In the new era of hybrid warfare information is key. But information by itself is not enough, decisionmakers want information that is certain and has quality. One method of obtaining this information is special reconnaissance. However, the field of special reconnaissance is slim and hasn’t been researched extensively enough. In the field of special reconnaissance only a single theory exists. That theory is Anders Westbergs theory of special reconnaissance. Westbergs theory states that there is a term called relative certainty. Which is the threshold where there is sufficient actionable intelligence on the opponent or target. To achieve relative certainty there are a certain set of principles which should be fulfilled, these principles are coordination, review, cover, reporting and exploitation. Westbergs theory however is still not tested by an outsider. This study therefore seeks to investigate if Westbergs theory is valid when tested through a qualitative case study on a case that is not only a failure and more modern, but also untested against the theory. The chosen case is the patrol Bravo Two Zero in the Persian Gulf War, 1991. The result shows that Westbergs theory can be used to explain the failure of Bravo Two Zeros mission. Some principles such as reporting shows significant value to the explanation.

Water resource management is a multifaceted issue that becomes more complex when considering multiple nations’ interdependence upon a single shared transboundary river basin. With over 200 transboundary river basins worldwide shared by two or more countries, it is important to develop tools to allow riparian countries to cooperatively manage these shared and often limited water resources. Cooperative game theory provides tools for determining if cooperation can exist across jurisdictional boundaries through a suite of mathematical tools that measure the benefits of cooperation among basin stakeholders. Cooperative game theory is also useful for transboundary negotiation because it provides a range of solutions which will satisfy all players in the game and provides methods to fairly and equitably allocate the gains of that cooperation to all participating stakeholders, if that cooperation is shown to be possible. This dissertation applies cooperative game theory concepts to the Rio Grande/Bravo basin in North America as a case study. The Rio Grande/Bravo forms the 1,200 km border between the United States and Mexico. A comprehensive water resources planning model was developed for the basin including the major water users, water related infrastructure including reservoirs, and water policy logic related to the bi-national water sharing agreements. The water planning model is used to calculate the characteristic functions for the cooperative game analysis. For the Water Demand Reduction Game, the largest agricultural users, District 005, District 025 and the Texas Watermaster Section below Falcon were defined individual players. The cooperative analysis was between the individual players rather than the countries. In addition to the cooperative analysis, performance measures for water deliveries were calculated to determine if water delivery was improved to each player under the cooperative game. The results show that the amount of additional water to the downstream players may not be large enough to induce cooperation. The small amount of increase in water deliveries is related to the large system losses as the water travels downstream over a long distance and a division of water under the 1944 Treaty between the United States and Mexico. / text

This study aims to examine how some people in the United States of America during a period of ten years shortly after World War II used motion pictures to spread their political beliefs to the general public. The study also assesses how movies can be used as a teaching method about the Cold War in the subject of history in Swedish upper secondary schools. The main object for the analysis is two movies All the King’s Men (1949) and Rio Bravo (1959), and how they’re used to spread ideological messages to the masses. This study will also try to explain how two political beliefs, communism and McCarthyism rose to such prominent positions in Hollywood. The tools for the analysis of the movies are based on three methods by Jeff Smith about analyzing movies. Furthermore, I’ve presented previous research about films with political messages made during the same period and also what has been said about showing films for educational purposes in the subject of history. The results from this study shows that you can interpret that some films made in Hollywood during the early stages of the Cold War had political messages in them, if you knew what to look for. The results also show that films can and should be used for educational purposes about the Cold War as long as it’s done properly, so that the students can broaden their historical knowledge.

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados al Síndrome de Burnout (SB) en el personal de áreas críticas en hospitales ESSALUD de la Región Lambayeque 2022. Metodología: Estudio de diseño no experimental, descriptivo y correlacional, con muestreo no probabilístico tipo bola de nieve. Se aplicó el "Maslach Burnout Inventory" (MBI) y una ficha sociodemográfica mediante Google Forms a 398 trabajadores, seleccionando una muestra final de 196 empleados en diciembre 2022. Resultados: La frecuencia de SB fue de 5.6%, mientras que el 70.9% y el 23.5% mostró tendencia a padecerlo y ausencia del síndrome respectivamente. El promedio de edad fue de 41,8 (± 10.9) años, predominando el sexo femenino con 71.9%, el 50% fue personal de enfermería, 37.8% médicos y 12.2% técnicos, el 48% tuvo entre 2-3 hijos y el 36.2% contaba con más de 15 años de experiencia laboral. El análisis de Chi cuadrado determinó que las variables sexo, especialidad, horas de sueño y trabajo externo, se encontraron asociadas a SB (p-value < 0.05), y en el análisis multivariado solo se encontró asociación significativa con años de experiencia laboral (OR 0,491; IC 95% 0,274-0,880) y horas de sueño (OR 0,316; IC 95% 0,121-0,827). Sobre las dimensiones del SB, la dimensión Agotamiento Emocional (AE) bajo tuvo 65.3%, Despersonalización (DP) baja 54.6% y Realización Personal (RP) baja con 45.9%. Conclusiones: La tendencia de padecer SB fue alta, además se encontró asociación significativa entre SB y las variables sexo, especialidad, horas de sueño, experiencia laboral y trabajo externo. / Objective: To determine the factors associated with Burnout Syndrome (SB) in critical area staff at ESSALUD hospitals in the Lambayeque Region 2022. Methodology: Nonexperimental, descriptive, and correlational study design, with snowball non-probabilistic sampling. The "Maslach Burnout Inventory" (MBI) and a sociodemographic form were applied through Google Forms to 398 workers, selecting a final sample of 196 employees in December 2022. Results: The frequency of SB was 5.6%, while 70.9% and 23.5% showed a tendency towards suffering from it and absence of the syndrome, respectively. The average age was 41.8 (± 10.9) years, with females predominating at 71.9%, 50% were nursing staff, 37.8% doctors, and 12.2% technicians, 48% had between 2-3 children, and 36.2% had more than 15 years of work experience. Chi-square analysis determined that the variables of gender, specialty, hours of sleep, and external work were associated with SB (p-value < 0.05), and in the multivariate analysis, only years of work experience (OR 0.491; 95% CI 0.274-0.880) and hours of sleep (OR 0.316; 95% CI 0.121-0.827) were found to have a significant association. Regarding the dimensions of SB, the low Emotional Exhaustion (AE) dimension was 65.3%, low Depersonalization (DP) 54.6%, and low Personal Accomplishment (RP) 45.9%. Conclusions: The tendency to suffer from SB was high, and a significant association was found between SB and variables such as gender, specialty, hours of sleep, work experience, and external work.

Den hegemoniska maskuliniteten är försatt i ett stadie av konstant förändring och omförhandling. Saker som i en viss tidsepok kommit att associeras med femininitet kan vid en annan tidpunkt komma att tillskrivas som ett maskulint attribut. Då mannens relation till sig själv  – och hans relation till sin omgivning – påverkas av den maskulina idealbild som förmedlas, i bland annat populärkulturellt material, blir det därför viktigt att undersöka hur denna hegemoniska maskulinitet yttrar sig i olika tidsepoker. Detta dels för att utröna varför den ser ut som den gör idag och hur den porträtterats historiskt, men även för att förutspå hur gestaltningen av maskulinitet kan komma att förändra sig i framtiden. Denna studie har utfört en komparation mellan westernfilmer som av diverse forskare och kritiker ses som typiska tidsenliga exempel på filmer inom westerngenren. Detta gjordes för att fastställa hur den historiska porträtteringen av den hegemoniska maskuliniteten skiljer sig från den i ett modernt populärkulturellt material inom samma genre. Detta gjordes genom att utföra en semiotisk bildanalys av protagonistens och antagonistens slut- samt introduktionsscen, därefter jämfördes de observationer som gjorts i analysen, varpå övergripande analyser gjordes, i vilken återkommande drag, behandlingen av minoriteter, kroppsattribut och miljöerna som dessa befann sig i och bebodde, diskuterades och sammanställdes. Kontentan av resultatet var att attribut som tidigare associerats med protagonister i materialet från 1950-talet numera utgjordes av antagonisterna i materialet från 2010-talet. Den tidigare maskuliniteten som gestaltades av storväxthet och breda axlar har förändrats, och den hegemoniska maskuliniteten har nu gett upphov till en man med mer komplexa motivationer, större känsloliv och hänsynsfullhet än den som skänktes av protagonisten i dom tidigare gestaltningarna. Genom att uppnå sina målsättningar kunde även protagonisterna i materialen från båda tidsperioderna dölja att dessa antagit attribut som tidigare varit kvinnligt kodade i den nya maskulina idealbilden, exempelvis fällandet av tårar.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The difference in rainfall throughout the year is a recurring problem that the plants in the field must contend as a result of the moments of drought to which they can be submitted. In the Caatinga, this problem is even greater, since the rains are very sparse and irregular, causing drought for months. The plants of the Caatinga have several adaptations to resist such conditions. This work aimed to evaluate physiological parameters of two endemic species of the Caatinga, the |catingueira| (Poincianella pyramidalis) and |pinhão-bravo| (Jatropha mollissima), in search to discover what strategies these species adopt to survive the drought. Two collections, one in the dry season and one in the wet, were made to evaluate parameters of water relations, concentrations of organic solutes and photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a fluorescence and gas exchange. The |catingueira| shown to have been damaged by drought, with a significant reduction in their rates of water relations, particularly in the relative water content, which reached values below 60%, and the performance indices of chlorophyll a fluorescence. The |pinhão-bravo| was able to maintain their high tissue turgor, but the rates of fluorescence and net photosynthesis demonstrated that he was affected by drought since their photosynthetic parameters suffered very significant reductions. / A diferença de precipitação ao longo do ano é um problema recorrente que as plantas em campo precisam enfrentar, em decorrência dos momentos de déficit hídrico aos quais elas podem ser submetidas. Na Caatinga, esse problema é ainda maior, já que as chuvas são muito esparsas e irregulares, ocasionando meses a fio de estiagem. As plantas da Caatinga possuem diversas adaptações para suportar tais condições. Esse trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar parâmetros fisiológicos de duas espécies endêmicas da Caatinga, a catingueira (Poincianella pyramidalis) e o pinhão-bravo (Jatropha mollissima), em busca de descobrir que estratégias essas espécies adotam para sobreviver ao período de estiagem. Foram feitas duas coletas, uma na estação seca e outra na chuvosa, para avaliar parâmetros de relações hídricas, concentrações de solutos orgânicos e de pigmentos fotossintéticos, fluorescência de clorofila a e trocas gasosas. A catingueira demonstrou ter sido bastante afetada pela seca, com redução significativa nos seus parâmetros de relações hídricas, sobretudo no teor relativo de água, que atingiu valores abaixo de 60%, e nos índices de desempenho da fluorescência da clorofila a. O pinhão-bravo conseguiu manter a turgescência de seus tecidos alta, mas os índices da fluorescência e da fotossíntese líquida demonstraram que ele também foi afetado pelo déficit hídrico, uma vez que seus parâmetros fotossintéticos sofreram reduções bastante significativas.

Diploma thesis "The Identity Construction of Teenage Girls in Internet Media and Magazines" deals with media texts which are being addressed to teenage girls; with a special attention to three significant media types of this area of concern. These are represented by the magazine Bravo Girl!, the blog dominikamyslivcova.cz and the website jenproholky.cz. The aim of the thesis is to describe and analyze these texts in detail; e.g. in the areas which are characteristic for them and could represent an element of high importance in the process of constructing the living reality of their recipients. The thesis also assumes how media could participate on their identity construction; their recognized values, opinions, thinking and lifestyle. Not only the thesis is concerned with the production of these specific texts and their features, it also focuses on the character of the interaction these media initiate towards the audience. It also tends to describe the receptive process the members of audience perform and how they react back, towards the media. To fulfill this goal, the pragmalinguistic analysis of the language features and communication strategies was used. Also the semiotic analysis was chosen, to the description of the structures of meaning, myths and ideologies within the texts. As a conclusion,...

El quiebre del sistema virreinal y el nacimiento de la república del Perú, generó diversas respuestas en quienes vivieron tan complejo proceso. La elite -tanto de origen peninsular como criollo- tuvo que tomar decisiones apresuradas ante los vaivenes del momento, particularmente desfavorables para el sector leal a la corona. Los realistas -o fidelistas- fueron los grandes perdedores en aquellos cambios. Esta tesis analiza dos conductas que no pudieron ser más contrastadas entre quienes se opusieron a la ruptura con España. Fueron dos caras de una misma moneda: una fue la representada Gaspar Antonio de Osma, un funcionario peninsular vinculado a la aristocracia mercantil limeña, mientras que el otro, Pedro José de Zavala, fue un noble militar, de añeja estirpe en Cuzco y Lima. Mientras el primero -siendo español- optó por adaptarse al Perú independiente, el segundo -habiendo nacido en estas tierras- se negó a hacerlo, emigrando a España. Estos casos muestran dos posturas extremas, que fueron posiblemente los márgenes de un abanico de opciones. La del peninsular que se quedó en el Perú republicano, al lado de su familia, debió ser menos traumática que la del criollo desarraigado de su lugar de origen. Osma se adaptó al nuevo sistema mientras su contraparte, Zavala, no logró más éxito que unos distintivos honoríficos, antes de volver al final de su vida a un país que, paradójicamente, pasaba por una coyuntura más estable que la España de mediados del siglo XIX. / The fall of the viceregal system and the birth of the Republic of Peru, generated various responses in those who lived through such a complex process. The elite - both peninsular and criollo in origin - had to make hasty decisions in face of the fluctuations of the moment, particularly unfavorable for the sector loyal to the crown. The realistas (or fidelistas) were the big losers in those changes. This thesis analyzes two behaviors that could not be more contrasted among those who opposed the breakup with Spain. They were two sides of the same coin: one was represented by Gaspar Antonio de Osma, a peninsular bureaucrat linked to Lima´s commercial aristocracy, while the other was a military nobleman of ancient ancestry in Cuzco and Lima. While the former -being Spanish- chose to adapt to independent Peru, the latter -having been born on these lands- refused to do so, emigrating to Spain. These cases show two extreme positions, which were possibly the margins of a range of options. That of the peninsular who remained in republican Peru, next to his family, must have been less traumatic than that of the uprooted army officer from his place of origin. Osma was able to adapt to the new system while his counterpart, Zavala, achieved no more success than a few honorary distinctions, before returning at the end of his life to die in a country that, paradoxically, was going through a more stable situation than mid XIXth century Spain. / Tesis

Esta investigación aborda la importancia de los vínculos personales en la gestión del poder en el Perú a mediados del siglo XVIII, a partir del estudio del caso de las redes clientelares de los oidores de la Audiencia de Lima entre los años 1745 Y 1761. Estas redes se hacen visibles en el contexto de los conflictos entre el arzobispo de Lima, Pedro Antonio Barroeta y Ángel, el virrey conde de Superunda y las facciones de la élite limeña. Tomando como punto de partida las denuncias cruzadas entre estos actores, se analiza la interacción de las redes locales con la corte del virrey, en un contexto de cambios en la cultura política y en los mecanismos de gobierno que se producen a raíz de las reformas borbónicas. A partir del caso de la familia extensa del oidor Pedro Bravo del Rivero, se examina también cómo las estrategias familiares de ascenso social se vieron condicionadas tanto por la conversión de la corte de Madrid en el gran centro de negociación de mercedes reales, como por la limitación impuesta a la venalidad de cargos jurisdiccionales. Finalmente, se trata de comprender la injerencia de estas redes clientelares limeñas en el proceso de legalización del reparto mercantil que se produjo a inicios de la década de 1750, poniéndose en evidencia la estrecha relación entre oidores, corregidores y otros oficiales reales, con poderosos locales y comerciantes a la hora de beneficiarse de este pingüe negocio. Al menos en estos años, los oidores y su entorno clientelar lograron incorporar a sus filas a una muy reducida familia del virrey y gestionar la reventa de cargos de corregidores y el beneficio de corregimientos interinos / Tesis

Esta investigación aborda la importancia de los vínculos personales en la gestión del poder en el Perú a mediados del siglo XVIII, a partir del estudio del caso de las redes clientelares de los oidores de la Audiencia de Lima entre los años 1745 Y 1761. Estas redes se hacen visibles en el contexto de los conflictos entre el arzobispo de Lima, Pedro Antonio Barroeta y Ángel, el virrey conde de Superunda y las facciones de la élite limeña. Tomando como punto de partida las denuncias cruzadas entre estos actores, se analiza la interacción de las redes locales con la corte del virrey, en un contexto de cambios en la cultura política y en los mecanismos de gobierno que se producen a raíz de las reformas borbónicas. A partir del caso de la familia extensa del oidor Pedro Bravo del Rivero, se examina también cómo las estrategias familiares de ascenso social se vieron condicionadas tanto por la conversión de la corte de Madrid en el gran centro de negociación de mercedes reales, como por la limitación impuesta a la venalidad de cargos jurisdiccionales. Finalmente, se trata de comprender la injerencia de estas redes clientelares limeñas en el proceso de legalización del reparto mercantil que se produjo a inicios de la década de 1750, poniéndose en evidencia la estrecha relación entre oidores, corregidores y otros oficiales reales, con poderosos locales y comerciantes a la hora de beneficiarse de este pingüe negocio. Al menos en estos años, los oidores y su entorno clientelar lograron incorporar a sus filas a una muy reducida familia del virrey y gestionar la reventa de cargos de corregidores y el beneficio de corregimientos interinos / Tesis