children and seven boomerang grandchildren from five U.S. states, recruited using criterion-based convenience sample. Data were collected through recorded telephone interviews that were transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using Saldana's codes-categories-emergent themes model. The findings revealed that boomerang children caused emotional and financial distress, a reassessment of parenting skills, and that boomerang grandchildren reinvigorated the mother's prime identity as a caregiver. These findings were consistent regardless of ethnicity or socioeconomic status. This study contributes to the empirical literature by depicting the boomerang phenomenon as a shift in cultural expectations which represents a new phase in the life course development paradigm. Findings from this study can also guide the work of future researchers, assist mental health counselors who deal with these issues, and inform school guidance counselors who design career trajectories for students.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att genom en fallstudie av företaget Boomerang utreda hur ett varumärkeskoncept med en stark koppling till företagets ursprungsland påverkar beslutsfattandet kopplat till företagets internationalisering. Med avstamp i det teoretiska ramverket där det beskrivs hur country of origin som en del av ett varumärkeskoncept kan påverka ett företags internationalisering genomfördes intervjuer med Boomerangs VD och med företagets marknadschef. Resultatet av intervjuerna visade att det är av vikt att ett företag utvärderar om country of origin är en framgångsrik del av varumärkeskonceptet då det avgör hur varumärket uppfattas på en internationell marknad. Det visar sig även vara viktigt för Boomerang att noggrant utvärdera eventuella partners vid internationaliseringen via triader då företagets varumärkeskoncept behöver kommuniceras på ett enhetligt sätt på samtliga marknader och för att undvika risken att bilden av Boomerang blir splittrad och otydlig.

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Ruthenium - catalyzed olefin metathesis is now an invaluable tool in organic synthesis. However, routes to the dominant metathesis catalysts, the second - generation Grubbs and Hoveyda catalysts (RuCl 2 (PCy 3 )(H 2 IMes)(=CHPh) and RuCl 2 (H 2 IMes)[= CH( o - O i Pr)C 6 H 4 ], respectively) are plagued with problems. The common reliance on in situ methods to generate the N - heterocyclic carbene H 2 IMes severely limits stoichiometric control, and results in contamination by byproducts, some of which are readily overlooked, and some of which are difficult to remove. Both can affect batch - to - batch reproducibility in catalysis. This thesis work demonstrated that widespread perceptions of the instability of free H 2 IMes are erroneous, and that the free carbene is readily handled under water - free conditions. Clean, convenient, near - quantitative routes were developed to these second - generation catalysts by ligand exchange of their first - gen eration counterparts RuCl 2 (PCy 3 ) 2 (=CHPh), RuCl 2 (PCy 3 )[= CH( o - O i Pr)C 6 H 4 ] with free H 2 IMes, with sequestration of the liberated phosphine by an ion - exchange resin. A second focus was examination of a much - debated hypothesis in olefin metathesis: that is, the extent to which the high productivity of the Hoveyda catalysts reflects re - uptake of the styrenyl ether functionality released in the initial cycle of metathesis. Current evidence for and against this "boomerang" hypothesis is critically examined, and new approaches to examining its operation are described. Specifically, the rate of decomposition, vs. re - uptake, is examined for the active species RuCl 2 (PCy 3 )(=CH 2 ), and background exchange of the parent catalyst with free styrenyl ether is measured by use of a 13 C - labelled styrenyl ether. These studies confirm the relevance of the boomerang mechanism for first - generation Hoveyda catalysts.

Ruthenium - catalyzed olefin metathesis is now an invaluable tool in organic synthesis. However, routes to the dominant metathesis catalysts, the second - generation Grubbs and Hoveyda catalysts (RuCl 2 (PCy 3 )(H 2 IMes)(=CHPh) and RuCl 2 (H 2 IMes)[= CH( o - O i Pr)C 6 H 4 ], respectively) are plagued with problems. The common reliance on in situ methods to generate the N - heterocyclic carbene H 2 IMes severely limits stoichiometric control, and results in contamination by byproducts, some of which are readily overlooked, and some of which are difficult to remove. Both can affect batch - to - batch reproducibility in catalysis. This thesis work demonstrated that widespread perceptions of the instability of free H 2 IMes are erroneous, and that the free carbene is readily handled under water - free conditions. Clean, convenient, near - quantitative routes were developed to these second - generation catalysts by ligand exchange of their first - gen eration counterparts RuCl 2 (PCy 3 ) 2 (=CHPh), RuCl 2 (PCy 3 )[= CH( o - O i Pr)C 6 H 4 ] with free H 2 IMes, with sequestration of the liberated phosphine by an ion - exchange resin. A second focus was examination of a much - debated hypothesis in olefin metathesis: that is, the extent to which the high productivity of the Hoveyda catalysts reflects re - uptake of the styrenyl ether functionality released in the initial cycle of metathesis. Current evidence for and against this "boomerang" hypothesis is critically examined, and new approaches to examining its operation are described. Specifically, the rate of decomposition, vs. re - uptake, is examined for the active species RuCl 2 (PCy 3 )(=CH 2 ), and background exchange of the parent catalyst with free styrenyl ether is measured by use of a 13 C - labelled styrenyl ether. These studies confirm the relevance of the boomerang mechanism for first - generation Hoveyda catalysts.

Denna studie syftar till att skapa förståelse för hur avgående yrkesofficerares möjligheter till en reengagering i Försvarsmakten kan öka. Arbetsmarknaden präglas i dag av en personell rörlighet mellan företag och organisationer samt de individuella kraven på utvecklingsmöjligheter och meningsfullhet är höga. Om en organisation kan anpassa sig till dessa förhållanden kan en återbetalning i form av ny kompetens och engagemang komma att ske genom reengagering. Med reengagering menar vi en avgående yrkesofficer som åter tjänstgör i Försvarsmakten som tidvis tjänstgörande reservofficer, tjänstgöring i internationell tjänst, eller åter som kontinuerligt tjänstgörande yrkesofficer.Studiens resultat visar att validering av civil kompetens, tillgängliggörande av lediga yrkesofficersbefattningar och ett positivt avslut på en anställning ökar möjligheterna till en reengagering. Att erbjuda reservofficersavtal, tillgång till ett personligt nätverk eller medlemskap i alumninätverk vid avgången ökar möjligheterna ytterligare. Andra faktorer som ökar möjligheterna är personlig och dynamisk arbetsgivarkontakt samt att på ett personligt plan erbjuda anställning. Slutligen, och inte minst, ser vi att individens starka identitetskänsla som yrkesofficer i Försvarsmakten är en central och attraherande faktor: En gång officer - alltid officer!Denna kvalitativa, intervjubaserade och induktiva studie bidrar till ökad förståelse för faktorer som påverkar en återanställning i en försvarsmaktskontext. Studien bidrar vidare till ökad förståelse för de kulturella band som en organisation och dess deltagare kan ha till en individ och hur banden kan få individen att återvända till sin tidigare arbetsgivare. / This study aims to create an understanding of how, military officer´s departing, possibilities for re-engagement could be strengthened. Today’s labor market is incused by high movement of personnel between organizations and by high individual demands on potentiality and meaningfulness with employment. If an organization manages to adapt to these circumstances it could enjoy a refund in new knowledge and dedication that comes with a re-engagement. With a re-engagement we refer to a former military officer who, now working outside the Armed Forces returns to continuous service, international service or occasional service.The results of the study show that validating civil competence, making available jobs visible and searchable, and striving for a positive departure when quitting, increases the possibilities for a re-engagement. When offered an opportunity to serve as an officer in the reserve and given access to an alumni network when quitting, possibilities for a re-engagement increases further. Additional factors that strengthen possibilities are personal and dynamic working relations and personally addressed job offers. Finally, but not least, the strong sense of identity that is inherent with military officers is a fundamental and attractive factor: Once an officer – always an officer!This qualitative, interview based and inductive study contributes to increased knowledge on factors that have an impact on re-engagement in a military context. The study further increases understanding of cultural ties between an organization and individuals and how these ties may affect a person's choice to return to a former employer.

Three scenarios regarding a target man's moral behavior were used to examine 'religious halo' 'religious boomerang', and a 'halo recovery' effect. Initially, participants rated a male target in response to his religious affiliation. Secondly, participants rated the male target following an act of infidelity. Finally, participants provided ratings of the male target with the knowledge that the target received forgiveness from significant others. Results indicated that participants did not discriminate based on knowledge of the target's religious affiliation but did reject the target following an act of infidelity. New to this research, however, was discovery of a 'halo recovery' where participants were again accepting of a target following forgiveness from his wife and church leaders. These results varied from previous findings that suggested that participants' religious affiliation primarily influenced judgments of moral behavior.

Recent years have witnessed several real threats to the most widely used hash functions which are generally inspired from MD4, such as MD5, RIPEMD, SHA0 and SHA1. These extraordinary developments in cryptanalysis of hash functions brought the attention of the cryptology researchers to the alternative designs. Tiger is an important type of alternative hash functions and is proved to be secure so far as there is no known collision attack on the full (24 rounds) Tiger. It is designed by Biham and Anderson in 1995 to be very fast on modern computers. In two years some weaknesses have been found for Tiger-hash function. First, in FSE 006 Kelsey and Lucks found a collision for 16-17 rounds of Tiger and a pseudo-near-collision for 20 rounds. Then, Mendel et al extended this attack to find 19-round collision and 22-round pseudo-near-collision. Finally in 2007, Mendel and Rijmen found a pseudo-near-collision for the full Tiger. In this work, we modify the attack of Kelsey and Lucks slightly and present the exact values of the differences used in the attack. Moreover, there have been several cryptanalysis papers investigating the randomness properties of the designed hash functions under the encryption modes. In these papers, related-key boomerang and related-key rectangle attacks are performed on MD4,MD5, HAVAL and SHA. In this thesis, we introduce our 17,19 and 21-round related-key boomerang and rectangle distinguishers to the encryption mode of Tiger.

Recent developments in international relations have seen dramatic increases in the number and activities of human rights non-governmental organisations (NGOs). This has inspired research that seeks to explain processes of human rights socialisation, particularly in crisis zones. In this context, NGO advocacy is often welcomed as being inherently beneficial for adherence to human rights principles. Such a position, however, fails to account for the critiques offered by theorists who suggest that the wielding of any power to affect change can have negative as well as positive outcomes, and the critiques of realist international relations theorists who assert the dangers of unqualified promotion of normative concerns in the face of power interests. In this context, this thesis offers a critical evaluation of the contributions of NGO advocacy in human rights socialisation. Two models of human rights socialisation – the spiral and boomerang models – are utilised in examining human rights advocacy in West Papua, a province of Indonesia. The West Papuan case study indicates that detrimental outcomes can result from the failure of human rights advocates to account for political interests and state sovereignty in their strategies of human rights promotion. Human rights campaigns framed in terms of people’s rights to physical security and subsistence, instead of more political rights, such as the right to selfdetermination, are likely to be more positive for human rights adherence. This points to the desirability of a hierarchy of rights principles in human rights advocacy and suggests, for the socialisation models used, a need for clearer distinctions between the human rights principles prescribed for advocacy.