The aim of this Magister Degree Project has been to investigate if can corpora be used to investigate patterns of lexical distribution and/or borrowing from one variety to another. Another aim has been to investigate how well classification of lexical items as either “British” or “American” supported by evidence from corpora of English. In order to accomplish these aims sets of lexical items have been examined in two ways: first through dictionary research and “dictionary dating”, and second through the use of such English corpora as the British National Corpus (BNC), the United Kingdom Web Archiving Consortium (ukWaC), and the TIME Corpus of American English. The results of this research suggest that the simplistic labelling of certain items as “American” versus “British” is sometimes misleading, and that corpus investigations on their own, though useful, may not be entirely sufficient in this context.

Cette thèse de doctorat a pour objectif de décrire la situation actuelle de la langue iaai (langue océanienne, famille austronésienne) et de proposer une analyse de ses dynamismes d’évolution. En tant que langue kanak minoritaire de Nouvelle-Calédonie, inscrite dans un contexte de contact de langues intense avec le français, le iaai connait des changements importants tant linguistiques que sociolinguistiques. Cette thèse adopte un angle d’approche à la fois double et complémentaire. D’une part, il est question de proposer une évaluation de la vitalité sociolinguistique du iaai aujourd’hui en croisant différents facteurs relevant du contexte social et ethnolinguistique dont la variété des profils de locuteurs typiques des langues en danger. D’autre part, l’analyse porte sur les évolutions au sein même du fonctionnement du iaai en abordant trois thèmes particulièrement intéressants de cette langue : (i) les changements dans le système des classificateurs possessifs ; (ii) les stratégies de néologie et de modernisation du lexique ; (iii) le cas particulier des emprunts de verbes. L’étude de ces changements s’appuie les travaux de description du iaai de la linguiste Françoise Ozanne-Rivierre (1976, 1984) auxquels sont comparés des données modernes collectées lors de trois enquêtes de terrain menées à Ouvéa depuis 2009, ainsi que grâce à une collaboration soutenue avec une informatrice, locutrice native, à Lyon. Au final, ce travail de recherche met en exergue l’entrelacement de différentes dynamiques entre modernisation, obsolescence et résilience linguistique en iaai. / This PhD thesis describes the current situation of Iaai (an Oceanic language from the Austronesian family) and provides an analysis of its dynamics. As a minority Kanak language of New Caledonia, engaged in a process of intense contact with French, Iaai is experiencing significant changes both on a linguistic and sociolinguistic aspect. This thesis adopts an approach that is both dual and complementary. On the one hand, it offers an evaluation of modern Iaai’s sociolinguistic vitality, crossing different factors from the social and ethno-linguistic context together with the high variety of speakers, typical of endangered languages. On the other hand, the analysis focuses on language change by addressing three particularly interesting themes in Iaai: (i) evolution in the system of possessive classifiers; (ii) strategies of neology and of modernization of the lexicon; (iii) the particular case of verbal borrowings. The study of these changes is based on the linguistic description of Iaai made by Françoise Ozanne-Rivierre (1976, 1984) which is compared with modern data collected during three fieldworks conducted in Ouvea since 2009, as well as through sustained collaboration with a native speaker informant in Lyon. Finally, this research highlights the intertwining of different dynamics in Iaai between modernization, obsolescence and linguistic resilience.

Esta dissertação versa sobre o controle do endividamento dos Estados, do Distrito Federal e dos Municípios, analisando as questões jurídicas daí decorrentes em face da sua autono-mia. São examinados em primeiro lugar conceitos e classificações relacionados à dívida pública. Posteriormente, é exposta a relevância do endividamento para a atividade finan-ceira dos entes subnacionais, e as razões que tornam necessário o seu controle pela União, a fim de preservar a estabilidade econômica. Noutro giro, são analisados os quatro métodos de controle do endividamento dos entes subnacionais vigentes em diferentes países, com o aprofundamento dos métodos vigentes no Brasil. Por fim, após incursão histórica na evolu-ção da dívida dos entes subnacionais, analisam-se dispositivos da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal cuja constitucionalidade é discutível por ferir a autonomia dos Estados, do Distrito Federal e dos Municípios. / This dissertation is about the control of borrowing of the States, Federal District and Mu-nicipalities and analyses legal issues arising therefrom in light of their autonomy. Firstly, concepts and classification related to the public debt are analyzed. Later, the relevance of borrowing for the financial activity of subnational governments and the reasons that make its control by the Federal government necessary in order to preserve economic stability are exposed. In another turn, the four methods of borrowing control of the subnational gov-ernments in force in different countries are analyzed and the methods in force in Brazil are deepened. Finally, after the historical raid in the evolution of debt of the subnational gov-ernments, provisions of the Fiscal Responsibility Act, which constitutionality is questiona-ble for violating the autonomy of the States, Federal District and Municipalities are also studied.

随着社会的发展，尤其是互联网的发展，很多语言每年都涌现出了不少新词汇。词语是每个语言最基本也是最重要的组成部分，因此分析这些新词汇的结构特点以及构词法是很有意义的。这篇文章分析了2014年出现在中文里的新词汇和它们的构词方式，论文的目的是为了更好地了解中文词汇的发展和特点。本文以《2014汉语新词语》中公布的2014年出现的新词汇作为语料进行分析，发现了以下两个主要特点：第一，合成法，派生法，缩略法是2014年产生的新词汇的主要构词方式；第二， 百分之七十二的新词汇是多音节词（包含三个或者三个以上音节），而百分之八十的是名词。这些特点说明中文词汇现阶段的特点和发展趋势，跟传统的中文词汇有不同之处。 / The aim of this thesis was to investigate how new Chinese words are formed and to examine the linguistic patterns among them. This thesis focused on the analysis of Chinese words formed in 2014. The quantitative data for the analysis included a collection of 423 new Chinese words from the book 2014 汉语新词语 (hànyǔxīn cíyǔ) by Hou and Zhou. Parts of speech and number of syllables in the new words were investigated, although the focus was on word-formation processes. A discussion of derivation, blending, abbreviation, analogy, borrowing, change of meaning, compounding and inventions is also included. The share of each word-formation process used for each of the new words was presented statistically in order to reveal the significance of each word-formation process. The analysis showed that compounding, derivation and abbreviation were the major word-formation processes in 2014. The study also suggests that words formed by derivation and analogy were much more frequent in 2014, in comparison to previous studies. Furthermore, the ways words are formed in Chinese are changing and evolving, as some word-formation processes are becoming more frequently used in the formation of new words.

La version intégrale de ce mémoire est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU). / Ce mémoire s’intéresse à la citation d’œuvres romantiques par le groupe rock britannique Muse, à partir d’une dizaine de chansons représentatives de son style. Bien qu’il ne soit pas rare qu’un groupe rock se base sur une œuvre antérieure pour écrire une nouvelle chanson, Muse constitue un cas particulier puisqu’il fait très peu usage de citations littérales. Cette étude s’inspire principalement des théories de Gérard Genette et de James Peter Burkholder et classe les emprunts en diverses catégories, dont l’allusion, la paraphrase, la citation programmatique, l’arrangement cumulatif et le modelage. Dans ce dernier cas, Muse assimile l’emprunt pour communiquer une coloration romantique à sa musique, à la manière d’un pastiche. Au moins cinq chansons du groupe évoquent le Deuxième Concerto pour piano de Rachmaninov, soit « Megalomania », « Ruled by Secrecy », « Space Dementia », « Butterflies and Hurricanes » et le prélude instrumental de « Survival ». Ce mémoire analyse aussi l’allusion au Premier Concerto pour piano de Tchaïkovski dans « Hoodoo », la paraphrase du thème de l’idée fixe de la Symphonie fantastique de Berlioz dans « Glorious » et la citation de l’opéra Samson et Dalila de Saint-Saëns dans « I Belong to You ». Ce procédé a un impact sur la réception des chansons. Ainsi, la coda de la chanson « United States of Eurasia » cherche à décrire l’état d’innocence menacé par la guerre en combinant des rires d’enfants au Nocturne op. 9 no 2 de Chopin, évoquant la nostalgie d’une époque révolue. / This thesis looks at the citation of Romantic works by the British rock group Muse, based on about ten songs representative of its style. While it is not uncommon for a rock band to use a previous work to write a new song, Muse constitutes a particular case since it makes very little use of literal citation. This study is based primarily on the theories of Gérard Genette and James Peter Burkholder and classifies the borrowings in various categories, including allusion, paraphrase, programmatic citation, cumulative arrangement and modeling. For example, with modeling, Muse assimilates the borrowing in order to communicate a Romantic dimension in its music, similar to a pastiche. At least five songs of the band evoke Rachmaninov’s Piano Concerto no. 2 : “Megalomania”, “Ruled by Secrecy”, “Space Dementia”, “Butterflies and Hurricanes” and the instrumental prelude to “Survival”. This thesis also analyses the allusion to Tchaïkovski’s Piano Concerto no. 1 in “Hoodoo”, the paraphrase of the idée fixe from Berlioz’s Symphonie fantastique in “Glorious” and the citation of Saint-Saëns’ opera Samson and Delilah in “I Belong to You”. This technique has an impact on the songs’ reception. For example, the coda of the song “United States of Eurasia” seeks to describe the state of innocence threatened by war, by combining children’s laughter with Chopin’s Nocturne op. 9 no 2, thus evoking nostalgia of a bygone era.

Les activités catalytiques de complexes du ruthénium et de l'iridium ont été examinées dans trois thématiques. De nouvelles phosphines chirales bifonctionnelles à groupement acide et les complexes métalliques correspondants ont été préparés. Nous avons montré que le nouveau ligand (S)-Sulfo-binepine est très efficace pour l'hydrogénation énantiosélective de cétones aromatiques catalysée par le ruthénium et l'hydrogénation énantiosélective de cétiminesaromatiques en présence de catalyseurs de l'iridium. Sur la base d'études mécanistiques, un mécanisme de sphère externe a été proposé pour l'hydrogénation de cétones. Dans le cas de l'hydrogénation de cétimines, les intermédiaires-clés ont été obtenus, ce qui a permis de proposer deux chemins réactionnels compétitifs pour expliquer les effets sur l'énantiosélectivité. Les fonctionnalisations d'amines cycliques sur l'atome d'azote et les carbones en α et β de l'hétéroatome ont été réalisées grâce à des processus de transfert d'hydrogène assistés par des catalyseurs du ruthénium et l'iridium à ligand phosphinesulfonate. / In this doctoral thesis, the catalytic activities of new ruthenium and iridium complexes have been examined in three major topics. New chiral phosphine-containing acidic bifunctional ligands and correspondingmetalcomplexes have been prepared. (S)-Sulfo-binepine was shown to be a very efficient novel ligand for ruthenium-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of aryl ketones and iridium-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of arylketimines. Based on mechanistic studies, outer-sphere mechanism was proposed for ketone hydrogenation. For ketimine hydrogenation, the key intermediate and resting species have been obtained, allowing the proposal of two competitive reaction pathways to explain the effects on enantioselectivity. N- and(α,β)-C-functionalization of cyclic amines have been achieved via borrowing hydrogen processes assisted by ruthenium and iridium phosphinesulfonate catalysts.

Language contact is a universal phenomenon found in bilingual or multilingual societies. It is the basic and distinct quality of every culture. Language is the means by which people communicate, express their points of views, say what their feelings are and attach names to objects. As multicultural as South Africa is, it is almost impossible for one not to have an encounter with other people’s languages. This study therefore aims at investigating the influence of IsiNdebele on Sepedi learners at the primary schools around the Dennilton region in the Limpopo Province. Much has been said about language contact and its influence in urban areas but no study has yet been conducted in rural areas focusing on Sepedi and IsiNdebele speakers. In their works, researchers such as Malimabe (1990:12), Pettman (1993:3), Calteaux (1996:187) point out that urbanization has brought diverse cultures together in the townships and workplaces. To curb their language differences, lingua franca like Tsotsitaal, Iscamtho, Fanagalo and others inevitably emerged. The same happened in the Limpopo Province when the AmaNdebele came to the farms and mines seeking employment at the Marble Hall and Groblersdal areas, and some did find a place of refuge in these areas. As Pettman (1993:3) notes, various races, using different languages cannot occupy the same territory and live in daily contact without being mutually affected; each will acquire something from and in turn give something to the other. In Chapter One, the Constitutional requirement as well as the progress made in the teaching and learning of isiNdebele at the primary schools in the Dennilton region is explored. The findings in Chapter Two reveal that Amandebele children still speak isiNdebele at home but Sepedi at school. At some schools, the learners who take Sepedi first language and those who take isiNdebele first language are accommodated in one class and only separate during their first language instruction periods. This is done because of the shortage of classes but will obviously promote cross language influence, such as code-switching and code-mixing. The findings reveal that language influence is also perpetuated by multilingual families and educators. The isiNdebele speaking learners and teachers bring isiNdebele to the learning environment; hence the Sepedi speaking learners in these schools experience difficulties adjusting to the use of appropriate, standard Sepedi when they speak or write essays. The isiNdebele phonological sounds as in [z] mzala for Sepedi [ts] motswala ’cousin’, [dl] dlala for Sepedi [b] bapala ‘play’, [v] vula for Sepedi [β] bula etc. are observed to be infiltrating the Sepedi sound system and are outlined in Chapter Three. After examining the learners’ written work in Chapter Four, it is observed that there is the adaptation of phonemes on the morphological, semantic and the syntactical disciplines from isiNdebele into Sepedi lexical stock. Chapter Five recapitulates the whole study. Recommendations by the language teachers and the researcher to the Limpopo Education Department, the parents and all stakeholders involved in the teaching and learning of languages are stated in this concluding chapter. AFRIKAANS : Taalkontak is ’n universele fenomeen in tweetalige of veeltalige gemeenskappe. Dit is die basiese en onderskeidende kwaliteit van enige kultuur. Taal is die instrument waarmee mense kommunikeer, hul menings lug, hul gevoelens uitdruk en objekte benoem. Dit is byna onmoontlik om in ’n multikulturele Suid-Afrikaanse konteks nie kontak te hê met ande tale nie. Dié studie stel ondersoek in na die invloed van IsiNdebele op Sepedi leerders in laerskole rondom die Dennilton area in die Limpopo provinsie. Baie is al gesê oor taalkontak en die invloed daarvan in stedelike areas, maar geen studie is al onderneem in plattelandse gebiede wat fokus op Sepedi en IsiNdebele sprekers nie. In hul ondersoeke het navorsers soos Malimabe (1990:12), Pettman (1993:3), Calteaux (1996:187) daarop gewys dat verstedeliking diverse kulture saamgebring het in informele nedersettings en werkplekke. Om taalverskille te oorkom, het lingua francas soos Tsotsitaal, Iscamtho, Fanagalo en ander ontwikkel. Dieselfde het in die Limpopo provinsie gebeur toe die AmaNdebele na plase en myne in die Marble Hall en Groblersdal areas gekom het om werk te soek. Sommige het ’n tuiste in hierdie areas gevind. Pettman (1993:3) noem dat verskillende rasse wat verskillende tale gebruik nie dieselfde gebied kan bewoon sonder om ondeling beïnvloed te word nie; elk sal iets van die ander nodig hê en beurtelings iets aan die ander gee. In hoofstuk 1 word die konstitusionele vereiste en die vordering wat gemaak is met die onderrig en en leer van isiNdebele in laerskole in die Dennilton area ondersoek. Die bevindinge in hoofstuk 2 wys daarop dat Amandebele kinders steeds isiNdebele tuis gebruik, maar Sepedi in die skoolopset. By sommige skole word leerders wat Sepedi en isiNdebele onderskeidelik as ’n eerste taal neem in een klas geakkommodeer en word hul slegs geskei gedurende eerste taalonderrigperiodes. Dié word gedoen weens ’n tekort aan klasse, maar sal vanselfsprekend kruistaal beïnvloeding bevorder soos kodewisseling en kodevermenging. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat taalbeïnvloeding ook aangewakker word deur veeltalige families en opvoeders. Die IsiNdebele leerders en opvoeders bring isiNdebele na die leeromgewing; daarom ondervind die Sepedi leerders in hierdie skole probleme met die gebruik van aanvaarbare standaard Sepedi as hul praat of opstelle skryf. Die isiNdebele fonologiese klanke soos [z] vir Sepedi, [ts] motswala, [dl] dlala vir Sepedi, [b] bapala, [v] vir Sepedi [β] bula ens. is besig om die Sepedi klanksisteem te infiltreer en word in hoofstuk 3 aangedui. Nadat die leerders se geskrewe werk in hoofstuk 4 geëksamineer is, is bevind dat ’n aanpassing van foneme op die morfologiese, semantiese en die sintaktiese dissipline van die isiNdebele na Sepedi leksikale standard plaasvind. Hoofstuk 5 neem die algehele studie in oënskou. Voorstelle deur taalonderwysers en die navorser aan die Limpopo Onderwysdepartement, die ouers en alle rolspelers betrokke by die onderrig en leer van tale word in die slothoofstuk gestel Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / African Languages / unrestricted

This work is focused od Tangible Current Assests according to the IFRS with the emphasis on IAS 16 - Property, Plant and Equipment. It involves recognition, measurement, depreciation and also disclosure of this Assests. All the parts are described at great lenght and explained by practical examples. IAS 40 - Investment Property and IFRS 5 - Non-Current Assests Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations are also mentioned. The end of the work is devoted to research of 15 companies with the aim to find out, how the theory determined by Standards is functioned in practice.

(in English): The aim of the present work is to offer an up-to-date synopsis based on historical data and textual evidence that would give a coherent description of the long-discussed question of the mutual relations between the Hittite (or Anatolian) and the Greek world in the period of the Late Bronze Age. In order to do so, various data from different scientific fields were put together. After a brief introduction to onomastics and the history of the Greco-Anatolian studies follows the main part of the work which deals with probably mutually borrowed anthropo- and toponyms in these languages from both a diachronic and synchronic point of view.

L'objectif de ce travail de recherche est d’étudier la terminologie et la phraséologie multilingue (anglais, français, arabe) des textes de l’Organisation des Nations Unies sur le commerce électronique. Cette étude s’intéresse aux modes d’adaptation de la terminologie du commerce électronique dans la langue arabe. Dans la partie théorique, nous avons défini le domaine du commerce électronique, ses différents modèles et les différences et les liens qu’il a avec le business électronique et l’économie du savoir. L’objectif était d’établir l’arbre de domaine qui facilitera la compréhension de son système conceptuel. Par la suite, nous avons abordé les fondements et les théories de la terminologie et de la phraséologie, ainsi que les principes théoriques et pratiques de la linguistique de corpus. La finalité de cette étape était d’arriver à choisir la méthodologie d’analyse appliquée aux données recueillies du corpus de travail tiré du « Corpus Multilingue des Nations Unies ». Dans le volet pratique, nous avons analysé dans ce travail les problématiques suivantes: les modes de création lexicaux et sémantiques dont dispose la langue arabe pour adapter les nouveaux termes et les intégrer dans ses systèmes de nomination et de communication. Ensuite, nous avons procédé au traitement de la phraséologie et les différentes formes d’unités phraséologiques. À travers cette étude, nous avons attiré l’attention la question de la normalisation en terminologie. Dans une perspective d’enrichissement du contenu de la langue arabe sur le web, nous avons travaillé sur la localisation en arabe d’une ontologie d’une liste de termes du commerce électronique. / This research is a multilingual study (English, French and Arabic) of the terminology and phraseology of the texts of the United Nations on e-commerce. This research focuses on the modes of adaptation of e-commerce terminology and phraseology into Arabic. In the theoretical part, we have defined the field of electronic commerce, its various models and the links and differences it has with the electronic business and the knowledge economy. The goal was to establish the domain tree that will facilitate the understanding of its conceptual system. Subsequently, we addressed the fundamentals and the theories of terminology and phraseology. We have also presented the theory and the practice of corpus linguistics principles. The purpose of this step was to choose the analysis methodology applied to the data of the corpus of extracted from the "United Nations multilingual Corpora”. In the practical part, we analyzed the following issues: how the Arabic language applies its lexical and semantic resources to adapt the new terms and integrate them into its grammatical and syntactic systems. Then we proceeded to the treatment of the phraseology and the different forms of phraseological units. Through this study, we have drawn attention the issue of standardization in terminology. Aiming to enrich the content of the Arabic language on the web, we worked on the localization of an ontology into Arabic of a list of e-commerce terms.