This paper will analyse code-switching, borrowing, slang, and covert or overt prestige in online and television media. The days of OOH (Out Of Home) advertising are becoming obsolete and moving toward a digital age. South African press aims to create advertising inclusive of all creeds, genders, cultures, and classes, in which all walks of life interact in an ideal society and with humour specific to the locality. Thus, the paper will analyse the advertisers using these linguistic terms, such as code-switching, etc., to create these realities in these advertisements and how they are presented tactically.  The source material is twenty video advertisements ranging from the last fifteen years, 2007-2022. All videos are deconstructed and then examined when and where code-switching, borrowing, slang, and other more seldomly used tactics are found. The advertisements range from banks to fast food companies, which should allow the formality of the ad to have differences in how they approach specific target audiences and the general message they attempt to convey. The results show that all the videos contained two or more code switches, borrowings and slang words or phrases. This proved that their inclusion in the advertisement was not by chance but rather calculated and intentional. They were strategically placed to either add comedy or South Africanise the advertisement to create inclusion. Many adverts used stereotypical language that proved that the adverts were explicitly South Africans as they would only have the exclusivity of understanding it.  This supports that this strategy could be the best way for advertisers to create better engagements for future advertising.

Работа посвящена одной из актуальных проблем современной лингвистики – усвоению иноязычных элементов русским языком. В работе осуществлен комплексный анализ слов с иноязычными суффиксами -абельн-, -ибельн- в диахронии и синхронии: рассмотрена история появления слов с данными суффиксами в русском языке, выявлены пути пополнения словарного состава языка лексемами с суффиксами -абельн-, -ибельн-, исследован процесс фонетической, грамматической и семантической адаптации слов с данными формантами в русском языке, охарактеризованы модификации словообразовательного значения, описана продуктивность данных суффиксов. Для того, чтобы определить степень освоенности суффиксов -абельн-, -ибельн- рядовыми носителями языка, были исследованы проявления функционирования метаязыкового сознания носителей языка в отношении слов с этими суффиксами. В приложении представлен словарь с суффиксами -абельн-, -ибельн-. / This master’s degree paper studies the assimilation of borrowed morphemes by the Russian language. The work presents a diachronic and synchronic comprehensive analysis of words with the suffixes -абельн-, -ибельн-. The author considers the history of words with these suffixes in the Russian language, the ways of replenishing the vocabulary with lexemes containing these suffixes, the process of phonetic, grammatical and semantic adaptation of words with these morphemes. The meaning modifications of the formants -абельн-, -ибельн- are characterized in the Russian language, which makes it possible to describe the productivity of these suffixes. In order to determine the degree of native speakers’ being familiar with the suffixes studied, there are investigated the manifestations of the metalanguage consciousness functioning in relation to corresponding lexemes. The appendix contains a dictionary of Russian words with the suffixes -абельн-, -ибельн-.

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The dissertation tries to explain why most of the Bapedi people do not feel free to speak their language when they are among other communities. It explains why the speakers of the so-called ‘inferior’ dialects of the Limpopo Province have an inferiority complex while the speakers of the ‘superior’ dialects are confident when speaking their dialects. The standardisation of the Northern Sotho Language Board and the missionary activities within the Bapedi communities led to the creation of 'superior' and ‘inferior’ dialects. A detailed discussion is presented of the social rural and urban varieties, which found in Bapedi culture. Some of these varieties are kept secret and therefore are unknown to the public; and others, which are not secretive in nature. The use of language and the impact of language contact between languages is discussed. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

The purpose of this study is to observe some factors that may affect the understanding of subtraction with borrowing. The study is done in a foreign environment, in Kenya. Factors that will be looked into are: the classroom environment, the situation of learning in a second language. The study will also observe factors that can cause an erroneous answer and what those may look like. Within this area manipulatives will be mentioned. The study has used a qualitative as well as quantitative approach. The qualitative method has been accomplished through interviews and observations, the quantitative method through tests given to the learners. For the analysis of the observations, Cobb’s and Yackel’s model (1995) of the mathematical classroom has been used. The study is interpreted from a sociocultural perspective focusing interaction. The result in this study shows that the interaction in the classroom is important to the individual learning, perceptions of mathematics and the expectations on the individual. Learning in a second language can be a barrier. The use of manipulatives can work as a scaffold, but it can also hinder the learner to develop a deeper understanding. / Syftet med studien är att studera faktorer som kan påverka förståelsen av subtraktion med växling. Studien är gjord i en annan lärmiljö, i Kenya. Faktorer som kommer att uppmärksammas är lärmiljön i klassrummet och att inlärningen sker på ett för eleven andra språk. Studien kommer också att uppmärksamma faktorer som kan bidra till ett felaktigt svar och hur de kan se ut. Inom detta område kommer laborativt material nämnas. Studien har både ett kvalitativt och kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt. Den kvalitativa metoden har genomförts genom intervjuer och observationer, den kvantitativa metoden med hjälp av elevtester. Cobbs och Yackels (1995) modell över matematik klassrummet har använts som analysmaterial. Studien tolkas utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. Focus är på interaktionen.   Resultaten i studien visar att interaktionen I klassrummet är viktigt för det individuella lärandet, uppfattningen om matematik och förväntningar på individen. Undervisning på ett andra språk kan bli ett hinder. Användandet av laborativt material kan fungera som ett stöd, men kan också hindra utvecklandet av en djupare förståelse.

<strong>Introduction – Dearomatisation of Heteroaromatic Compounds</strong> The introduction provides a survey of dearomatisation reaction of heteroaromatics, with a particular focus on pyridines/pyridinium salts and furans. The mechanism, scope, and limitations of various approaches are covered, along with the goals of this project. <strong>Results and Discussion – Dearomatisation of Electron-Deficient Heteroaromatics</strong> This chapter initially explores the asymmetric addition of organometallic nucleophiles to pyridinium salts bearing a chiral counterion. Unfortunately, this approach ultimately proved unsuccessful, due to low observed enantioselectivities, and the low solubility of such salts. The second part of this chapter concerns the attempted asymmetric addition of dicarbonyl nucleophiles to electron-deficient furans, under conditions of chiral phase-transfer catalysts, affording bicyclic products in moderate enantioselectivity. Various alternative routes were also explored for the dearomatisation of furans and benzenoid systems. <strong>Introduction – Hydrogen Borrowing Alkylation Reactions with Alcohols</strong> The introduction surveys the range of methods available for the alkylation of various nucleophiles with alcohols under transition metal-catalysed conditions. Related methodologies are also explored, along with methods for the dehydrogenation of methanol. <strong>Results and Discussion - Rhodium-catalysed Methylation of Ketones Using Methanol</strong> This chapter describes the development of a novel ketone α-methylation using methanol. The development of reaction conditions is explored, followed by expansion of the substrate scope, including limitations of the methylation reaction. Mechanistic investigations support a methanol oxidation, aldol reaction/elimination, conjugate reduction pathway. Investigations into the role of O2 in the methylation reaction proved inconclusive. The utility of the reaction was also expanded via one-pot dialkylation reactions (work by Di Shen), Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of the products, and an attempted asymmetric transfer-hydrogenation. <strong>Results and Discussion - Interrupted Hydrogen Borrowing Reactions of Methanol</strong> This chapter looks to intercept intermediates from the α-methylation reaction. The selective methylenation of ketones is described, and a range of nucleophiles are screened for further functionalisation of ketones. Finally, a number of nucleophiles, including nitroalkanes, amines, peroxides and boronic acids are applied to one pot methylenation/conjugate addition protocols, affording complex products after two steps in one reaction vessel. <strong>Experimental</strong> Full experimental procedures and spectroscopic characterisation of compounds are provided.

The dissertation tries to explain why most of the Bapedi people do not feel free to speak their language when they are among other communities. It explains why the speakers of the so-called ‘inferior’ dialects of the Limpopo Province have an inferiority complex while the speakers of the ‘superior’ dialects are confident when speaking their dialects. The standardisation of the Northern Sotho Language Board and the missionary activities within the Bapedi communities led to the creation of 'superior' and ‘inferior’ dialects. A detailed discussion is presented of the social rural and urban varieties, which found in Bapedi culture. Some of these varieties are kept secret and therefore are unknown to the public; and others, which are not secretive in nature. The use of language and the impact of language contact between languages is discussed. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

The diploma thesis An analysis of the history of French borrowings' pronunciation from Middle to Modern English on the basis of corpus data attempts to account for the influence of Old French borrowings and their pronunciation on the Middle English phonological system with respect to Modern English. The theoretical part of the thesis explains extralinguistic and intralinguistic aspects of language contact and the related lexical and phonological borrowing, which is followed by an overview of the history of the English and French phonological systems and complemented by the corresponding scribal practices. The research is carried out on a list of French loans extracted from and further studied in Oxford English Dictionary. Selected samples are looked up in a Middle English corpus and their probable pronunciation is inferred on the basis of their orthography. The analysis is concerned with five French phonemes absent in the medieval English.

Cette thèse étudie le lexique international de l’homosexualité d’un point de vue linguistique, en prenant comme point de départ le fait que les internationalismes sont des emprunts lexicaux qui doivent être étudiés dans une perspective historique et comparative. Après une réflexion critique sur les différentes approches à l’étude de l’emprunt linguistique (philologique vs. sociolinguistique), qui situe la problématique dans le cadre de la néologie en général, il s’agissait d’évaluer jusqu’à quel point le vocabulaire de l’homosexualité dans plusieurs langues d’Europe – le français, l’italien, l’espagnol, l’anglais et l’allemand – résulte de phénomènes d’emprunts lexématiques ou de calques, en émettant et en testant l’hypothèse selon laquelle la plupart de ces dénominations relèvent de la monogenèse, et non de la polygenèse. Pour ce faire, on suit le parcours historique de chaque lexème, dans chaque langue, pour mettre en relief les points de contact entre elles. La nomenclature consiste en 13 séries monographiques : sodomie, contre nature, bougre, bardache, tribade, pédérastie, saphisme, lesbienne, uranisme, inversion, homosexualité (avec hétérosexualité, bisexualité, transsexualité), gay, queer. Chaque série est divisée par langue, pour que les représentants de chacune des cinq langues soient traités selon leurs propres termes. À travers de très nombreux exemples textuels – majoritairement inédits – et une analyse puisant dans une lecture exhaustive de la lexicographie et des sources secondaires, cette thèse propose de multiples corrections, précisions, antédatations et découvertes sur le lexique étudié. / This thesis is a linguistic study of the international lexicon of homosexuality, taking as its central assumption that internationalisms are the product of lexical borrowing and must be studied in a historical comparative perspective. Following a critical review of different approaches to loanword studies (philological vs. sociolinguistic), which places the problem within the more general realm of the neologism, the aim was to assess to what extent the shared homosexual lexicon in several European languages – French, Italian, Spanish, English and German – results from borrowing (loanwords or calques), by testing the hypothesis that most of these denominations can be traced back to a single origin, rather than being independently constructed. The path of each lexeme in each language is followed in order to highlight the points of contact between languages. The nomenclature consists of 13 monographic series: sodomy, against nature, buggery, bardash (with berdache), tribade, pederasty, sapphism, lesbian, uranism, inversion, homosexuality (with heterosexuality, bisexuality, transsexuality), gay, queer. Each series is divided by language so that the representatives of each of the five languages are treated on their own terms. Through a wealth of textual examples – many never before studied – and an analysis drawing on a comprehensive reading of the lexicography and major secondary sources, this thesis presents numerous corrections, clarifications, antedatings and discoveries on the lexicon under study.

L’incursion de l’Islam en Afrique subsaharienne à partir du IXe siècle, s’est opérée via le commerce transsaharien entre les peuples d’Afrique du Nord et ceux du Sahel. Ce contact entretenu par les caravanes commerciales entre les deux peuples a engendré l’islamisation progressive de la population hausaphone. Sous l’influence de l’arabe, plusieurs vocables sont introduits dans le lexique du hausa. Cet effet islamique s’accompagne d’une révolution dans la production de la littérature arabe-ajami. Grâce à l’adaptation de l’écriture ajami, Nana Asma’u, une polyglotte de renommée écrit au 18e siècle, plusieurs œuvres poétiques dont la plupart sont en langues - hausa, fulfulde et arabe. Sur la base de ces observations, cette thèse se propose d’analyser les emprunts lexicaux arabes dans les œuvres poétiques de l’auteur, et leur intégration dans la langue hausa. Sur le plan méthodologique, notre travail de recherche s’appuie sur la combinaison de deux méthodes : linguistique et statistique ; ce qui nous a permis d’analyser tous les phénomènes afférant au métissage linguistique et culturel dans les œuvre de Nana Asma’u. Notre corpus comprend 15 œuvres poétiques que nous avons lemmatisées en préalable aux calculs statistiques à l’aide du logiciel Excel. Les principaux résultats obtenus sur les formes graphiques, montrent une fréquence d’utilisation très élevée des emprunts arabes. L’association de l’analyse linguistique et des traitements informatiques, nous a permis ainsi de confirmer, de façon formelle et impartiale, que la plupart des emprunts les plus fréquents relèvent de domaines religieux, et donc liés aux lexiques de situation. / The incursion of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa from the 19th Century was operated through trans-Saharan commerce between the peoples of North Africa and those of the Sahel. This contact, maintained by the commercial caravans of these two peoples engendered the progressive islamisation of the Hausa-speaking populations. Under the influence of Arabic, several terms were introduced into Hausa lexicon. This Islamic effect comes with a revolution in the production of Arabic-Ajami literature. Thanks to the adaptation of Ajami writing, Nana Asma’u, a renowned polyglot, wrote several poetic works in the 18th Century, most of which are in the Hausa, Fulfulde and Arabic languages. On the basis of these observations, this thesis proposes to analyse the borrowed Arabic lexicon in the poetic works of the author, and their integration into the Hausa language. From the methodological perspective, our research work relies on a combination of two methods: linguistic and statistical; which enable us to analyse all the phenomena relating to linguistic and cultural hybridization in the works of Nana Asma’u. Our corpus is made up of poetic works that we have first of all lemmatized using statistical calculations with the help of Excel software. The principal results, obtained in the form graphs, indicate a frequency of very high usage of words borrowed from Arabic. The association of the linguistic and computer analyses enabled us to confirm, in a formal and impartial manner, that most of the frequent borrowings fall under religious domains, and as such linked to situational vocabulary.