In this work the functions of the microtubule motors kinesin-1, -2 and -3 have been analysed in various settings. The reconstitution of microtubule-dependent motor activity in vitro has been primarily used to dissect the contributions of individual motors to cargo motility in two specific scenarios. Initially the regulation of kinesin-1 in a cell cycle-dependent manner has been examined by studying the ability of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules to move in cytosols prepared from Xenopus laevis egg extracts arrested in interphase, meiosis or mitosis. It was found that kinesin-1-driven ER motility is significantly disrupted during metaphase in vitro. This is likely due to the recruitment or loss of binding partners which has a concomitant influence upon kinesin-1 activity. This work presents the first evidence that kinesin-1-driven ER movement, and not simply network morphology, varies during cell division. Furthermore, it is postulated that the replication of such regulation of kinesin-1 activity in vivo may contribute to the well documented changes in organelle positioning and cargo transit through membrane trafficking pathways which occur during cell division.The fungal metabolite brefeldin A (BFA) induces tubulation of several compartments located within the secretory and endocytic pathways in a microtubule-dependent fashion. The identity of the motor(s) responsible for this motility remains unconfirmed and controversial since several reports with conflicting data have been published. The contributions of kinesin-1, -2 and -3 to these processes have been investigated using in vitro motility assays in which rat liver Golgi membranes were combined with Xenopus laevis egg extract cytosol in the presence of BFA. Function blocking antibodies and dominant negative proteins were used to perturb the activities of various kinesin motors. This data indicates a particular isoform of kinesin-3, KIF1C, is solely responsible for the movement of BFA-induced tubules in vitro. This work was complemented by in vivo immunofluorescence studies using the HeLaM cultured cell line. Transient transfections of dominant negative proteins, or siRNA-mediated depletion, were used to disrupt the activities of various kinesin motors, either in isolation or in combination with each other. This approach revealed a contribution of KIF1C and kinesin-1 to the movement of early endosomal BFA-induced tubules in vivo.

Les petites protéines G Arf ont besoin d'un facteur d'échange nucléotidique (GEF) afin de passer de leur forme inactive liée au GDP à leur forme active liée au GTP. GBF1 est la GEF pour Arf1 qui assure, notamment, le recrutement du complexe manteau COPI impliqué dans le transport entre le Golgi précoce et le réticulum endoplasmique. Il a été récemment montré que GBF1 est impliqué dans la livraison de l'Adipose TriGlycéride Lipase (ATGL) sur les corps lipidiques (LDs). ATGL est une enzyme qui catalyse l'hydrolyse des triglycérides en diglycérides. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont eu pour objectif d'étudier et de caractériser l'interaction entre GBF1 et la lipase ATGL. Par des expériences de co-immunoprécipitation dans les cellules de mammifère, les domaines des deux protéines impliquées dans l'interaction ont été identifiés. Par des expériences de pulldown utilisant les protéines exprimées chez E. coli, j'ai montré que ces interactions sont directes. Afin d'approfondir l'étude de l'interaction entre GBF1 et ATGL, j'ai construit des outils permettant l'étude biochimique de GBF1 en purifiant plusieurs de ses domaines. J'ai tout d'abord cherché à mettre au point un test d'activité pour GBF1 afin de tester l'influence de protéines partenaires, dont ATGL, sur son activité. Malgré la purification de différents fragments de GBF1 contenant le domaine Sec7, aucun n'a présenté une activité avec Arf1Δ17 en solution. Le domaine N-terminal de la protéine, avec et sans une mutation empêchant une interaction intramoléculaire, ainsi que les domaines HDS1 et HDS2 de GBF1 ont également été purifiés / Small G proteins Arf require assistance from a Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) in order to switch between GDP- and GTP-bound forms. GBF1 is the Arf1 GEF that mediates COPI coat complex recruitment to early secretory pathway membranes. COPI is a protein that coats vesicles transporting proteins from the cis side of the Golgi complex back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. GBF1 was recently shown to mediate delivery of Adipose TriGlyceride Lipase (ATGL) to the surface of lipid droplets (LDs). ATGL is an enzyme catalyzing the initial step in triglyceride hydrolysis in LDs. Thus, the aim of this work was to study interactions between GBF1 and ATGL. By co-immunoprecipitation experiments in mammalian cells, the domains of two proteins involved in the interaction have been identified. By pulldown assays using proteins expressed in bacteria, I showed that these interactions are direct. To further study of the GBF1-ATGL interaction, I developed tools for the biochemical study of GBF1, by purifying several of its domains. I first tried to develop a kinetic essay for GBF1 to test the influence of interacting partners, including ATGL, on its activity. Despite the purification of various GBF1 fragments containing the Sec7 domain, none have activity with Arf1Δ17 in solution. The N-terminal domain of the protein, with and without a mutation disrupting an intramolecular interaction, and the HDS1 and HDS2 domains of GBF1 were also purified.

Les petites protéines G Arf ont besoin d'un facteur d'échange nucléotidique (GEF) afin de passer de leur forme inactive liée au GDP à leur forme active liée au GTP. GBF1 est la GEF pour Arf1 qui assure, notamment, le recrutement du complexe manteau COPI impliqué dans le transport entre le Golgi précoce et le réticulum endoplasmique. Il a été récemment montré que GBF1 est impliqué dans la livraison de l'Adipose TriGlycéride Lipase (ATGL) sur les corps lipidiques (LDs). ATGL est une enzyme qui catalyse l'hydrolyse des triglycérides en diglycérides. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont eu pour objectif d'étudier et de caractériser l'interaction entre GBF1 et la lipase ATGL. Par des expériences de co-immunoprécipitation dans les cellules de mammifère, les domaines des deux protéines impliquées dans l'interaction ont été identifiés. Par des expériences de pulldown utilisant les protéines exprimées chez E. coli, j'ai montré que ces interactions sont directes. Afin d'approfondir l'étude de l'interaction entre GBF1 et ATGL, j'ai construit des outils permettant l'étude biochimique de GBF1 en purifiant plusieurs de ses domaines. J'ai tout d'abord cherché à mettre au point un test d'activité pour GBF1 afin de tester l'influence de protéines partenaires, dont ATGL, sur son activité. Malgré la purification de différents fragments de GBF1 contenant le domaine Sec7, aucun n'a présenté une activité avec Arf1Δ17 en solution. Le domaine N-terminal de la protéine, avec et sans une mutation empêchant une interaction intramoléculaire, ainsi que les domaines HDS1 et HDS2 de GBF1 ont également été purifiés / Small G proteins Arf require assistance from a Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) in order to switch between GDP- and GTP-bound forms. GBF1 is the Arf1 GEF that mediates COPI coat complex recruitment to early secretory pathway membranes. COPI is a protein that coats vesicles transporting proteins from the cis side of the Golgi complex back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. GBF1 was recently shown to mediate delivery of Adipose TriGlyceride Lipase (ATGL) to the surface of lipid droplets (LDs). ATGL is an enzyme catalyzing the initial step in triglyceride hydrolysis in LDs. Thus, the aim of this work was to study interactions between GBF1 and ATGL. By co-immunoprecipitation experiments in mammalian cells, the domains of two proteins involved in the interaction have been identified. By pulldown assays using proteins expressed in bacteria, I showed that these interactions are direct. To further study of the GBF1-ATGL interaction, I developed tools for the biochemical study of GBF1, by purifying several of its domains. I first tried to develop a kinetic essay for GBF1 to test the influence of interacting partners, including ATGL, on its activity. Despite the purification of various GBF1 fragments containing the Sec7 domain, none have activity with Arf1Δ17 in solution. The N-terminal domain of the protein, with and without a mutation disrupting an intramolecular interaction, and the HDS1 and HDS2 domains of GBF1 were also purified.

No description available.

Protein trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex is regulated by the activity of ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs). Arf activation by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) leads to the recruitment of the coatomer protein COPI and vesicle formation. By using fluorescently-tagged proteins in live cells, we have been able to identify novel functions for Arfs and the Arf-GEF GBF1 at the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and mitotic Golgi clusters. We first focused on Arf function at the ERGIC after observing both class I (Arf1) and class II (Arfs 4 and 5) Arfs at this structure. We discovered that class II Arfs remain bound to ERGIC membranes independently of GBF1 activity following treatment with brefeldin A (BFA). Further characterization of the class II Arfs using additional pharmacological agents such as Exo1 and inactive mutant forms of Arf4 demonstrated that the class II Arfs associate with the ERGIC membrane via receptors distinct from GBF1. Our work suggests that GBF1 accumulation on membranes in the presence of BFA is due to loss of Arfs from the membrane rather than the formation of an abortive complex with Arf and GBF1. Next, while studying GBF1 in live cells, we unexpectedly observed GBF1 localizing to large fragmented structures during mitosis. We identified these structures as mitotic Golgi fragments that are positive for GBF1 and COPI throughout mitosis. Again using live cells treated with BFA and Exo1, we demonstrated that GBF1 concentrates on these mitotic fragments suggesting that they are derived from Golgi membranes. By colocalization studies and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we demonstrated that these mitotic fragments maintain a cis-to-trans subcompartmental Golgi polarization and membrane dynamics of GBF1 similar to interphase cells. Interestingly, inactivation of GBF1 and loss of COPI from the membranes of the mitotic Golgi fragments did not delay progressing through mitosis. Our results from our second project indicate for the first time that the mitotic Golgi clusters are bona fide Golgi structures that exist throughout mitosis with a functional COPI machinery.

Mouse polyomavirus (MPyV) is a model virus of the Polyomaviridae family. Polyomaviruses are small non-enveloped DNA viruses. They cause severe problems to immunocompromised patients. Their oncogenic potential is known in animals and humans. Trafficking of MPyV within the cell is not clear yet. The virus enters via smooth monopinocytic vesicles and continues to early and late endosomes. From there, the virus is transported to the ER by unknown mechanism. It bypasses Golgi aparatus (GA). One possible pathway is from late endosomes to trans-Golgi network (TGN) facilitated by Rab9 GTPase and then in COPI vesicles to the ER. In this thesis, the effect of inhibitors of retrograde transport (Brefeldin A, Golgicide A) on MPyV infection was evaluated. Brefeldin A is not completely specific; it has effect on whole endosomal system. Golgicide A causes specific disruption of transport via TGN and GA. Both inhibitors suppressed infection of MPyV. Confocal microscopy revealed colocalization of some MPyV virions with markers of TGN and COPI vesicles. MPyV didn't colocalize with cis-Golgi marker. Unfortunately, the effect of overexpression of Rab9 dominant negative mutant couldn't been evaluated due to its high cytotoxicity. However, overexpression of wild type Rab9 slightly increased infectivity. The results...

Untersuchungen zur Rolle des oberen Gastrointestinaltraktes in der Verwertung von Milcholigosacchariden: Verdauung und Transport. In Bezug auf den Gehalt (5-8 g/l) und des komplexen Musters an auf Lactose basierenden Oligosacchariden ist die humane Milch einzigartig unter den Säugetieren. Bisher ist nur sehr wenig über die Funktion von Frauenmilcholigosacchariden (FMO) bekannt. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Verdaubarkeit von FMO durch Glycosidasen des oberen Gastrointestinaltraktes und eines magenähnlichen pH-Wertes sowie deren Transport untersucht. Während einer 2 h Inkubation von FMO mit humaner Speichelamylase sowie Pankreasamylase des Schweins wurden die Oligosaccharide nicht angegriffen. Auch konnten keine Auswirkungen eines pH von 2,5 auf die Struktur neutraler FMO nachgewiesen werden. Im Gegensatz hierzu führte dieser bei sauren, d.h. sialylierten Komponenten, zu einer minimalen Abspaltung von Sialinsäure. Da isolierte Disaccharidasen aus dem humanen Dünndarm nicht verfügbar waren, wurden Bürstensaummembran-Vesikel (BBMV) aus dem des Schweines verwendet. Während einer 24 h Inkubation von FMO mit BBMV wurden minimale Mengen an nicht fucosylierten und/oder sialylierten Oligosacchariden angegriffen. Hierbei wurden Glucose, Lacto-N-Triose und Lactose freigesetzt. Auf der Grundlage dieser Ergebnisse wurden Transportstudien an Caco-2-Zellen durchgeführt. Dabei zeigte sich, daß nur für neutrale FMO ein gerichteter Flux über das Monolayer vorlag, nicht aber für saure Komponenten. Dieser gerichtete Flux ging bei 15 °C verloren, was auf einen endocytotischen Transport der neutralen Oligosaccharide hindeutet. Der Flux über das Monolayer betrug ca. 2% der apikal angebotenen FMO. Mittels HPLC-MS, unter Verwendung einer Hypercarbsäule, analysierte intrazelluläre Fraktionen zeigten eine gerichtete Aufnahme von neutralen FMO, wohingegen keine sialylierten Oligosaccharide nachweisbar waren. Nach Gabe von Brefeldin A, einem Inhibitor des endocytotischen Transportes, kam es zu einer Anreicherung des intrazellulären Gehaltes an neutralen FMO sowie einer Abnahme des transepithelialen Fluxes, so daß für diese Komponenten ein endocytotischer Transport postuliert werden kann. Die Aufnahme in die Zelle unterlag für Lacto-N-Tetraose einer Sättigung mit einem Km von 1,4 mmol/l und Vmax von 18,5 nm