Orientador: Jaime Amaya-Farfán / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T17:15:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Morato_PriscilaNeder_D.pdf: 813172 bytes, checksum: 96f9ce7da352faefcc39166ef5fe4fa9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As proteínas do soro do leite apresentam propriedades nutricionais e funcionais que influenciam a modulação de funções bioquímicas e fisiológicas.Estudos têm demonstrado que as proteínas do soro do leite (PSL), principalmente na forma hidrolisada (PSLH) possuem a capacidade de aumentar os níveis de glicogênio muscular. Considerando que a captação de glicose pela célula do músculo esquelético relaciona-se diretamente à atividade de proteínas transportadoras de glicose, este estudo se propôs realizar dois experimentos para conhecer os efeitos da PSL e da PSLH e de alguns dos seus produtos de hidrólise nos transportadores de glicose em músculos de ratos. No experimento 1, o objetivo foi verificar se o consumo de PSL e PSLH modulam a concentração de transportadores de glicose GLUT-1 e GLUT-4 na membrana plasmática (MP) de células musculares de animais sedentários e exercitados. Foram utilizados 48 ratos Wistar machos divididos em dois grupos: sedentários e exercitados, e cada um desses subdivididos em outros três, de acordo com a dieta, totalizando 6 grupos (n=8 por grupo). Os animais foram mantidos por 9 dias recebendo as dietas experimentais baseadas na AIN-93G, com as seguintes fontes protéicas: caseína (CAS), utilizada como controle, proteína do soro do leite (PSL), proteína do soro do leite hidrolisada (PSLH), e o animais exercitados foram submetidos a uma única sessão de exercício a 15m/min durante 60min um dia anterior ao sacrifício. Após o período experimental os animais foram sacrificados, os transportadores de glicose no músculo, GLUT-1 e GLUT-4, foram analisados por western blot. Adicionalmente, glicogênio, aminoácidos livres plasmáticos, insulina e indicadores bioquímicos de saúde foram determinados por métodos padrões. O consumo de PSLH elevou significativamente as concentrações de GLUT-4 na MP e de glicogênio, enquanto GLUT-1, insulina e os indicadores de saúde não apresentaram alterações. Baseado nas evidências do experimento 1, de que o consumo de PSLH eleva os estoques de glicogênio muscular e que também aumenta a concentração do transportador de glicose GLUT-4 na membrana plasmática, o experimento 2 teve como objetivo identificar quais componentes da PSLH poderiam modular a translocação do transportador de glicose GLUT-4 para a MP em músculo esquelético. Foram utilizados 49 ratos Wistar machos divididos em 7 grupos (n=7), que receberam soluções orais de glicose 30% mais 0,55 g/kg de peso corpóreo os seguintes componentes da PSLH: a) glicose (controle); b) PSLH; c) L-isoleucina; d) L-leucina; e) L-leucina mais L-isoleucina; f) peptídeo Lisoleucil- L-leucina; g) peptídeo L-leucil-L-isoleucina. Após receberem as soluções, os animais foram sacrificados, o transportador de glicose GLUT-4 no músculo foi analisado por western blot. Também foram analisados glicogênio, glicemia, insulina, aminoácidos livres plasmáticos e musculares, e indicadores bioquímicos de saúde por métodos clássicos. Entre os componentes testados da PSLH, o peptídeo leucil-isoleucina e o aminoácido isoleucina se mostraram mais eficientes em translocar GLUT-4 para a MP, favorecendo a captação de glicose pelo músculo esquelético. Os resultados obtidos nos experimentos indicam que o consumo da PSLH e de seus componentes ao aumentarem a translocação de GLUT-4 para a membrana plasmática, poderiam auxiliar no tratamento ou prevenção do diabetes do tipo II / Abstract: The milk whey proteins (WP) exhibit nutritional and functional properties which result in the modulation of the biochemical and physiological functions. Studies have shown that the WP, especially those in the hydrolyzed form (WPH),has the capacity to increase muscle glycogen levels. Considering that glucose uptake by the skeletal muscle cell is directly related to the activity of the glucose transporter proteins, the present study proposed to carry out two experiments to determine the effects of WP and WPH and of some of their hydrolysis products on the glucose transporters in rat muscles. The objective of experiment 1 was to verify if the consumption of WP and WPH are able to modulate the concentration of the glucose transporters GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 in the plasma membrane (PM) of muscle cells in sedentary and exercised animals. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were used, divided into sedentary and exercised groups, each of which was sub-divided into three sub-groups according to the diet, giving a total of 6 groups (n=8 per group). The animals were maintained for 9 days on experimental diets based on AIN-93G with the following protein sources: casein (CAS) used as the control, whey protein (WP) and whey protein hydrolysate (WPH). The exercised animals were submitted to a single exercise session for 60 min at 15m/min one day prior to euthanasia. After the experimental period, the animals were euthanized, and the muscle glucose transporters GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 analyzed by western blot. In addition, glycogen, free plasma amino acids, insulin and the biochemical health indicators were analyzed by standard techniques. The consumption of WPH significantly increased the concentrations of GLUT-4 in the PM and of glycogen, whereas GLUT-1, insulin and the health indicators remained unaltered. Based on evidence from experiment 1 that the consumption of WPH raised the muscle glycogen reserves and also the concentration of the glucose transporter GLUT-4 in the plasma membrane, the second experiment was designed to identify which WPH components could modulate translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT-4 to the PM in the skeletal muscle of the animals. Forty-nine male Wistar rats were used, divided into 7 groups (n=7), who were orally fed 30% glucose solutions plus 0.55 g/kg of body weight of the following WPH components: a) glucose (control); b) WPH; c) L-isoleucine; d) L-leucine; e) L-leucine plus L-isoleucine (50:50 mixture of both amino acids); f) L-isoleucyl-L-leucine peptide or g) L-leucyl-L-isoleucine peptide. After receiving the solutions, the animals were euthanized and the GLUT-4 determined by western blot. Glycogen, glycemia, insulin, free plasma and muscle amino acids, and the biochemical health indicators were also analyzed by classical methods. Of the WPH components tested, the peptide L-leucyl-L-isoleucine and the amino acid L-isoleucine were shown to be more efficient in translocating GLUT-4 to the PM, favoring the capture of glucose by the skeletal muscle. The results obtained from these experiments indicated that the consumption of WPH and its components increased GLUT-4 translocation to the plasma membrane, and could aid in the treatment and prevention of type ll diabetes / Doutorado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutora em Alimentos e Nutrição

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20225号 / 医博第4184号 / 新制||医||1019(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 伊達 洋至, 教授 Shohab YOUSSEFIAN, 教授 川村 孝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13558号 / 論医博第2287号 / 新制||医||1067(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 岩田 想, 教授 中川 一路, 教授 妹尾 浩 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

<p>The Muoio lab studies the interplay between lipid whole body energy balance,</p><p>mitochondrial function and insulin action in skeletal muscle. Data from our lab suggests that lipid-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle may stem from excessive incomplete oxidation of fatty acids, which occurs when high rates of &beta;-­oxidation exceed TCA cycle flux (Koves et al., 2005; Koves et al., 2008). Most notably, we have shown that mice with a genetically engineered decrease in mitochondrial uptake and oxidation of fatty acids are protected against diet-­induced insulin resistance (Koves et al., 2008). This</p><p>suggests that an excessive and/or inappropriate metabolic burden on muscle</p><p>mitochondria provokes insulin resistance. Our working model predicts that: 1) high rates of incomplete &beta;-oxidation reflect a state of &rdquo;mitochondrial stress,&rdquo; and 2) that energy-overloaded mitochondria generate a yet unidentified signal that mediates insulin</p><p>resistance. One possibility is that this putative mitochondrial-derived signal stems from redox imbalance and disruptions in redox sensitive signaling cascades. Therefore, we are interested in identifying molecules that link redox balance, mitochondrial function and insulin action in skeletal muscle. The work described herein identifies thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) as an attractive candidate that regulates both glucose homeostasis and mitochondrial fuel selection.</p><p>TXNIP is a redox sensitive, &alpha;-arrestin protein that has been implicated as a negative regulator of glucose control. Mounting evidence suggested that TXNIP might play a key role in regulating mitochondrial function; however, the molecular nature of this relationship was poorly defined. Previous studies in TXNIP knockout mice reported that deficiency of this protein compromises oxidative metabolism, increases glycolytic activity and promotes production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while also affording protection against insulin resistance. Therefore, we hypothesized that TXNIP might serve as a nutrient sensor that couples cellular redox status to the adjustments in mitochondrial function. We tested this hypothesis by exploiting loss of function models to evaluate the effects of TXNIP deficiency on mitochondrial metabolism and respiratory function.</p><p>In chapter 3, we comprehensively evaluated oxidative metabolism, substrate</p><p>selection, respiratory kinetics and redox balance in mice with total body and skeletal muscle-­specific TXNIP deficiency. Targeted metabolomics, comprehensive bioenergetics analysis, whole-body respirometry and conventional biochemistry showed that TXNIP deficiency results in reduced exercise tolerance with marked impairments in skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism. The deficits in substrate oxidation were not secondary to decreased mitochondrial mass or increased H₂O₂ emitting potential from the electron transport chain. Instead, the activities of several mitochondrial dehydrogenases involved in branched-chain amino acid and ketone catabolism, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and fatty acid &beta;-oxidation were significantly diminished in TXNIP null muscles. These deficits in mitochondrial enzyme activities were accompanied by decreased protein abundance without changes in mRNA expression. Taken together, these results suggest that in skeletal muscle TXNIP plays an essential role in maintaining protein synthesis and/or stability of a subset of mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes that permit muscle use of alternate fuels under conditions of glucose deprivation.</p><p>Based on these conclusions, we questioned whether additional regulatory</p><p>mechanisms could contribute to the reduced oxidative metabolism in the absence ofTXNIP. Several metabolic enzymes of the TCA cycle have been shown to be redox-sensitive protein targets regulated by the thioredoxin (TRX1/TRX2) and glutathione (GSH) redox-mediated circuits. TXNIP has been shown to respond to oxidative stress by shuttling to the mitochondria where it binds to TRX2 and/or other proteins, thus affecting downstream signaling pathways, such as the apoptotic cascade. Therefore, we speculated whether there was a role for redox imbalance in mediating the mitochondrial phenotype of the TXNIP knockout (TKO) mice. In chapter 4, we present preliminary evidence that increased glucose uptake promotes non-mitochondrial ROS production, causing a shift in redox balance, decreased GSH/GSSG, and S-glutathionylation of &alpha;-­ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (&alpha-KGD). This post-translational modification protects the protein from permanent oxidative damage, but at the cost of reversible loss of activity and subsequent disruption of TCA cycle flux that contributes, in part, to the diminished oxidative metabolism observed in the TXNIP deficient mice.</p><p>In aggregate, this work sheds new light onto the physiological role of TXNIP in</p><p>skeletal muscle as it pertains to substrate metabolism and fuel switching in response to nutrient availability. This work has important implications for metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, which are characterized by marked disruptions in fuel selection.</p> / Dissertation

Thesis (PhD (Wine Biotechnology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Alcoholic fermentation, and especially wine fermentation, is one of the most ancient microbiological processes utilized by man. Yeast of the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae are usually responsible for most of the fermentative activity, and many data sets clearly demonstrate the important impact of this species on the quality and character of the final product. However, many aspects of the genetic and metabolic processes that take place during alcoholic fermentation remain poorly understood, including the metabolic processes that impact on aroma and flavour of the fermentation product. To contribute to our understanding of these processes, this study took two approaches: In a first part, the initial aim had been to compare two techniques of transcriptome analysis, DNA oligo-microarrays and Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE), for their suitability to assess wine fermentation gene expression changes, and in particular to assess their potential to, in combination, provide combined quantitative and qualitative data for mRNA levels. The SAGE methodology however failed to produce conclusive data, and only the results of the microarray data are shown in this dissertation. These results provide a comprehensive overview of the transcriptomic changes during model wine fermentation, and serve as a reference database for the following experiments and for future studies using different fermentation conditions or genetically modified yeast. In a second part of the study, a screen to identify genes that impact on the formation of various important volatile aroma compounds including esters, fatty acids and higher alcohols is presented. Indeed, while the metabolic network that leads to the formation of these compounds is reasonably well mapped, surprisingly little is known about specific enzymes involved in specific reactions, the genetic regulation of the network and the physiological roles of individual pathways within the network. Various factors that directly or indirectly affect and regulate the network have been proposed in the past, but little conclusive evidence has been provided. To gain a better understanding of the regulations and physiological role of this network, we took a functional genomics approach by screening a subset of the EUROSCARF strain deletion library, and in particular genes encoding decarboxylases, dehydrogenases and reductases. Thus, ten genes whose deletion impacted most significantly on the aroma production network and higher alcohol formation were selected. Over-expression and single and multiple deletions of the selected genes were used to genetically assess their contribution to aroma production and to the Ehrlich pathway. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of the pathway to cellular redox homeostasis, strongly suggest direct roles for Thi3p, Aad6p and Hom2p, and highlight the important role of Bat2p in controlling the flux through the pathway. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alkoholiese fermentasie, en veral die maak van wyn, is een van die vroegste mikrobiologiese prosesse wat deur die mensdom ingespan is. Die gisspesie Saccharomyces cerevisiae is gewoonlik grotendeels verantwoordelik vir die fermentasie and verskeie vorige studies het gedemonstreer dat hierdie spesie ‘n baie belangrike rol speel in die uiteindelike kwaliteit en karakter van die voltooide produk. Nieteenstaande die feit is daar steeds baie aspekte van beide die genetiese en metaboliese prosesse wat plaasvind tydens alkoholiese fermentatsie wat nog swak verstaan word, insluitende metaboliese padweë wat ‘n impak het op die smaak en aroma van die fermentasie produk. Om ons kennis van die veld uit te brei het die studie twee aanslae geneem: In die eerste geval is gepoog om twee tegnieke van transkriptoom analiese, nl. DNA oligomikro- arrays en Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) te bestudeer vir hul vermoë om geen ekspressie veranderinge tydens wynfermentasie te ondersoek en meer spesifiek om hul potensiaal om ‘n kombinasie van kwantitatiewe sowel as kwalitatiewe data met betreking to mRNA vlakke te produseer. Die SAGE metode kon egter geen betroubare resultate produseer nie en dus word slegs die resultate van die mikro-array eksperimente in die tesis bespreek. Die resultaat is ‘n geheeloorsig oor die geenekspressie veranderinge wat so ‘n wyngis tydens alkoholiese fermentasie ondergaan en dien as ‘n verwysingsraamwerk vir toekomstige studies met geneties gemodifiseerde gis of selfs verskillende fermentasieparameters. Die tweede deel van die studie het gefokus op die identifikasie van gene wat ‘n impak het op die vorming van belangrike, vlugtige aroma komponente, o. a. Esters vetsure en hoër alkohole d.m.v. ‘n siftingseksperiment. Alhoewel daar redelik baie inligting is oor die onderligende metaboliese netwerke wat lei tot die vorming van die verbindings, is daar min kennis van die genetiese regulasie van die netwerk en die fisiologiese rol van individuele padweë wat die netwerk vorm. Verskeie faktore – wat of die netwerk direk of indirek affekteer – is al voorgestel, meer met min konkrete bewyse. Dus het ons gepoog om meer lig op die onderwerp te laat m.b.v. ‘n funksionele genoom aanslag deur ‘n siftingseksperiment te doen op ‘n subgroep (spesifiek gene wat kodeer vir dekarboksilase, dehidrogenase en reduktase ensieme) van die EUROSCARF delesiebiblioteek. Dus is tien gene geïdentifiseer – die delesie waarvan ‘n merkbare effek het op die aroma produksie netwerk en spesifiek die van hoër alkohole. Ooruitdrukkings en enkel en meervoudige delesie rasse van die tien gene is gemaak om d.mv. genetiese analiese, hulle rol in aroma produksie en die Ehrlich padweh uit te pluis. Die resultate toon dat hierdie padweg sensitief is teenoor die sellulêre redoks balans en dui op direkte rolle vir Thi3p, Aad6p en Hom2p, asook dat Bat2p ‘n baie belangrike rol speel in die werking van die padweg.

Introdução: A Doença da Urina do Xarope de Bordo é uma doença hereditária do metabolismo dos aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada, de caráter autossômico recessivo. O diagnóstico precoce é fundamental na prevenção da deterioração neurológica, que se dá pela ausência da implementação do tratamento nutricional adequado. Objetivo: Realizar triagem das mutações em todos os éxons dos três genes envolvidos na Doença da Urina do Xarope de Bordo (BCKDHA, BCKDHB e DBT) através do sequenciamento gênico direto e correlacionar com a heterogeneidade fenotípica. Métodos: Estudo clínico transversal com pacientes chilenos diagnosticados com Doença da Urina do Xarope de Bordo. A genotipagem foi realizada com produtos purificados de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) de DNA.Foi realizada análise in silico das substituições de nucleotídeos através dos softwares MutPred® v1.2, Polyphen-2® - Polymorphism Phenotyping v2 e SIFT®. As características clínicas dos pacientes foram fornecidas pela equipe de nutrição do Instituto de Nutrição e Tecnologia da Universidade de Chile (INTA). Foi realizado um teste exato de Fisher no grupo de pacientes portadores da mutação mais prevalente na amostragem, a I214K com a intenção de avaliar o grau de correlação entre algumas variáveis clínicas e genéticas para verificar a possibilidade de se estabelecer uma relação fenótipo/genótipo. Resultados: Dos 18 pacientes 88% apresentaram mutação no gene BCKDHB, 1 pacientes 5% apresentou mutação no gene BCKDHA e 1 (5%) paciente apresentou mutação no gene DBT. Foram encontradas um total de 8 mutações na amostra e 4 novas mutações (50%). Não se pode afirmar que há correlação de nenhuma das variáveis clínicas com os genótipos encontrados nessa amostragem. Conclusão: Este estudo reportou 4 novas mutações em pacientes portadores de DXB na população chilena, o que pode ajudar em futuros diagnósticos genéticos da doença. Se a DXB fosse diagnosticada de forma mais rápida, na triagem neonatal, talvez fosse possível estabelecer uma relação genótipo-fenótipo de forma mais eficiente / Introduction: Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is an autossomal recessive hereditary disease of the branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Early diagnosis is essential in preventing neurological deterioration, which occurs due to inadequate nutritional implametation treatment. Purpose: Screen mutations in all exons from the three genes involved in MSUD (BCKDHA, BCKDHB and DBT) through direct gene sequencing and correlation with phenotypic heterogeneity. Methods: A cross-sectional study with Chilean patients diagnosed with Maple Syrup Urine Disease. Genotyping was performed using purified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA. Nucleotide substitutions In Silico analysis was performed using MutPred® v1.2, Polyphen-2® - Polymorphism Phenotyping v2 and SIFT® softwares. Patients clinical characteristics were provided by the nutrition team from Chile University, Nutriton and Technology Institute (INTA). Results: Of the 18 patients, 88% presented mutation in BCKDHB gene, 1 patient had mutation in BCKDHA gene and 1 patient (5%) presented a mutation in DBT gene. A total of 8 mutations in the sample and 4 new mutations (50%) were found. It can not be affirmed that there is correlation between clinical variables and genotypes in this sample. Conclusion: This study reported 4 new mutations in patients with MSUD in Chilean population, which may help in future genetic diagnosis. If MSUD was diagnosed more rapidly in neonatal screening, it might be possible to establish a genotype-phenotype relationship more efficiently

Estudos em animais mostram que a desnutrição proteica intrauterina pode acarretar redistribuição do fluxo sanguíneo intraútero, podendo promover modificações permanentes na estrutura e funcionalidade de alguns órgãos, o que ocasiona modificações no metabolismo. Além disso, a desnutrição intrauterina pode afetar a secreção de hormônios que atuam no crescimento fetal, podendo conduzir à restrição do crescimento intrauterino. Esse fenômeno pode parcialmente ser explicado pela hipótese da programação fetal, na qual é sugerido que ocorra uma adaptação metabólica e fisiológica do feto a uma condição intrauterina adversa, que pode induzir o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis na vida adulta. Neste contexto, pesquisas com suplementação de aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada (BCAA) têm verificado a capacidade desses nutrientes promoverem a síntese proteica mesmo em condições catabólicas, por meio da ativação de uma via bioquímica intracelular intercedida pela proteína quinase Alvo da Rapamicina em Mamíferos (mTOR), a qual está envolvida no estímulo à etapa de tradução proteica. Assim, o presente trabalho avaliou o efeito da suplementação de BCAA em proles submetidas à desnutrição proteica materna. Para tanto, ratas Wistar foram acasaladas com ratos adultos de mesma raça. Uma vez constatada a gravidez, as matrizes foram distribuídas em grupos de acordo com a dieta que seria fornecida no decorrer da gestação: CON (20% proteína); VAL/ISO (5% proteína + 2% VAL + 2% ISO); AAE (5% proteína + 4% AAE); e BCAA (5% proteína + 4% BCAA). O protocolo de restrição proteica materna adotado causou redução no crescimento corporal e na massa de órgãos das proles. Embora a suplementação com VAL/ISO e AAE não tenha recuperado os efeitos mediados pela deficiência de proteína, foi constatado que a suplementação com BCAA reverteu parte do déficit observado no crescimento das proles, uma vez que foi eficaz em minimizar ou mesmo em restaurar plenamente diversos parâmetros como peso de órgãos, massa de gordura da carcaça e parâmetros indicativos do estado nutricional proteico, como as concentrações de proteína e RNA hepáticas e musculares. Estes efeitos podem parcialmente ser explicados pelo estímulo induzido pela suplementação com BCAA, na via de sinalização da mTOR, considerando que foi verificado no fígado das proles de matrizes que receberam esta suplementação, aumento na fosforilação desta proteína (P < 0,05), a qual é responsável por desencadear uma cascata de eventos biomoleculares que culminam, em última instância, no acréscimo da síntese proteica. Diante disto, torna-se relevante a realização de pesquisas que avaliem em longo prazo, os efeitos da suplementação com BCAA em proles submetidas à dieta materna restrita em proteína. / Animal studies show that intrauterine malnutrition may cause redistribution of blood flow in uterus, which may promote permanent changes in structure and function of some organs, which causes changes in metabolism. Furthermore, intrauterine malnutrition can affect the secretion of hormones that act on fetal growth and may lead to intrauterine growth restriction. This phenomenon can partly be explained by the hypothesis of fetal programming, which is suggested that occur a metabolic and physiological adaptation of the fetus to an adverse intrauterine condition, which can induce the development of chronic diseases in later life. In this context, researches with supplementation of branched chain amino acids (BCAA), especially leucine, have verified the ability of these nutrients to promote protein synthesis in catabolic conditions, through the activation of an intracellular biochemical pathway interceded by protein kinase Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), which is involved in the stimulating of protein translation stage. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of BCAA supplementation in offspring subjected to maternal protein-restrict diet. To this, Wistar rats were mated with adult rats of the same race. Once was confirmed the pregnancy, the pregnants were distributed into groups according to the diet that would be provided during pregnancy: CON (20% protein); VAL/ISO (5% protein + 2% + 2% VAL/ISO), AAE (5% protein + 4% EAA) and BCAA (5% protein + 4% BCAA). The protocol adopted maternal protein restriction caused a reduction in body growth and weight of the offspring\'s organs. Although supplementation with VAL/ISO and AAE has not recovered the effects mediated by protein deficiency, it was found that supplementation with BCAA has reversed part of the deficit observed in the growth of the offspring, since it was effective in minimizing or even fully restoring various parameters such as organ weight, carcass fat mass and parameters indicative of nutritional protein, such as the concentrations of protein and RNA in liver and muscle. These effects may be partially explained by the stimulation induced by BCAA supplementation on the mTOR signaling pathway, considering that was verified in the liver of the offspring from dams that received this supplementation augment on the phosphorylation of this protein (P < 0,05), which is responsible for triggering a cascade of molecular events that culminate, ultimately, in increased protein synthesis. Given this, it becomes relevant to conducting research to assess long-term effects of supplementation with BCAA in offspring subjected to maternal protein-restricted diet.

A busca pelo aumento da força muscular, em paralelo à diminuição da gordura corporal e melhora do rendimento esportivo, tem levado muitas pessoas ao uso de suplementos de proteínas e/ou aminoácidos, associados com a prática de exercícios físicos. Dentre os inúmeros suplementos de proteínas ou aminoácidos disponíveis no mercado, têm merecido destaque nas últimas décadas os aminoácidos essenciais de cadeia ramificada, também chamados de branched chain amino acids (BCAA\'s). O suplemento chamado de BCAA é uma combinação de três aminoácidos essenciais - L-Leucina, L-Valina e L-Isoleucina. As alegações feitas a esses aminoácidos giram em torno de seus efeitos sobre a síntese proteica no músculo esquelético, diminuição dos danos musculares, redução da gordura corporal e melhora do desempenho físico. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática de estudos clínicos na utilização desses aminoácidos no intuito de aumentar a massa muscular, reduzir a gordura corporal e aumentar o rendimento esportivo, avaliando os resultados obtidos e que comprovem seu uso e segurança. A busca dos artigos nas bases de dados resultou em 7502 artigos. Seguindo todos os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 11 artigos foram selecionados para esta revisão sistemática. A performance foi avaliada em 6 artigos. A massa muscular foi avaliada em 5. Não foram encontrados artigos visando a redução de gordura corporal. A dose de BCAA utilizada foi de 1,2 g até 10g e os estudos ministraram os suplementos na forma de pó, cápsulas e infusão. A melhor relação entre leucina, valina e isoleucina foi de 2:1:1, respectivamente. Considerando que o número de estudos com resultados benéficos praticamente se iguala ao de resultados negativos, mais estudos são necessários para que se comprove os reais benefícios do uso de BCAA como suplemento estratégico para aumentar a massa muscular, reduzir a gordura corporal e aumentar o rendimento esportivo. / The search for increased muscle strength, in parallel to decreased in body fat and improved sports performance has led many people to use protein and/or amino acid supplements associated with the practice of physical exercises. Among the numerous supplements of proteins or amino acids available in the market, the branched chain amino acids (BCAA\'s) have deserved prominence in the last decades. The supplement called BCAA is a combination of three essential amino acids - L-Leucine, L-Valine and L-Isoleucine. The claims made to these amino acids revolve around their effects on protein synthesis in skeletal muscle, decreased muscle damage, reduced body fat and improved physical performance. The present study aimed to perform a systematic review of clinical studies in the use of these amino acids in order to increase muscle mass, reduce body fat and increase sports performance, evaluating the results obtained and proving its use and safety. Search for articles in databases resulted in 7502 articles. Following all the exclusion criteria, 11 articles were selected for the present systematic review. The performance was evaluated in 7 articles. The muscle mass was evaluated in 4. The used dose of BCAA ranged from 1.2 g to 10 g and studies have given supplements in the form of powder, capsules and infusion. The best ratio of leucine, valine and isoleucine was 2:1:1, respectively. Considering that the number of studies with beneficial results almost equals that of negative results, more studies are needed to prove the real benefits of using BCAAs as a strategic supplement to increase muscle mass, reduce body fat and increase sports performance.

Interactions between peptides and biological lipid membranes play a crucial role in many cellular processes such as in the mechanism behind Alzheimer’s disease where amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta)is thought to be a key component. The initial step of binding between a surface active peptide and its target membrane or membrane receptor can involve a non specific electrostatic association where positively charged amino acid residues and a negatively charged membrane surface interact. Here, the use of high resolution MAS NMR provides a highly sensitive and non perturbing way of studying the electrostatic potential present at lipid membrane surfaces and the changes resulting from the association of peptides. The interaction between pharmacologically relevant peptides and lipid membranes can also involve incorporation of the peptide into the membrane core and by complementing the NMR approach with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) the hydrophobic incorporation can be studied in a non invasive way. By using 14N MAS NMR on biological lipid systems for the first time, in addition to 31P, 2H NMR and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gives a full picture of the changes all along the phospholipid following interactions at the membrane interface region. Being able to monitor the full length of the phospholipid enables us to differentiate between interactions related to either membrane surface association or hydrophobic core incorporation. This approach was used to establish that the interaction between nociceptin and negatively charged lipid membranes is electrostatic and hence that nociceptin can initially associate with a membrane surface before binding to its receptor. Also, it was found that Abeta can interact with phospholipid membranes via two types of interactions with fundamentally adverse effects. The results reveal that Abeta can associate with the surface of a neuronal membrane promoting accelerated aggregation of the peptide leading to neuronal apoptotic cell death. Furthermore it is also shown that Abeta can anchor itself into the membrane and suppress the neurotoxic aggregation of Abeta.

Bakgrund: BCAA eller grenade aminosyror är ett vanligt förekommande kosttillskott. Tillskott av BCAA antas öka fysisk prestation baserat på forskningsresultat erhållna från djurexperiment och även en del forskning på människor. Resultaten är dock delvis motsägelsefulla. Fysisk prestation går att dela upp i olika former, utefter mätmetoder och tester som skiljer dessa åt. Exempel på olika former av fysisk prestation är aerob prestation, anaerob prestation samt muskelprestation. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka eventuell koppling mellan tillskott av BCAA och ökad fysisk prestation, inom områdena aerob prestation, anaerob prestation samt muskelprestation. Utöver detta undersöks även huruvida effekt av BCAA påverkas av hur lång tid som supplementering pågår. Metod: Sex studier inkluderades i denna litteraturstudie, vilka undersökt påverkan av tillskott av BCAA på fysisk prestation, i form av antingen aerob prestation, anaerob prestation eller muskelprestation. Resultat: Två studier påvisade positiv effekt på muskelprestation efter långsiktig supplementering, den ena med signifikant koppling till tillskottet. En studie misslyckades med att påvisa positiv effekt på muskelprestation efter kortsiktig supplementering. En studie visade positiv effekt på muskelprestation efter långsiktig supplementering med signifikant koppling till tillskottet. Två studier misslyckades att påvisa positiv effekt på aerob prestation, oavsett längd på supplementeringsperiod. Den ena av de två sistnämnda studierna påvisade positiv effekt på anaerob prestation, utan signifikant koppling till tillskottet. Slutsats: Flera studier påvisade positiv effekt på prestation efter supplementering av BCAA, men olikheter och bristande signifikant koppling mellan BCAA-tillskottet och studerad effekt hos flera av studierna gör det svårt att säkerställa att tillskott av BCAA har effekt. Mer forskning på området behövs. / Background: BCAA or branched amino acids are a commonly used dietary supplement. Supplements of BCAA are assumed to increase physical performance based on research results obtained from animal experiments and some research on humans. The results are, however, partly contradictory. Physical performance can be divided into different types, depending on measurement methods and tests that differentiate them. Examples of different forms of physical performance are aerobic performance, anaerobic performance and muscle performance. Aim: The purpose of the study was to investigate possible correlation between supplements of BCAA and increased physical performance in the areas of aerobic performance, anaerobic performance and muscle performance. In addition, it is also investigated whether the effect of BCAA is affected by the duration of supplementation. Method: Six studies were included in this literature study, which investigated the impact of supplementation of BCAA on physical performance, in terms of either aerobic performance, anaerobic performance or muscle performance. Results: Two studies demonstrated positive effect on muscle performance after long-term supplementation, one with significant correlation with the supplement. One study failed to demonstrate positive effect on muscle performance after short-term supplementation. One study showed a positive effect on muscle performance after long-term supplementation, with significant association with the supplement. Two studies failed to show positive effect on aerobic performance, regardless of the length of the supplementation period. One of the two latter studies demonstrated positive effects on anaerobic performance, without significant correlation with the supplement. Conclusion: Several studies demonstrated a positive effect on performance after supplementation of BCAA, but differences and lack of significant association between BCAA supplementation and the studied effect in several of the studies make it difficult to ensure that supplementation of BCAA has an effect. More research in the field is needed.