A new measurement technique called fiber optic reflectometer (FOR) was developed to investigate multiphase flows. The principle and setup of the FOR technique were introduced and applied to various experiments. Based on the coherently mixed signal between the Fresnel reflection off the fiber-liquid interface and the scattered signal off the object, such as a gas bubble, and a solid particle, this single probe technique is capable of simultaneously measuring the velocity of the object with a high accuracy and the phase of the fluid. In addition, bubble diameter, velocity, and void fraction were measured directly. By means of a simple modification of the FOR technique, solute concentration and refractive index change were measured with a greatly improved accuracy. This modified technique was used for measuring of a NaCl concentration in deionized water to validate a new normalization technique. In the second part of this thesis, a plunging breaking wave in deep water has been studied. Using the wave focusing method, a strong plunging breaker was generated with accuracy in the deep water condition in a two-dimensional wave tank. It was possible to describe the breaking process in detail using a high speed camera with a frame rate of 500 or 1000 fps. Four kinds of experimental techniques were employed or developed to investigate the plunging breaker. Bubble image velocimetry (BIV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) were used to measure the velocity fields. The velocity fields of the highly aerated region were obtained from the BIV measurements. In addition, the modified PIV technique is capable of measuring the velocities in the entire flow field including the aerated region. Mean and turbulent properties were obtained by the ensemble average. The mean velocity, mean vorticity, and mean kinetic energy were examined over the entire flow field. In addition, the Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy were calculated with high temporal and spatial resolutions. Free surface elevation was obtained from wave gauge measurements. BIV and PIV images were also used to obtain the free surface elevation and the boundary of the aerated region for more accurate results. The FOR technique was used to obtain the void ratio at each splash-up region. Compressibility of the plunging breaker was considered. Mass flux, momentum flux, kinetic energy, and Reynolds stresses at each FOR station were recalculated using the void ratio obtained from the FOR measurements. All terms at the first splash-up region were highly overestimated more than 100 percent unless the void ratio was applied to the calculation of fluxes and energies. Compared with the fully developed first splash-up region, the overestimation at the second and third splash-up was less significant. However, most terms were overestimated by 20~30 percent when the void ratio was not considered.

Nearshore processes on barred beaches are studied with a process-based numerical model. The two major goals of the study are to expand the body of knowledge about nearshore processes on barred beaches gaining a better understanding of the physical mechanisms affecting bar migration events and to enhance the numerical model in order to accomplish realistic simulations of bar migration events on storm time scales. The numerical model is used to study the effect of physical processes on the hydrodynamics and morphodynamics in the nearshore environment. The numerical model system consists of a linear spectral refraction-diffraction model, REF/DIF S, a quasi-3D nearshore circulation module, SHORECIRC, energetics-based sediment transport models, and a morphological evolution model. A laboratory experiment with an offshore bar migration case followed by an onshore bar migration case is used for modeling purposes and verifications. A number of enhancements are made to the wave and circulation modules of the numerical model system specifically for simulations on barred beaches. The model modifications and enhancements are: a combined breaking wave parameter with a spatial variation in the wave model, a method accounting for breaking wave persistence in the wave model, a method accounting for the new breaker roller lag in the wave model, the dynamic pressure component in the radiation stress forcing, a roller contribution with different depth variation options for the short wave forcing in the circulation model, wave height instead of water depth as the turbulent length scale in the eddy viscosity calculations in the circulation model, and a slope term for the default sediment transport formula. The effect of surface shape parameter and the roller face angle on radiation stress and mean water level predictions are investigated. In reality, the organized wave energy is transferred to roller development over a transition distance and the roller does not immediately contribute to the radiation stresses; therefore, showing the importance of the roller lag mechanism for mean water level predictions. The cross-shore variation of the vertical momentum balance is studied to observe the variation of forcing agents of the undertow current. The cross-shore pressure gradient is the most dominant forcing term affecting the depth structure of the undertow current. The effect of different depth variations of the roller contribution to the short wave forcing on the undertow current is investigated. The mechanism accounting for breaking wave persistence and the mechanism accounting for the roller lag are shown to be important for predictions of the undertow currents on barred beaches. The skewed wave orbital velocities are introduced to the linear wave model by an empirical parametrization method and are found to contribute strongly to the onshore bar migration. The enhancements made to the wave dissipation and roller are found to significantly affect the predicted migration of the bar as well as the maintainance of the trough.

<p>The purpose of this project is to get a fully functional, automatic steering system and a variable breaking system with an emergency breaking function to an off road vehicle. This off road vehicle is supposed to work as an aid in military situations. A team of two, Sebastian Attervall and Nichlas Gustafsson, got an order from Jonas Nyårds and the PreeRunners Project to construct a steering system that could manoeuvre an off road vehicle without any human involvement. To make this possible the vehicle would be guided by onboard sensors, cameras and computers. The team where also assigned to construct an automatic breaking system, there also no human would be involved. The breaking system should as well contain an emergency stop function to prevent any accidents. The team has solved the problems assigned by using theories by David G. Ullman. The system that was eventually chosen was a steering system containing a 48V, 250W DC motor. A planetary gear where chosen to increase the torque from the engine. To translate the torque from the planetary gear to the steering bar a chain with chainwheel where chosen, this because the chain and chainwheel could withstand the immense forces acting on the chain. Between the planetary gear and the chainwheel a skid clutch is placed to prevent destruction on the planetary gear due to overload. The whole steering system is monitored by two rotary encoders, one placed on the engine and one placed on the steering bar. The breaking system eventually chosen where a system build on the existing drum brakes, placed in the front. To make the system independent from any human interference a system containing a linear motor, an electromagnet and a spring where chosen. The system works by letting the spring act on the wire from the existing drum breaks. The spring is always compressed so a force will always act on the wire when the system is at rest. By compressing the spring further the force acting on the wire will decrease and by compressing it enough the breaks will be released. The force compressing the spring will come from the linear motor. And to make the system failsafe in case of an emergency an electromagnet will be placed between the linear motor and the spring. When the power is cut to the electromagnet the compressed spring will be released and the drum breaks will break. The breaking system as well will be supervised by encoders and in this case linear encoders.</p> / <p>Syftet med detta projekt är att få ett fungerande automatiskt styrsystem och en variabel broms med nödbromsfunktion till en fyrhjuling som ska bli ett hjälpmedel i militära situationer. En projektgrupp bestående av Sebastian Attervall och Nichlas Gustafsson fick i uppgift av beställare Jonas Nygårds att ta fram ett system som ska kunna manövrera en fyrhjuling utan att en människa är inblandad. På detta vis ska den fungera helt automatiskt med hjälp av sensorer, kameror och datorer. Projektgruppen fick även i uppgift att ta fram en broms som ska kunna fungera utan inblandning av en människa. Den ska även kunna fungera som en nödbroms om systemet skulle strejka. Projektgruppen har löst de uppgifter som de har blivit tilldelade med hjälp av David G. Ullmans konstruktionsmetodik. Det system som tillslut valdes åt styrenheten blev ett system där momentet som vrider styrstången skapas med hjälp av en DC motor på 48 V och 250 W. Efter motorn sätts en planetväxel för att öka momentet. Som överföring av momentet från planetväxeln till styrstången används kedjedrift, detta på grund av att kedjan klarar av att ta upp de krafter som uppstår. En slirkoppling finns även med mellan planetväxeln och kedjedriften för att inte motorn och planetväxeln ska ta stryk vid överbelastning. Hela detta system övervakas med rotationsgivare vid motorn och styrstången så att inget fel uppstår. Konstruktionen för bromsen blev tillslut en lösning där de befintliga trumbromsarna på framhjulen används. För att bromsen ska kunna fungera utan inblandning av en människa har projektgruppen valt ett system bestående av ett linjärt ställdon, en elektromagnet och en fjäder. Systemet fungerar på så sätt att fjädern trycks ihop och en kraft uppstår. Denna kraft kommer att spänna bromsvajern så trumbromsen låser sig. Men för att inte trumbromsen ska ligga i hela tiden valde projektgruppen att använda sig av ett ställdon för att trycka ihop fjädern ytterligare så att vajern slaknar och bromskraften försvinner. För att nödbromsfunktionen ska fungera sattes en elektromagnet mellan ställdonet och fjädern. Om fyrhjulingen skulle bli strömlös släpper elektromagneten och fjädern drar åt bromsvajern. Även detta system kommer att övervakas av givare och i detta fall av en linjärgivare.</p>

The focus of this research is on identification, location, interruption, characterization and overall management of faults in conventional AC distribution systems as well as isolated MVDC power systems. The primary focus in AC distributions systems is on identifying and locating underground cable faults using voltage and current waveforms as the input data. Cable failure process is gradual and is characterized by a series of single-phase sub-cycle incipient faults with high arc voltage. They often go undetected and eventually result in a permanent fault in the same phase. In order to locate such incipient cable faults, a robust yet practical algorithm is developed taking into account the fault arc voltage. The algorithm is implemented in the time-domain and utilizes power quality monitor data to estimate the distance to the fault in terms of the line impedance. It can be applied to locate both sub-cycle as well as permanent faults. The proposed algorithm is evaluated and proved out using field data collected from utility distribution circuits. Furthermore, this algorithm is extended to locate evolving faults on overhead distribution lines. Evolving faults are faults beginning in one phase of a distribution circuit and spreading to another phase after a few cycles. The algorithm is divided into two parts, namely, the single line-to-ground portion of the fault and the line-to-line-to-ground portion of the fault. For the single line-to-ground portion of the fault, the distance to the fault is estimated in terms of the loop or self-reactance between the monitor and the fault. On the other hand, for the line-to-line-to-ground and line-to-line portion of the fault the distance is estimated in terms of the positive-sequence reactance. The secondary focus of fault management in AC distribution systems is on identifying fault cause employing voltage and current waveform data as well as meteorological information. As the first step, unique characteristics of cable faults are examined along with methods to identify such faults with suitable accuracy. These characteristics are also used to distinguish underground cable faults from other overhead distribution line faults. The overhead line faults include tree contact, animal contact and lightning induced faults. Waveform signature analysis, wavelet transforms and arc voltages during the fault event are used for fault cause identification and classification. A statistical based classification methodology to identify fault cause is developed by utilizing promising characteristics. Unlike the AC system infrastructure which is already in place, the DC system considered in this document is that of a notional electric ship. The nature of DC current, with the absence of a current zero as well as the presence of power electronic devices influencing the current behavior, makes interrupting DC fault currents challenging. As a part of this research an innovative DC fault interruption scheme is proposed for rectifier- fed MVDC systems. A fault at the terminals of a phase-controlled rectifier results in a high magnitude current impulse caused by the filter capacitor discharging into the fault resistance. It is proposed to use a series inductor to limit the magnitude of this current impulse. The addition of the inductor results in an underdamped series RLC circuit at the output terminals of the rectifier which causes the fault current to oscillate about zero. Furthermore, it is proposed to utilize a conventional AC circuit breaker to interrupt this fault current by exploiting the zero crossings resulting from the oscillations. Using the proposed scheme for the example case, the peak fault current magnitude as well as the interruption time is significantly reduced. / text

Στην παρούσα διατριβή παρουσιάζεται η αριθμητική μέθοδος προσομοίωσης μεγάλων κυμάτων (LWS), για τη μελέτη της τυρβώδους ροής που αναπτύσσεται κατά τη θραύση κυμάτων (θραύση εκχείλισης) πάνω από πυθμένα σταθερής κλίσης. Κατά τη μέθοδο LWS, οι μεγάλες κλίμακες των τυρβωδών διακυμάνσεων της ταχύτητας και της ελεύθερης επιφάνειας επιλύονται αριθμητικά, ενώ η επίδραση των μικρών κλιμάκων λαμβάνεται υπόψη με τη χρήση υποπλεγματικού (subgrid scale ή SGS) μοντέλου τάσεων, αντίστοιχο της μεθόδου προσομοίωσης μεγάλων δινών LES. Η θραύση εκχείλισης προσομοιώνεται από τη δράση των SGS τάσεων, οι οποίες δημιουργούν το στρόβιλο θραύσης και παράγουν εγκάρσια στροβιλότητα στο μέτωπο του κύματος. Η μέθοδος LWS εφαρμόζεται σε σύζευξη με τις εξισώσεις Euler και των αντιστοίχων μη-γραμμικών οριακών συνθηκών. Επιπλέον, ως σημείο αναφοράς χρησιμοποιείται η προσομοίωση της θραύσης εκχείλισης με μοντέλο επιφανειακού στροβίλου, κατά το οποίο η επίδραση του στροβίλου θραύσης υπολογίζεται εμπειρικά. Το μοντέλο προσαρμόζεται στις εξισώσεις δισδιάστατης μη συνεκτικής ροής, με τη χρήση κατάλληλα τροποποιημένων οριακών συνθηκών. Παρουσιάζονται αποτελέσματα δισδιάστατης ροής, κατά τη θραύση κύματος κάθετα στην ακτογραμμή, και τρισδιάστατης ροής, κατά τη θραύση κύματος κάθετα και υπό γωνία ως προς την ακτογραμμή. Γενικά, τα αποτελέσματα της ελεύθερης επιφάνειας και του πεδίου ταχυτήτων στη ζώνη απόσβεσης, κατά την θραύση κυμάτων κάθετα στην ακτογραμμή και πάνω από πυθμένα κλίσης 1/35, δείχνουν ικανοποιητική συμφωνία με τις αντίστοιχες πειραματικές μετρήσεις. Ωστόσο, παρά την ασθενή μεταβολή της ροής εγκάρσια στην ακτογραμμή, παρατηρείται ότι, λόγω της τρισδιάστατης δομής του στροβίλου, ο μηχανισμός της θραύσης προσομοιώνεται ικανοποιητικότερα από τη μέθοδο LWS, όταν αυτή συνδυάζεται με τρισδιάστατο πεδίο ροής. Τέλος, εξετάζεται η διάδοση και η θραύση κυμάτων πάνω από πυθμένα σταθερής κλίσης 1/35, τα οποία προσπίπτουν στην ακτογραμμή υπό γωνία 42,45 μοιρών σε μεγάλο βάθος. Οι κορυφογραμμές του κύματος θραύονται σταδιακά και η δράση των SGS τάσεων παράγει εγκάρσια και διαμήκη στροβιλότητα. Ο στρόβιλος θραύσης αναπτύσσεται κατά μήκος των θραυομένων κορυφογραμμών, με γωνία προσανατολισμού αντίστοιχη της γωνίας πρόσπτωσης κύματος στη γραμμή θραύσης. / A method named Large Wave Simulation is presented, for the study of turbulent flow that develops during wave breaking (spilling breakers) over a constant-slope bed. According to LWS method, large scales of velocity field and free-surface elevation are numerically resolved, whereas the corresponding subgrid scale (SGS) effects are accounted for by a SGS stress model, equivalent to the ones used in Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method. Spilling breaking is simulated by a SGS stress field that creates an eddy breaker and produces spanwise vorticity at the breaking wave front. LWS method is used in conjuction with the Euler equation and the corresponding nonlinear boundary conditions. Moreover, as a reference, a surface roller (SR) model is used for the simulation of spilling breaking, which necessitates empirical parameters, for the calculation of the eddy breaker effect. The SR model is adapted for two-dimensional, inviscid but rotational free-surface flow, by use of appropriately modified boundary conditions. Results of two-dimensional flow during breaking waves, propagating perpendicularly to the shoreline, are presented, as well as results of threedimensional flow during breaking waves, propagating perpendicularly and obliquely to the shoreline. In the case of waves breaking perpendicularly to the shoreline over a constant slope (1/35) bed, free-surface elevation and velocities results are in accordance with existing experimental data. However, despite of the flow being weakly dependent to the cross-shore direction, due to the fact that the eddy breaker is three-dimensional, LWS method performs better when combined with a three-dimensional flow field. Finally, oblique wave propagation (42,45 degrees at deep water) and breaking over a constant-slope (1/35) bed is simulated. Wave crestlines break gradually and the effect of the SGS stress field produces spanwise (longshore) and streamwise (cross-shore) vorticity. The eddy breaker develops along the breaking wave front and its orientation follows the shape of the breaking crestlines.

The purpose of this project is to get a fully functional, automatic steering system and a variable breaking system with an emergency breaking function to an off road vehicle. This off road vehicle is supposed to work as an aid in military situations. A team of two, Sebastian Attervall and Nichlas Gustafsson, got an order from Jonas Nyårds and the PreeRunners Project to construct a steering system that could manoeuvre an off road vehicle without any human involvement. To make this possible the vehicle would be guided by onboard sensors, cameras and computers. The team where also assigned to construct an automatic breaking system, there also no human would be involved. The breaking system should as well contain an emergency stop function to prevent any accidents. The team has solved the problems assigned by using theories by David G. Ullman. The system that was eventually chosen was a steering system containing a 48V, 250W DC motor. A planetary gear where chosen to increase the torque from the engine. To translate the torque from the planetary gear to the steering bar a chain with chainwheel where chosen, this because the chain and chainwheel could withstand the immense forces acting on the chain. Between the planetary gear and the chainwheel a skid clutch is placed to prevent destruction on the planetary gear due to overload. The whole steering system is monitored by two rotary encoders, one placed on the engine and one placed on the steering bar. The breaking system eventually chosen where a system build on the existing drum brakes, placed in the front. To make the system independent from any human interference a system containing a linear motor, an electromagnet and a spring where chosen. The system works by letting the spring act on the wire from the existing drum breaks. The spring is always compressed so a force will always act on the wire when the system is at rest. By compressing the spring further the force acting on the wire will decrease and by compressing it enough the breaks will be released. The force compressing the spring will come from the linear motor. And to make the system failsafe in case of an emergency an electromagnet will be placed between the linear motor and the spring. When the power is cut to the electromagnet the compressed spring will be released and the drum breaks will break. The breaking system as well will be supervised by encoders and in this case linear encoders. / Syftet med detta projekt är att få ett fungerande automatiskt styrsystem och en variabel broms med nödbromsfunktion till en fyrhjuling som ska bli ett hjälpmedel i militära situationer. En projektgrupp bestående av Sebastian Attervall och Nichlas Gustafsson fick i uppgift av beställare Jonas Nygårds att ta fram ett system som ska kunna manövrera en fyrhjuling utan att en människa är inblandad. På detta vis ska den fungera helt automatiskt med hjälp av sensorer, kameror och datorer. Projektgruppen fick även i uppgift att ta fram en broms som ska kunna fungera utan inblandning av en människa. Den ska även kunna fungera som en nödbroms om systemet skulle strejka. Projektgruppen har löst de uppgifter som de har blivit tilldelade med hjälp av David G. Ullmans konstruktionsmetodik. Det system som tillslut valdes åt styrenheten blev ett system där momentet som vrider styrstången skapas med hjälp av en DC motor på 48 V och 250 W. Efter motorn sätts en planetväxel för att öka momentet. Som överföring av momentet från planetväxeln till styrstången används kedjedrift, detta på grund av att kedjan klarar av att ta upp de krafter som uppstår. En slirkoppling finns även med mellan planetväxeln och kedjedriften för att inte motorn och planetväxeln ska ta stryk vid överbelastning. Hela detta system övervakas med rotationsgivare vid motorn och styrstången så att inget fel uppstår. Konstruktionen för bromsen blev tillslut en lösning där de befintliga trumbromsarna på framhjulen används. För att bromsen ska kunna fungera utan inblandning av en människa har projektgruppen valt ett system bestående av ett linjärt ställdon, en elektromagnet och en fjäder. Systemet fungerar på så sätt att fjädern trycks ihop och en kraft uppstår. Denna kraft kommer att spänna bromsvajern så trumbromsen låser sig. Men för att inte trumbromsen ska ligga i hela tiden valde projektgruppen att använda sig av ett ställdon för att trycka ihop fjädern ytterligare så att vajern slaknar och bromskraften försvinner. För att nödbromsfunktionen ska fungera sattes en elektromagnet mellan ställdonet och fjädern. Om fyrhjulingen skulle bli strömlös släpper elektromagneten och fjädern drar åt bromsvajern. Även detta system kommer att övervakas av givare och i detta fall av en linjärgivare.

Precision measurements of superallowed Fermi β-decay allow for stringent tests of the magnitude of isospin-symmetry-breaking effects in nuclei, the validity of the conserved vector current hypothesis, and the unitarity of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) quark-mixing matrix. A high-precision measurement of the branching ratio for the superallowed β+ decay of 74Rb has been performed at the Isotope Separator and ACcelerator (ISAC) facility at TRIUMF. The 8π spectrometer, an array of 20 HPGe detectors, was used to detect γ-rays emitted following the Gamow-Teller and non-analogue Fermi β-decays of 74Rb. PACES, an array of 5 Si(Li) detectors, was used to detect emitted conversion electrons, while half of SCEPTAR, a close-packed array of 10 plastic scintillators, was used to detect emitted β particles. In this experiment, 23 excited states were identified in 74Kr which were populated following the β-decay of 74Rb. A total of 58 γ-rays were identified following the 8.241(4)x108 detected β-particles. An observed non-superallowed branching ratio of 0.396(7)% was determined from the intensity of the identified γ-rays, while the unobserved non-superallowed intensity was calculated to be 0.05(5)%, leading to a superallowed branching ratio of 99.55(5)%. The superallowed branching ratio is now the most precise experimental quantity in the determination of the superallowed ft-value of 74Rb. Combining the half-life and Q-value with the superallowed branching ratio measured in this work leads to a superallowed ft-value of 3082.6(66) s. Finally, comparisons between the superallowed ft-value, the world average Ft-value, and the non-analogue Fermi branching ratio are made to provide future guidance in the refinement of the theoretical models required to describe the crucial isospin-symmetry-breaking term in superallowed β-decay.

As part of an ongoing program to study fundamental symmetries in nuclear physics, a thorough investigation into shell-model isospin-symmetry-breaking (ISB) calculation theory has been conducted using direct reactions to observe detailed nuclear-structure information. The work presented in this Thesis focuses on the 62Ga superallowed beta-decay system, and consists of two primary experiments; 1) A 64Zn(d,t)63Zn single-neutron transfer reaction, aimed at observing spectroscopic strengths to help guide calculation model-space truncations for the beta-decay wave function radial-overlap component of ISB, and 2) A two-neutron 64Zn(p,t)62Zn transfer to search for excited 0+ states in the daughter nucleus of 62Ga. The experiments were performed at the Maier-Leibnitz-Laboratory, on the joint campuses of the Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat and the Technische Universitat Munchen, in Garching, Germany. In total, 162 states in 63Zn were populated from the 64Zn(d,t) reaction, up to an excitation energy of 4.8 MeV, including the observation of 125 new levels, and unique spin/parity assignments for 92 states. As a result, this work provides the most complete picture for low-spin states in 63Zn to date. A comparison of the extracted S values to the predicted shell-model spectroscopic factors shows an overall over-prediction of strength for the 2p3/2 orbital, and a large disagreement for the 1f7/2 orbital above ~3.5 MeV. No significant 1g9/2 strength was observed, leading to the conclusion that the importance of the 1g9/2 orbital for ISB is small. Additionally, 67 states were observed in 62Zn using the two-neutron pickup mechanism, including the observation of five 0+ states. More than 99% of the total 0+ (p,t) cross-section is observed in the ground-state reaction channel, implying a nearly maximal overlap of the wave functions with the two-nucleon transfer operator. The dominance of the ground-state-to-ground-state (p,t) cross section is strikingly similar to the dominance of the superallowed Fermi beta-decay between isobaric-analogue 0+ states. This suggests that the population of excited 0+ states in the (p,t) reaction may reflect the population in the Fermi decay process, and can be used to guide future experimental and theoretical work. Further discussion of these results as they relate to the ISB correction calculations, and the implications for future theoretical work are presented in this Thesis. / This work was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, the DFG Cluster of Excellence `Origin and Structure of the Universe', and NSF grant PHY-1068217.

Symmetry and symmetry-breaking have, in the last one hundred and fifty years, become incorporated as central explanatory concepts within the natural sciences and mathematics. An abbreviated review of the incorporation of symmetry within the disciplines of mathematics, physics, philosophy and biology, provides a frame within which to develop of a model of mind. This thesis combines the framework provided by symmetry and symmetry-breaking with a structural understanding of self-referential dynamics in examining the implied Kantian model of mind. It considers that Kant’s assumption of a transcendental self unnecessarily isolates consciousness from being understood as a product of complex natural processes. Kant’s structural model of mind is examined and reformulated in terms of a more fundamental form and process. The space required for any non-reductionist model of mind is proposed as being generated through an enfolding of dimensionality in the occurrence of categorical level symmetry breaking during evolutionary development. The temporally extended function is accounted for in terms of self-referential structural dynamics operating within the primary temporal asymmetry. The model of mind proposed is created through application of naturalistic explanations incorporating symmetry and has attributes that may prove of interest to non-reductionists. The phenomenological geometry established provides a framework to understand the experiential phenomenon of qualia while conforming to the requirements of a natural explanation. Information is conceived as being transmitted inwaveforms propagated across spaces of enfolded dimensionalities through structural framesdemarcating nested spaces and condensing in the synthesis of unity in the object of attention,or image, and returning to distribute, the now reformulated, information outward acrosscontextual frames and spaces. This simplified dynamic is considered to operate at all levels of natural phenomena and involves the reintroduction of Bohm’s concepts of implicate and explicate order. The result is a model of mind employing a minimum structural form and self-referential dynamics that has potential for integration across the discipline theoretic frames of the natural sciences while retaining, for the domain of conscious phenomena, an independent causal significance in terms of a temporal structuralism.

The study of the muon decay process μ+ → e+νeν ̄μ is a powerful constraint on the behaviour of the weak interaction, without contamination of the other, stronger, fundamental interactions. The spectrum measured from the momentum and angles of the decay positrons is parametrized using a set of four decay parameters. The purpose of the TWIST experiment is to measure these decay parameters to an unprecedented precision; an order of magnitude improvement in the uncertainties over measurements completed before the TWIST experiment. Measurements of the muon decay parameters constrain the values of a series of 19 weak coupling constants. In the standard model, V-A weak interaction, 18 of these constants are 0, while the remaining constant describes interactions between left handed particles, gV_LL= 1.The decay parameter ρ quantifies the behaviour of the spectrum with respect to momentum. According to the standard model the value of this parameter is 3/4. TWIST measured a value of ρ = 0.74991±0.00009(stat)±0.00028(sys). The measurement is limited by its systematic uncertainty, so a large focus of the experiment was on the determination and control of these uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties are derived from uncertainties in the detector construction and uncertainties in the biases generated by differences between the data and a matching Monte Carlo. Muon decay also limits the possibility of family symmetry breaking interactions. TWIST can be used to search for the possibility of muons decaying into a positron and a single unidentified neutral particle μ+ → e+X0 that does not otherwise interact with normal matter. The large momentum and angle acceptance of the TWIST spectrometer allows for searches of two body decays for masses of the X0 boson mX0 ∈ [0,80] MeV/c, with a variety of behaviours with respect to the angle of the positron track. Upper limits on massive and mass-less X0 decays are set with a 90% confidence level separately at parts per million for massive decays and parts in 10000 for mass-less decays.