Because little was known about how the masonry lighthouses constructed during the 19th century at exposed locations around the British Isles were responding to wave action, the dynamic response of the Eddystone lighthouse under wave impacts was investigated. Like other so called 'rock lighthouses', the Eddystone lighthouse was built on top of a steep reef at a site that is fully submerged at most states of the tide. Consequently, the structure is exposed to loading by unbroken, breaking and broken waves. When the breaking occurs, wave loading leads to complex phenomena that cannot be described theoretically due to the unknown mixture of air and water involved during the wave-structure interaction. In addition, breaking waves are generally distinguished from unbroken and broken wave due to the fact that they cause impulsive loads. As a consequence, the load effects on the structural response require a dynamic analysis. In this investigation the dynamic response of the Eddystone lighthouse is investigated both in the field and by means of a small-scale model mounted in a laboratory wave channel. In particular, field data obtained by the use of geophones, cameras and a wave buoy are presented together with wave loading information obtained during the laboratory tests under controlled conditions. More than 3000 structural events were recorded during the exceptional sequence of winter storms that hit the South-West of England in 2013/2014. The geophone signals, which provide the structural response in terms of velocity data, are differentiated and integrated in order to obtain accelerations and displacements respectively. Dynamic responses show different behaviours and higher structural frequencies, which are related to more impulsive loads, tend to exhibit a predominant sharp peak in velocity time histories. As a consequence, the structural responses have been classified into four types depending on differences of ratio peaks in the time histories and spectra. Field video images indicate that higher structural frequencies are usually associated with loads caused by plunging waves that break on or just in front of the structure. However, higher structural velocities and accelerations do not necessarily lead to the largest displacements of around a tenth of mm. Thus, while the impulsive nature of the structural response depends on the type of wave impact, the magnitude of the structural deflections is strongly affected by both elevation of the wave force on the structure and impact duration, as suggested by structural numerical simulations and laboratory tests respectively. The latter demonstrate how the limited water depth strongly affects the wave loading. In particular, only small plunging waves are able to break on or near the structure and larger waves that break further away can impose a greater overall impulse due to the longer duration of the load. As a consequence of the depth limited conditions, broken waves can generate significant deflections in the case of the Eddystone lighthouse. However, maximum accelerations of about 0.1g are related to larger plunging waves that are still able to hit the lighthouse with a plunging jet. When compared to the Iribarren number, the dimensionless irregular momentum flux proposed by Hughes is found to be a better indicator concerning the occurrence of the structural response types. This is explained by the fact that the Iribarren number does not to take into account the effects of the wide tidal range at the Eddystone reef, which has a strong influence on the location of the breaking point with respect to the lighthouse. Finally, maximum run up were not able to rise up to the top of the lighthouse model during the laboratory tests, despite this having been observed in the field. As a consequence, the particular configuration of the Eddystone reef and the wind could have a considerable bearing and exceptional values of the run up, greater than 40 m, cannot be excluded in the field.

Les récentes paramétrisations utilisées dans les modèles spectraux de vagues offrent des résultats intéressants en termes de prévision et rejeux des états de mer. Cependant, de nombreux phénomènes physiques présents dans ces modèles sont encore mal compris et donc mal modélisés, notamment le terme de dissipation lié au déferlement des vagues.Le travail présenté dans cette thèse vise dans un premier temps à analyser et critiquer les paramétrisations existantes de la dissipation, au travers de la modélisation explicite des propriétés du déferlement sous-jacentes. Du constat de l’échec de ces paramétrisations à reproduire les observations in situ et satellite du déferlement, une nouvelle méthode d’observation et d’analyse des déferlements est proposée à l’aide de systèmes de stéréo vidéo. Cette méthode permet l’observation des déferlements sur des surfaces de mer reconstruites à haute résolution par stéréo triangulation. Ainsi, une méthode complète de reconstruction des surfaces de mer en présence de vagues déferlantes est proposée et validée. La détection des vagues déferlantes sur les images et leur reprojection sur les surfaces reconstruites est également discutée. Bien que peu d’acquisitions soient disponibles, les différents paramètres observables grâce à l’utilisation de la stéréo vidéo sont mis en avant. Ce travail montre l’intérêt des systèmes vidéo stéréo pour une meilleure observation et compréhension du déferlement des vagues, pour le développement des paramétrisations de la dissipation dans les modèles spectraux de vague. / The recent parameterizations used in spectral wave models provide today interesting results in terms of forecast and hindcast of the sea states. Nevertheless, many physical phenomena present in these models are still poorly understood and therefore poorly modeled, in particular the dissipation source term due to breaking. First, the work presented in this thesis is aimed at analyzing and criticizing the existing parameterizations of the dissipation through the explicit modeling of the underlying properties of breaking. The finding of the failure of these parameterizations to reproduce the in situ and satellite observations, a new method for the observation and the analysis of breaking is proposed using stereo video systems . This method allows the observation of breaking waves on the high-resolution stereo-reconstructed sea surfaces. Therefore, a complete method for reconstruction of the sea surfaces in the presence of breaking waves is proposed and validated.The detection of breaking waves on the images and their reprojection on reconstructed surface is also discussed. Although too few acquisitions are available to draw firm results, an overview of the various observable parameters through the use of stereo video is given.This work shows the importance of stereo video systems to a better observation and understanding of the breaking waves, required in order to improve dissipation source term in spectral wave models.

Using social media and norm-breaking material as an empirical touchstone this thesis elaborates, investigates and explores the entangled relationships between humans and technology in social media settings. Guided by uncomfortable, emotional and bodily online sharing the thesis gives voice to stories that are seldom heard, by people whose lives are rarely spoken of. By exploring the performative entanglements of/with/through technology, design and human intent the overall aim is to offer a critical and new understanding of our online togetherness and posthuman becoming. The conceptual framework throughout the thesis is based on posthuman theory and feminist technoscience, two closely connected theories providing a new onto-epistemological way of understanding the world’s becoming. The thesis should be seen as the product of an empirical practice of making theory about digital things, culture, humans and non-humans. By exploring diffraction and touch as not only theoretical standpoints but also hands-on methodology the thesis contributes to the development of new ways of doing research. Important findings arising from the practice of diffraction and touch are Technoemotions – conceptually agents built on a posthuman understanding of how emotions are entangled between and within the phenomenon, becoming important agents in the apparatus creating the phenomenon. Four Technoemotions seem particularly prominent in the material: Trust, Truth, Time and Embodiment. The thesis concludes by providing a discussion on critical alternatives for ethics, politics and power in relation to social media and the norms and norm-breaking practices most of us participate in. The responsibility and ability to respond are addressed, as well as social justice and hope for the future to come. / Sociala medier har för många människor blivit en naturlig del av vardagen där den digitala gemenskapen är lika viktig som den analoga. På platser så som Facebook, Twitter, bloggar och Instagram kommunicerar vi genom att dela med oss av tankar, händelse och åsikter i vår vardag. Vi varvar bilder från vår semester med politiska artiklar, delar vidare kloka citat eller resultatet från ett test av något slag, skryter på våra barn, filmar våra husdjur, delar med oss av sjukdomstillstånd och barnafödande och allt annat som en vardag kan vara fylld av. Just själva delandet är ett viktigt fundament i sociala mediers blivande och dess design är ofta optimerad för att kunna dela samma inlägg till flera olika sociala plattformar med ett enkelt klick. Denna avhandling handlar om hur vi genom sociala medier blir tillsammans på nätet, hur vi formar varandra men även hur vi formas av de tekniska scripts och den design som sociala medier är uppbyggt av. I avhandlingen får läsaren ta del av ett stort normbrytande empiriskt material. Med avstamp i detta normbrytande undersöker sedan författaren hur feministisk teknovetenskap och posthumanistisk teori kan användas som konkret metod för analys. Genom att applicera både närhet och diffraktion till det normbrytande empiriska materialet finner författaren det hon valt att kalla Teknoemotioner – konceptuella agenter som har sitt ursprung i sammanflätningar av digitala, sociala, mänskliga och icke-mänskliga material och kompositioner. Fyra teknoemotioner är särskilt framträdande, dessa är: förtroende, sanning, tid och förkroppsligande men författaren nämner också friktion och frusna berättelser som viktiga för att förstå fenomenet normbrytande delningar i sociala medier. Förtroende, sanning, tid och förkroppsligande är teknoemotioner som befinner sig i mellanrummet mellan skilda delningspraktiker i sociala medier. Dessas teknoemotioner skapar förutsättningar och påverkar upplevelser, ger indikationer om möjliga skillnader och likheter som är av betydelse för hur vi blir tillsammans med digitala material genom sociala medier. Författaren ger exempel på att det visserligen ofta är först i sin frånvaro som teknoemotioner blir uppenbara och får agens. Därmed konstaterar författaren att teknoemotioner också ofta är sin motsats. Analysen visar vidare att användare ofta uppfattar teknoemotionerna som valbara, exempelvis sanning. I sociala medier är sanning ofta en komplex agent, som ifrågasätts eller behandlat som något var och en får/kan avgöra på egen hand. Förtroende likaså. Med teknoemotionen, förkroppsligande, framgår också en tvetydighet, där kroppen (den fysiska) saknas i det virtuella rummet även om digitala kroppar är högst närvarande. Kan det vara så att känslan av anonymitet växer sig starkare om jag kan välja att vara i eller utanför min kropp?  Slutligen, tid. Tid är inte detsamma på internet som vi är vana. Där är tid ett högt arbiträrt begrepp och vi befinner oss i vår historia, samtid och till viss del även får framtid simultant. Avhandlingen avslutas med en metareflektion över hur det är möjligt att skapa kunskap om komplexa posthumanistiska fenomen där mänsklig handlingsförmåga vävs samman med digitala material och dess skilda rationaliteter. Genom att efterfråga alternativa ideal för kunskapsutveckling och design där etik, politik och makt är viktiga inslag hoppas författaren på en kritisk och alternativ förståelse av den verklighetsproduktion som sociala medier (och andra posthumana fenomen) bidrar till.

The biology of seed dormancy and germination of 46 species representing 11 of the 12 tribes in Convolvulaceae were compared in laboratory (mostly), field and greenhouse experiments. Seeds were tested for kind of dormancy and storage behavior; artificial or simulated natural treatments were applied to break physical dormancy (PY); the initial route of water entry (“water gap”) into seeds was identified; the morphoanatomy of the water gap was compared in seeds of 17 species; ontogenetical differences between water gap and seed coat away from the hilum were described in Ipomoea lacunosa seeds; cycling of sensitivity to dormancy break was elucidated in seeds of I. lacunosa, I. hederacea, Cuscuta australis and Jaquemontia ovalifolia; and mechanism of opening of the water gap was determined for seeds of I. lacunosa and of I hederacea. Seeds of only three of the 46 species were nondormant. Two of these were recalcitrant (Maripa panamensis and Erycibe henryi), and the other one was orthodox (Bonamia menziesii). Seeds of the other 43 species were orthodox and had PY except those of Cuscuta europea, which also had physiological dormancy (PD) i.e. combinational dormancy (PY + PD). Two bulges adjacent to the micropyle were identified as the water gap in all seeds with PY except those of Cuscuta, in which the hilar fissure is the water gap. Anatomy of the bulges (water gap) adjacent to the micropyle differs from that of seed coat away from the bulges. A different sequence and phase of anticlinal and periclinal cell divisions during development created weak transitional zones between bulge - hilum and bulge - seed coat away from hilum. Water vapor pressure changes below the bulges caused formation of the opening(s) in water gap. Seeds of I. lacunosa I. hederacea, C. australis and J. ovalifolia cycle between sensitive and insensitive states to dormancy break, but not between PY and nondormancy. Seed dormancy and storage characteristics and anatomy and morphology of dormancy of seeds of Convolvulaceae closely follow the molecular phylogeny of the family. I suggest that PY in seeds of subfamily Convolvuloideae evolved from nondormant recalcitrant seeds of an ancestor closely related to Erycibeae.

Unlike desert rodents from North America, Allenby’s gerbil (Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi) from the Negev Desert, Israel has evolved with snakes that do not have heat-sensitive sensory pits that enhance night vision. Does this history affect their ability to assess and respond to a snake that has this ability? As a test, we exposed gerbils to risk of predation from various predators, including snakes, owls, and foxes. The snakes included the Saharan horned viper (Cerastes cerastes) and the sidewinder rattlesnake (Crotalus cerastes). The former snake lacks sensory pits and shares a common evolutionary history with the gerbil. The latter snake, while convergent evolutionarily on the horned viper, has sensory pits and no prior history with the gerbil. The gerbils exploited depletable resource patches similarly, regardless of snake species and moon phase. While the gerbils did not respond to the novel snake as a greater threat than their familiar horned viper, the gerbils were cognizant that the novel predator was a threat. In response to both snakes, giving-up densities (GUDs; the amount of food left in a resource patch following exploitation) of the gerbils were higher in the bush than open microhabitat. In response to moonlight, GUDs were higher on full than on the new moon. Based on GUDs, the gerbils responded most to the risk of predation from the red fox, least from the two snake species, and intermediate for the barn owl. Keywords:

DIPLOMA THESIS ABSTRACT The breach of employee duties and its employment consequences This thesis deals with the breach of employee duties and its employment consequences. Primarily the basic of employment relationship which underlies duties is characterized. This characteristic is divided into five parts, in the first the employment relationship is defined, the second part deals with the identification of the subjects of the employment relationship, the third approximates the content of the employment relationship, and the fourth allocates duties to the employee only and the fifth part explains the concept of work discipline. The second chapter of the thesis deals with the sources of law. Besides the basic sources such as the constitutional law or Labour Code are, mainly the internal regulation of employer are described. It identifies internal regulation, as a unilateral act of the employer which entail an duty or grant the capacity of a person in a subordinate position. This internal regulation serves as an employee's duties concretization tool. The thesis also mentions the contract of employment and work direction. In connection with the determination of duties also the supervision of compliance with these duties and the possible use of control is analyzed. In the third chapter the breach is defined, as...

Denna rapport utforskar forskningsfrågan hur uppfattar erfarna spelare det avsiktliga utövandet av sekvensbryt i relation till deras upplevande av ett spels narrativ? då granskning av tidigare forskning kring ämnet sekvensbryt väckt frågor kring spelares åsikter om ämnet och huruvida utövandet av sekvensbryt är motsatt viljan att uppleva spelnarrativ. En studie utformades med ändamålet att samla spelares åsikter kring sekvensbryt. För att åstadkomma detta skapades ett textspel kallat Sequerience som gav spelare möjligheten att utöva sekvensbryt och detta användes i kombination med en enkät där de kunde reflektera över ämnet. Studien spreds online och till kanadensiska universitetskretsar och totalt deltog 11 personer. Dessa svar var tillräckliga för att etablera att det finns spelare som kan avsiktligt utöva sekvensbryt med viljan att uppleva ett spels narrativ i behåll. Vid framtida studier kan ett större deltagarantal ge djupare insikt i de olika ställningar som spelare kan ha gentemot sekvensbryt i relation till upplevandet av narrativ. / This report explores the research question how do skilled players perceive the intentional act of sequence breaking in relation to their experiencing of a game’s narrative? as examination of earlier research has raised questions concerning players’ opinions on the matter and whether the act of sequence breaking is counter to the desire to experience game narratives. A study was designed in order to collect players’ opinions on sequence breaking. This involved the creation of a text-based game called Sequerience wherein players were given the opportunity to perform sequence breaking, combined with a survey collecting the players’ thoughts on the subject. The study was spread online and to Canadian universities, with a total of 11 participants. The responses were sufficient to establish that there are players who may intentionally perform sequence breaking while maintaining the desire to experience a game’s narrative. In future studies, a larger amount of participants may give deeper insights in the various perspectives players may have on sequence breaking in relation to the experiencing of narratives.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabel Bernardes Ferreira.pdf: 447577 bytes, checksum: 001456d9c918498368ced71a95df0953 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The number of people living with the partner without formalize the relationship grows every year . Many of these couples break up, but little is known about the impact of separation on their lives and future relationships. Often, that there was no marriage or children , people expect quick and without major consequences recovery. This study aimed to discuss the loving disruption experienced by young adults who lived together in order to identify its variables and meanings. Therefore, we carried out a descriptive and exploratory qualitative study. A questionnaire with open and closed questions based on the literature, published and answered online was built. Based on the 35 questionnaires identified that, although the the breaking up in the condition cohabiting condition is simpler than divorce, once the legal compliance is not required, those involved undergo a significant distress to the separation and see the need to reorganize their lives in various spheres: sexual, emotional - affective , professional, economic , social and family relationships . The data found in this study support previous findings reporting that, generally, cohabitation is a short term experience it reaches the end, almost always before two years / O número de pessoas que vivem junto com o/a parceiro/a sem oficializar a relação cresce a cada ano. Muitos desses casais rompem o convívio, mas pouco se sabe sobre o impacto dessa separação sobre a vida e relacionamentos futuros dos envolvidos nessa situação. Frequentemente, por não ter havido casamento ou filhos, as pessoas esperam uma recuperação rápida e sem grandes consequências. A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo problematizar o rompimento amoroso vivido por jovens adultos que moraram juntos, na perspectiva de identificar suas variáveis e significados. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo exploratório descritivo e qualitativo. Foi construído um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas baseado na literatura, divulgado e respondido on-line. Com base em 35 questionários identificou-se que, apesar de romper o relacionamento na circunstância da coabitação seja mais simples do que o divórcio, na medida em que não é necessária a observância legal, os sujeitos envolvidos passam por um sofrimento significativo com a separação e veem a necessidade de reorganizar suas vidas nas mais diversas esferas: sexual, emocional-afetiva, profissional, econômica, social e familiar. Os dados apresentados nessa pesquisa validam resultados anteriormente encontrados e informam que geralmente a coabitação é uma experiência de curta duração que chega ao fim quase sempre antes dos dois anos

One of the most promising routes to create advanced materials is self-assembly. Self-assembly refers to the self-organisation of building blocks to form ordered structures. As the properties of the self-assembled materials will inherit the properties of the basic building blocks, it is then possible to engineer the properties of the materials by tailoring the properties of the building blocks. In order to create mesoscale materials, the self-assembly of molecular building blocks of different sizes and interactions is important. Mesoscopic materials can be obtained by using larger building blocks such as nano and colloidal particles. Colloidal particles are particularly attractive as building blocks because it is possible to design interparticle interactions by controlling both the chemistry of the particles' surface and the properties of the solvent in which the particles are immersed. The self-assembly of spherical colloidal particles has been widely reported in the literature. However, advances in experimental techniques to produce particles with different shapes and sizes have opened new opportunities to create more complex structures that cannot be formed using spherical particles. Indeed, the particles' shape and effective interactions between them dictate the spatial arrangement and micro-structure of the system, which can be engineered to produce functional materials for a wide range of applications. The driving forces determining the self-assembly of colloidal particles can be modified by the use of external influences such as geometrical confinement and electromagnetic forces. Geometrical confinement, for example, has been used to design quasi two-dimensional materials such as multi-layered structures of spheres, dimers, rods, spherical caps, and monolayers of platelets with various geometries and symmetries. In this dissertation, we present three computer simulations studies using Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics simulations determining the self-assembly of monolayer colloidal platelets with different shapes confined in two dimensions. These particles have been selected due to recent experiments in colloidal particles with similar shapes. All the particles' models are represented by planar polygons, and three different effects affecting their self-assembly have been analysed: (a) the curvature of the particles' vertices; (b) the curvature of the particles' edges; and finally (c) the addition of functional groups on the particles' surface. These studies aim to demonstrate that the subtle changes on the particle's shape can be used to engineer complex patterns for the fabrication of advanced materials. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to study the self-assembly of colloidal platelets with rounded corners with 4, 5, and 6-fold symmetries. Square platelets provide a rich phase behaviour that ranges between disorder-order and order-order phase transitions. Suprisingly, the disk-like shape of pentagons and hexagons prevents the total crystallisation of these systems, even at a high pressure state. A hysteresis gap is observed by the analysis of compression and expansion runs for the case of square platelets and the thermodynamic method known as direct coexistence method is used to be accurately determined the point of the order-order transition. Further, unexpected results are obtained by performing Molecular Dynamics simulations in systems with platelets with 3, 4, 5, and 6-fold symmetries when all the sides of each polygon are curved. Macroscopic chiral symmetry breaking is observed for platelets with 4 and 6-fold symmetries, and for the first time a rule is promoted to explain when these chiral structures can be formed driven only by packing effects. This unique rule is verified also for platelets with the same curved sides as previously when functional chains tethered to either vertices or sides. Indeed, square platelets with curved sides confined in two dimensions can form chiral structures at medium densities when flexible chains tethered to either vertices or sides. Triangular platelets with curved sides can form chiral structures only when the chains are tethered to the corners, since the chains experience an one-hand rotation to sterically protect one side. When the chains are symmetrically tethered to the sides, local chiral symmetry breaking is observed as both left-hand and right-hand sides on each vertex are sterically protected allowing the same probability for rotation either in clockwise or anticlockwise direction.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo deste trabalho à aplicar o modelo de bumblebee, um modelo de quebra de simetria espontÃnea de Lorentz gerada por um quadri-vetor de valor esperado de vÃcuo nÃo-nulo, a um espaÃo de vÃcuo. Apresentamos resultados para quebra de simetria de Lorentz radial/temporal em um espaÃo de Schwarzschild. AlÃm disso, à verificada uma incompatibilidade entre a hipÃtese de o universo ser homogÃneo quando nÃo hà presenÃa de matÃria massiva ordinÃria e a imposiÃÃo de um campo de bumblebee paralelamente transportado na direÃÃo radial. / The objective of this work is apply bumblebee model, a spontaneously Lorentz symmetry breaking model due to a non-vanishing vacuum expectation value vector field, to a vacuum space. Results are presented for a radial/temporal Lorentz symmetry breaking in a Schwarzschild space. Also, it is verified an incompatibility between the hypothese of the universe to be homogenous in the absence of massive ordinary matter and the imposition of a parallelly transported bumblebee field in radial direction.