abstract: This work describes the development of a device for measuring CO2 in breath, which has applications in monitoring a variety of health issues, such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, and cardiovascular disease. The device takes advantage of colorimetric sensing technology in order to maintain a low cost and high user-friendliness. The sensor consists of a pH dye, reactive element, and base coated on a highly porous Teflon membrane. The transmittance of the sensor is measured in the device via a simple LED/photodiode system, along with the flow rate, ambient relative humidity, and barometric pressure. The flow is measured by a newly developed flow meter described in this work, the Confined Pitot Tube (CPT) flow meter, which provides a high accuracy with reduced flow-resistance with a standard differential pressure transducer. I demonstrate in this work that the system has a high sensitivity, high specificity, fast time-response, high reproducibility, and good stability. The sensor has a simple calibration method which requires no action by the user, and utilizes a sophisticated, yet lightweight, model in order to predict temperature changes on the sensor during breathing and track changes in water content. It is shown to be effective for measuring CO2 waveform parameters on a breath-by-breath basis, such as End-Tidal CO2, Alveolar Plateau Slope, and Beginning Exhalation Slope. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Chemical Engineering 2017

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A halitose se caracterizada pela emanação de um odor desagradável onde cerca de 90% de se origina dentro da cavidade oral. Estudos têm demonstrado uma relação direta entre a doença periodontal e o odor ofensivo do hálito. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a frequência e distribuição de halitose em um grupo de pacientes com doença periodontal em um estudo transversal observacional (n=112) e, em um estudo intervencionista, avaliar o efeito do tratamento periodontal full-mouth e convencional na redução da halitose em um grupo de pacientes com doença periodontal. Os pacientes responderam a uma anamnese, tiveram seu hálito mensurado pelo halímetro e teste organoléptico, além de realizados Índice de placa visível, Índice de sangramento gengival, Índice de saburra lingual e exame periodontal completo. No estudo 2, os pacientes foram submetidos a seis distintas formas de tratamento: terapia periodontal em sessão única, terapia convencional em quadrantes e, um grupo controle, com somente instrução de higiene oral. Todas as modalidades subdivididas: com e sem raspagem lingual diária. No primeiro estudo os resultados mostraram que, tanto para teste organoléptico quanto para o halímetro, houve maior grau de halitose nos grupos de idades mais avançadas, nos que relataram sangramento gengival e escovação menos que três vezes ao dia. Ainda no teste organoléptico a escovação de língua gerou diferença estatística. Não houve diferença estatística entre as medidas de halitose entre teste organoléptico e halímetro. Foram encontrados aproximadamente 75% de pacientes periodontais com halitose. No segundo estudo os resultados mostraram superioridade conforme análise do halímetro para 30, 60 e 90 dias para os grupos de raspagem em sessão única contra raspagem por quadrantes. Sendo todos os grupos superiores ao controle. Não houve diferença na abordagem com ou sem a raspagem de língua. De acordo com o teste organoléptico, não houve diferença entre os quatro tipos de tratamento periodontal comparados aos grupos controle. O mesmo aplica-se ao WTCI, onde os grupos de tratamento foram superiores ao controle, todavia semelhantes entre si. Concluiu-se que a idade e o sangramento gengival, assim como a frequência de escovação podem influenciar no grau de halitose, tanto no teste organoléptico quanto halímetro. A escovação de língua mostrou-se superior apenas na avaliação organoléptica. Quando avaliado através do halímetro o tratamento full-mouth foi superior ao tratamento convencional. Esta diferença não foi observada quando avaliado através do método organoléptico. Todas as modalidades de tratamento periodontal foram superiores aos grupos controle. A raspagem lingual não teve influência nos tratamentos. / Halitosis is characterized by the emission of an unpleasant odor about 90% originates in the oral cavity. Studies have shown a direct relationship between periodontal disease and the offensive odor of breath. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of halitosis in patients with periodontal disease in an observational cross-sectional study (n = 112) and, in an intervention study, the patients have had six distinct forms of treatment (n = 90) to verify the efficacy of full- vs. partial-mouth disinfection in the control of halitosis. Patients answered an interview, they have had their breath collected by halimeter, they have evaluated by organoleptic test, and visible plaque index, gingival bleeding index, index of tongue coating and periodontal examination. In the second step, patients have been submitted to six different forms of treatment: periodontal therapy in one session, conventional therapy in quadrants, and the control group, with only oral hygiene instruction. All types split: with and without tongue scraping daily. The first study results shown for both organoleptic test as halimeter, a greater degree of halitosis in the older age groups, we have reported that gum bleeding and brushing less than three times per day. Still in organoleptic test brushing of tongue generated statistical difference. There was no statistical difference between the measures between halitosis and organoleptic test halimeter. There was about 75% og periodontal patients with halitosis. In the second study the results shown the superiority analysis as halimeter for 30, 60 and 90 days for groups of scraping in single session against scraping by quadrants. Being all groups superior from control. There was no difference in approach with or without tongue scraping. According to the organoleptic test, there was no difference between the four types of periodontal treatment compared to the control groups. The same applies to WTCI, the treatment groups were superior to the control, but similar to each other. It was concluded that age and gingival bleeding, like brushing frequency can influence the degree of halitosis, both the organoleptic test as halimeter. Brushing the tongue was superior only in organoleptic evaluation. When assessed by halimeter treatment full-mouth was superior to conventional treatment. This difference was not observed when measured by the organoleptic method. All periodontal treatment modalities were superior to control groups. Scraping lingual had no influence on treatments.

abstract: Human breath is a concoction of thousands of compounds having in it a breath-print of physiological processes in the body. Though breath provides a non-invasive and easy to handle biological fluid, its analysis for clinical diagnosis is not very common. Partly the reason for this absence is unavailability of cost effective and convenient tools for such analysis. Scientific literature is full of novel sensor ideas but it is challenging to develop a working device, which are few. These challenges include trace level detection, presence of hundreds of interfering compounds, excessive humidity, different sampling regulations and personal variability. To meet these challenges as well as deliver a low cost solution, optical sensors based on specific colorimetric chemical reactions on mesoporous membranes have been developed. Sensor hardware utilizing cost effective and ubiquitously available light source (LED) and detector (webcam/photo diodes) has been developed and optimized for sensitive detection. Sample conditioning mouthpiece suitable for portable sensors is developed and integrated. The sensors are capable of communication with mobile phones realizing the idea of m-health for easy personal health monitoring in free living conditions. Nitric oxide and Acetone are chosen as analytes of interest. Nitric oxide levels in the breath correlate with lung inflammation which makes it useful for asthma management. Acetone levels increase during ketosis resulting from fat metabolism in the body. Monitoring breath acetone thus provides useful information to people with type1 diabetes, epileptic children on ketogenic diets and people following fitness plans for weight loss. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Chemistry 2013

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:54:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo6200_1.pdf: 4199376 bytes, checksum: 5a46d3d2af28d10ea5aec5bc448e129b (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / A manobra de sustentação máxima da inspiração (SMI) é utilizada para melhorar a ventilação através de inspirômetros de incentivos (II). O breath-stacking (BS) técnica alternativa ao II não necessita da cooperação do paciente. Os objetivos deste estudo foram analisar o padrão regional de deposição pulmonar, usando as técnicas de BS e II e correlacionar o volume máximo alcançado com o índice de deposição (ID) do radioaerossol. Foram estudados 18 voluntários, saudáveis, com idade de 22,72±2,96 no Instituto de Medicina Nuclear de Fortaleza e na Faculdade Integrada do Ceará. Foram medidos o volume pulmonar alcançado e a captação das imagens cintilográficas, durante as técnicas. O radioaerossol utilizado foi o 99mTc-DTPA. Após a inalação, foram obtidas imagens na câmara de cintilação. Foi realizada uma medida cintilográfica em respiração espontânea, considerada imagem-controle (C). Foram delimitadas regiões de interesse (ROIS) e analisados o ID nos gradientes vertical e horizontal. Para análise estatística, utilizou-se ANOVA, teste t-Student pareado e correlação de Pearson. Para o grupo total, o II favoreceu a deposição em terço médio(p=0,03) e região central(p<0,001) e o BS em inferior(p=0,03) e periférica(p<0,001). No masculino, a deposição em terço superior(p=0,04) foi favorecida pelo II. Não houve correlação entre o volume alcançado e a deposição durante BS e II, nem alteração no volume pulmonar alcançado durante as técnicas. Os resultados sugerem que a técnica de II proporciona um padrão regional de deposição do radioaerossol em vias aéreas centrais, enquanto a BS em vias aéreas de pequeno calibre

Orientador: Ricardo Machado Leite de Barros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T12:14:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lodovico_Angelica_M.pdf: 3234444 bytes, checksum: a76f5a00d7da797cea11ab87254059d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia baseada em videogrametria para determinação dos volumes do tronco durante a respiração usando projeção de luz e reconstrução de superfície. A metodologia proposta consiste em: a) Projetar uma malha de marcas circulares sobre a superfície anterior e posterior do tronco; b) Registrar cada superfície através de um par de câmeras de vídeo digitais. c) Segmentar e rastrear as marcas através de ferramentas de processamento de imagens; d) Estabelecer uma correspondência entre as marcas nas seqüências de imagens registradas pelas câmeras; e) Reconstruir as coordenadas 3D das marcas; f) Reconstruir a superfície do tronco; g) Calcular o volume do tronco. A metodologia proposta foi avaliada através de dois experimentos: 1) Comparação entre a medida de volume de um manequim de tronco masculino obtida por imersão (M!) e através da metodologia proposta (MO); 2) Avaliação da aplicabilidade da metodologia para o cálculo do volume do tronco durante a manobra respiratória de capacidade vital. Os resultados mostram que .a metodologia foi capaz de medir e estabelecer uma correspondência automática de mais de duas mil marcas o que possibilitou a reconstrução de uma superfície com alta resolução. No primeiro experimento, a MI foi de 38,39 litros contra 37,34 litros da MO (acurácia relativa de 3%). Os resultados do segundo experimento mostraram que a metodologia foi capaz de identificar um sinal coerente com o ciclo respiratório em manobra de capacidade vital realizado pelo sujeito. Sendo assim, podemos concluir que a metodologia baseada em projeção de luz e reconstrução de superfície proposta é adequada e acurada para medir os volumes do tronco durante a respiração / Abstract: This work proposes a video-based method for measuring the trunk volumes during breathing using projected light and surface reconstruction. The method consists of: a) Projecting a grid of circular markers on the anterior and posterior trunk surface; b) Registering each surface using a pair of digital video cameras; c) Segmenting and tracking of the markers using image processing tools; d) Establishing the correspondence between marks in the video sequences registered by different cameras; e) Reconstructing the 3D coordinates; f) Reconstructing the surface; g) Calculating the trunk volume. The evaluation of the method was based on twoexperiments. 1) Comparison of the volume of a trunk model (mannequin) by immersion and using the proposed method (1M). 2) Analysis of the applicability of the method to measure a subject trunk volumes during vital capacity respiratory manoeuvre (OM). The results related to the methodological aspects showed that the method was able to measure and establish the correspondence automatically of more than two thousand points that this provides a very detailed anterior and posterior trunk surfaces. In the first experiments, the 1M were 38.39 liters against 37.34 liters obtained by OM (relative accuracy of 3%). The ana1ysis of the experiment 2 revealed the capability of the method identifies signals coherent with the respiratory cyc1es in vital capacity manoeuvres. In conc1usion, the method based on light projection and surface reconstruction provides an accurate, non-invasive and useful method to calculate human trunk volumes during breath / Mestrado / Mestre em Educação Física

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-03-19T18:25:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 raphaelabenetellomarques.pdf: 5817610 bytes, checksum: 09512cba2ab6466073496e257b683251 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-03-19T19:38:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 raphaelabenetellomarques.pdf: 5817610 bytes, checksum: 09512cba2ab6466073496e257b683251 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-19T19:38:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 raphaelabenetellomarques.pdf: 5817610 bytes, checksum: 09512cba2ab6466073496e257b683251 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-19 / O presente trabalho pretende abordar a trajetória fílmica do documentarista mineiro Marcos Pimentel passando por sua formação acadêmica, a descoberta da linguagem documental, seu processo de criação e a forma como as obras produzidas ao longo de sua carreira refletem também o momento pessoal do cineasta. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foram feitas entrevistas com o diretor e com a equipe técnica presente na maioria de seus filmes. O longa-metragem Sopro, primeiro de sua carreira, também será objeto de análise neste trabalho, utilizando as entrevistas e a obra audiovisual de forma a entender o processo criativo do cineasta. / The present work intends to approach the filmmaking trajectory of the documentary from Minas Gerais, Marcos Pimentel through his academic formation, the discovery of the documentary language, his process of creation and the way in which films produced throughout his career also reflect the personal moment of the filmmaker. For the development of the research, interviews were made with the director and with the technical team present in most of his films. The feature film Breath, the first of its career, will also be analyzed in this work, using interviews and audiovisual work to understand the creative process of the filmmaker.

In order to examine the usefulness of the multi breath helium dilution method (MB) it was compared to the single breath helium dilution method (SB) and body plethysmography (BP). Residual volume (RV), total lung capacity (TLC) and vital capacity (VC) were measured in seventeen subjects with obstructive (11) or restrictive (6) lung disease and four normal subjects. With information from professional literature and current periodicals, advantages and disadvantages with all three methods were compared. ANOVA and Student's t-test were performed on the measurement results. The results of the statistical tests tell us there are differences among the methods in the group of obstructive patients. They also reveal a notable difference between the MB and SB methods when measuring the same parameter. In addition, it was noted that none of the existing sets of prediction equations fulfill the requirements established on high quality lung function testing. Although a thorough evaluation of the reproducibility of the method is still required, it appears to be a viable alternative to body plethysmography. We claim that measuring the above mentioned static lung volumes with only the single breath helium dilution method cannot be considered a satisfactory practice.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Smell has a close connection with the brain areas involving emotion, learning and memory, and maybe that's why the olfactory memories evoke emotions. In dentistry, some situations involving the presence of unpleasant odors can cause some discomfort, such as halitosis, popularly known as bad breath. Halitosis is defined as an offensive odor from the mouth, nasal cavities, sinuses and / or pharynx. This study aimed to understand how halitosis is experienced by individuals and detect their reflections on the behavior of the ill. For this, we used a qualitative methodology and data collection was performed at the School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria. The study population consisted of twelve adult individuals of both sexes and complaining of halitosis. The study group was considered sufficient when information began to repeat, indicating saturation of the data. This qualitative research used semistructured interviews as a procedure for data collection. After each interview, information was transcribed and submitted to the analysis. To interpret the data and better understand the meanings, we used the technique of content analysis, thematic modality. The analysis included categories that were expected and those that emerged. After the analysis, we obtained six categories lated to halitosis: "Bad breath is a horrible smell," "I feel very bad, in desperation," "Talk is losing his friend," "I became addicted to chewing gum," "Healing: a watershed in my life" and "The dental professionals should be prepared. " We noticed that people associate factors of oral and gastrointestinal disturbances as a possible cause of halitosis. About behavioral, people who have this change often feel inferior and rejected, avoiding social contact. All prefer to be alerted about oral malodor by friends and / or family, however, would not warn others about the same condition. Still, there was plenty of resources that use masking breath and see the dentist as the main responsible for diagnosing and treating halitosis, and found little information available about this. Thus, we conclude that halitosis is a change that could affect self-esteem and confidence of the people, a negative effect on social behavior, and that the issue requires action halitosis wide range of multi population in order to clarify doubts and myths related to its etiology and its treatment. / O olfato tem uma ligação próxima com as áreas cerebrais que envolvem a emoção, o aprendizado e a memória, e talvez seja por isso que as memórias olfativas evoquem emoções. Em Odontologia, algumas situações que envolvem presença de odores desagradáveis podem causar algum desconforto, como é o caso da halitose, popularmente chamada de mau hálito. A halitose é definida como um odor ofensivo proveniente da boca, cavidades nasais, seios da face e/ou faringe. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender como a halitose é vivenciada pelas pessoas e detectar os seus reflexos no comportamento dos acometidos. Para isso, utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa e a coleta dos dados foi realizada nas dependências do Curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. A população de estudo foi constituída por doze indivíduos adultos de ambos os sexos e com queixa de halitose. O grupo de estudo foi considerado suficiente quando as informações começaram a se repetir, indicando a saturação dos dados. Esta investigação qualitativa utilizou entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas como procedimento para coleta dos dados. Após cada entrevista, as informações eram integralmente transcritas para posterior submissão à análise. Para interpretar os dados e melhor compreender os significados, foi utilizada a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo, na modalidade temática. A análise incluiu temas que eram esperados e também os que emergiram durante o trabalho. Após a análise, foram obtidas seis categorias relacionadas à halitose: Mau hálito é um cheiro horrível ; Eu me sinto muito mal, em desespero ; Falar é perder o amigo ; Eu viciei em chicletes ; Cura: um divisor de águas na minha vida e Os profissionais da Odontologia deveriam estar preparados . Foi possível verificar que as pessoas associam fatores intrabucais e distúrbios gastrintestinais como possível causa da halitose. Do ponto de vista comportamental, os indivíduos que apresentam essa alteração frequentemente sentem-se inferiorizados e rejeitados, evitando o convívio social. Todos preferem ser alertados sobre o mau odor bucal pelos amigos e/ou familiares, entretanto, não avisariam a outras pessoas sobre a mesma condição. Ainda, observou-se que utilizam abundantemente recursos mascaradores do hálito e veem o cirurgião-dentista como o principal responsável por diagnosticar e tratar a halitose, e consideram escassas as informações disponíveis sobre o assunto. Assim, concluímos que halitose é uma alteração capaz de afetar a autoestima e a autoconfiança das pessoas, interferindo negativamente no comportamento social, e que o tema halitose requer ações multiprofissionais de ampla abrangência populacional a fim de esclarecer dúvidas e mitos referentes à sua etiologia e ao seu tratamento.

A study was done at Steve Biko Academic hospital to determine the influence that respiratory gating will have on target volumes used in radiotherapy treatment planning. The primary objective was to compare target volumes of respiratory gated scans to ungated scans and to determine whether it will be meaningful to permanently implement a 4D respiratory gating system on CT scanners in the South African public health sector and to use these images for target volume delineation in radiotherapy planning. The study consisted of three sections. In the first section, 4D respiratory gated CT images were obtained and delineated with 4D software. The full-inspiration and full-expiration phases of the gated scans were then fused to obtain ungated images which were also delineated. The gross tumor volumes (GTVs) of the gated phases were compared to the ungated GTVs, and found that on average the volumes decreased by 14.63% with a standard deviation of 7.96% when gating was applied. Yet another aim was to determine the influence that 4D imaging will have on radiotherapy treatment planning. One of the 4D study sets was imported to the XIO treatment planning system where IMRT treatment plans were created on both the gated and ungated scans. The plans conformed to the treatment aims and restrictions when clinical parameters such as DVHs were used to evaluate it. The planned target volume coverage differed by less than 1% between the gated and the ungated plans, but significant dose reductions to the OARs of up to 32.65% to the contralateral lung were recorded on the gated plan. In the second section of this study, respiratory gated CT scans were simulated by applying the breath-hold technique to lung cancer patients. The technique was applied during full-inspiration which fundamentally represents the maximum peak of the sinusoidal respiratory waveform. An ungated scan was also acquired during normal respiration. The clinical target volumes (CTVs) were identified on both scans by three oncologists and the average CTVs were compared. It was found that the CTVs decreased significantly by an average of 14.33%. Palliative patients receive parallel opposing field therapy which is planned from 2D films. It is very unlikely that these opposing field sizes will differ when gating is applied. It was therefore concluded that only radical lung patients, which was estimated to be a mere 0.03% of the total radiation therapy patient population, will benefit by implementing respiratory gating or any motion-reduction technique. For the third section of the study, respiratory gated PET scans were acquired on a PET/CT scanner to evaluate external, non-technical parameters that will influence respiratory gating. The results indicated that time and patient participation were not limiting factors. The biggest concerns however were the effectiveness of the gating system, software limitations and the gated results. These problems might be minimized with thorough training on the system. All three sections as well as the financial implications were considered to conclude that it will not be meaningful to implement 4D respiratory gating techniques in the South African public health sector Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Medical Oncology / unrestricted

The aim of this research was to demonstrate the potential of the novel pre-concentration device, capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV), for breath analysis. The CMV offers dynamic sampling of volatile organic compounds with its simple coupling to a GC inlet for GC/MS analysis, avoiding expensive thermal desorption instrumentation needed for sorbent tubes, as well as an increased surface area over a single SPME fiber. CMV collectively identified 119 compounds in the breath of 13 self-reported smokers and 7 nonsmokers. The presence and intensity of twelve compounds were used to classify all the nonsmokers 100% of the time using Principal Component Analysis to elucidate the groupings. In some cases, nicotine was not detected in smokers and they were confused with the nonsmokers. Nicotine was detected in the breath of 69% of smokers with an average mass of 143 ± 31 pg for cigarette smokers from the approximate 5 L sample of breath collected. The successful use of the CMV sampler and preconcentration of breath to distinguish between smokers and nonsmokers served as a proof of concept for future applications of the CMV for detection of marijuana smokers’ breath for impaired driver management.