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Thesis (M.A.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed April 15, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-100).

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The present study aimed to determine the optimum plot size and number of repetitions to evaluate the fresh weight of aerial part of millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L). R. Brown) in evaluation times (Chapter I) and to determine the optimum plot size and number of repetitions to evaluate the fresh weight of aerial part of millet in times of sowing and cuts (Chapter II). Were conducted uniformity trials of 6m×4m (24m2), in the agricultural years 2012-2013 and 2013-2014, at the experimental area of the Crop Science Department of the Federal University of Santa Maria. Each trial was divided in 24 experimental units basic (UEB) with 1m×1m (1m2). The fresh weight of aerial part of plants was weighed in each UEB. At 52, 69 and 82 days after sowing were evaluated, respectively, 18, 6 and 18 trials, in the agricultural year 2012-2013 (Chapter I). In the agricultural year 2013-2014, there were three times of sowing and three fresh weight cuts in the first and third times of sowing, to evaluate the regrowth. In the second time of sowing was conducted a single cut (Chapter II). The plot size, for two agricultural years, was determined by the method of maximum curvature of the model coefficient of variation and the means compared, among evaluation times, among cuts and among times of sowing by Student s t test. The number of repetitions, for experiments on completely randomized and randomized block designs, in scenarios of combinations of i treatments (i=3, 4, ..., 50) and d minimal differences between treatments means to be detected as significant, 5% probability by Tukey test, expressed in percentage of the average of the experiment (d=10%, 12%, ..., 30%), was determined by iterative process until convergence. In the agricultural year 2012-2013, the optimum plot size to evaluate the fresh weight of aerial part of millet is 4.46m2, to the three evaluation times. To evaluate up to 50 treatments, in completely randomized and randomized block designs, four replications are sufficient to identify as significant at 5% probability, by Tukey test, differences between treatment means of 28.75% of the average experiment (Chapter I). In the agricultural year 2013-2014, the optimum plot size to evaluate the fresh weight of aerial part of millet is 4.97m2, to the three times of sowing and cuts. To evaluate up to 50 treatments, in completely randomized and randomized block designs, five replications are sufficient to identify as significant at 5% probability, by Tukey test, differences between treatment means of 28.66% of the average experiment (Chapter II). / O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar o tamanho de parcela e o número de repetições para avaliar a massa verde de parte aérea de milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L). R. Brown) em épocas de avaliação (Capítulo I) e determinar o tamanho de parcela e o número de repetições para avaliar a massa verde de parte aérea de milheto em épocas de semeadura e cortes (Capítulo II). Foram realizados ensaios de uniformidade de 6m×4m (24m2), nos anos agrícolas 2012-2013 e 2013-2014, na área experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia, na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Cada ensaio de uniformidade foi dividido em 24 unidades experimentais básicas (UEB) de 1m×1m (1m2). Foi pesada a massa verde de parte aérea das plantas de cada UEB. Aos 52, 69 e 82 dias após a semeadura do ano agrícola 2012-2013, foram avaliados, respectivamente 18, 6 e 18 ensaios (Capítulo I). No ano agrícola 2013-2014, foram realizadas três épocas de semeadura e três cortes de massa verde na primeira e terceira épocas de semeadura, para avaliar a rebrota. Na segunda época de semeadura foi realizado um único corte (Capítulo II). O tamanho de parcela, para os dois anos agrícolas, foi determinado por meio do método da curvatura máxima do modelo do coeficiente de variação e as comparações de médias, entre épocas de avaliação, entre cortes e entre as épocas de semeadura foram realizadas pelo teste t de Student. O número de repetições, para experimentos nos delineamentos inteiramente casualizado e blocos ao acaso, em cenários formados pelas combinações de i tratamentos (i=3, 4, ..., 50) e d diferenças mínimas entre médias de tratamentos a serem detectadas como significativas a 5% de probabilidade, pelo teste de Tukey, expressas em percentagem da média do experimento (d=10%, 12%, ..., 30%), foi determinado por processo iterativo até a convergência. No ano agrícola 2012-2013, o tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a massa verde de parte aérea de milheto é de 4,46m2, para as três épocas de avaliação. Para avaliar até 50 tratamentos, nos delineamentos inteiramente casualizado e blocos ao acaso, quatro repetições são suficientes para identificar como significativas, pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade, diferenças entre médias de tratamentos de 28,75% da média do experimento (Capítulo I). No ano agrícola 2013-2014, o tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a massa verde de parte aérea de milheto é de 4,97m2, para as três épocas de semeadura e cortes. Para avaliar até 50 tratamentos, nos delineamentos inteiramente casualizado e blocos ao acaso, cinco repetições são suficientes para identificar como significativas, pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade, diferenças entre médias de tratamentos de 28,66% da média do experimento (Capítulo II).

Stars form inside clouds of molecular gas and dust. In the early stages of stellar evolution the remainders of the initial cloud form a circumstellar disk. For the next few million years the disk will slowly dissipate via accretion, outflows, photoevaporation and planet growth while the star makes its way onto the Main Sequence. This stage of a star's life is referred to as the T Tauri phase and is characterised by high-level spectrophotometric variability. This thesis aims to study and map out the environments of T Tauri stars down to the very low mass regime by the means of time-domain monitoring. Different physical processes in the system manifest themselves as variability on different time- scales as well as produce characteristic spectroscopic and photometric features at various wave- lengths. In order to study young stellar objects in depth, the observing campaigns presented in this work were designed to cover a large range of time-scales - minutes, hours, days and months. Combining all the data, this thesis establishes a baseline of over a decade for some objects. The observations also cover a wide range of wavelengths from the optical to the mid-infrared part of the spectrum. The star RW Aur experienced two long-lasting dimming events in 2010 and 2014. This thesis presents a large collection of spectral and photometric measurements carried out just before and during the 2014 event. Spectral accretion signatures indicate no change in the accretion activity of the system. Photometry indicates that parallel to the dimming in the optical the star becomes brighter in the mid-infrared. The observations in this work combined with literature data suggest that the origin of the 2014 event is most likely obscuration of the star by hot dust from the disk being lifted into the disk wind. Very low mass stars (< 0.4 M⊙) are the most common type of star in the Galaxy. In order to understand the early stages of stellar evolution we must study young very low mass stars. This work investigates the photometric and spectroscopic variability of seven brown dwarfs in star forming regions near σ Ori and ε Ori. All targets exhibit optical photometric variability between from 0.1 to over 1.0 magnitude that persists on a time-scale of at least one decade. Despite the photometric variability no change in the spectral type is measured. In the cases where the stars are accreting, modelling of the spectral changes suggest the accretion flow is more homogeneous and less funnelled compared to Sun-like T Tauri stars. The non-accreting variables are more plausibly explained by obscuration by circumstellar material, possibly a ring made out of multiple clouds of dust grains and pebbles with varying optical depths. The star-disk systems studied in this thesis have some broader implications for star and planet formation theory. The case-study of RW Aur has unambiguously demonstrated that the planet- forming environment is very dynamic and can change dramatically on short time-scales, which in turn would have implications for the diversity of planetary systems found in the Galaxy. The Orion stars have shown that the current theory for the T Tauri stage of stellar evolution is valid down to the very low mass regime. The seven dwarfs are a good example for the evolutionary path of circumstellar disks, showing the transition from gas-high, flared accretion disks (σ Ori) to dust-dominated, depleted, structured debris disks (ε Ori).

Lightning is an important electrical phenomenon, known to exist in several Solar System planets. Amongst others, it carries information on convection and cloud formation, and may be important for pre-biotic chemistry. Exoplanets and brown dwarfs have been shown to host environments appropriate for the initiation of lightning discharges. In this PhD project, I aim to determine if lightning on exoplanets and brown dwarfs can be more energetic than it is known from Solar System planets, what are the most promising signatures to look for, and if these "exo-lightning" signatures can be detected from Earth. This thesis focuses on three major topics. First I discuss a lightning climatology study of Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, and Venus. I apply the obtained lightning statistics to extrasolar planets in order to give a first estimate on lightning occurrence on exoplanets and brown dwarfs. Next, I introduce a short study of potential lightning activity on the exoplanet HAT-P-11b, based on previous radio observations. Related to this, I discuss a first estimate of observability of lightning from close brown dwarfs, with the optical Danish Telescope. The final part of my project focuses on a lightning radio model, which is applied to study the energy and radio power released from lightning discharges in hot giant gas planetary and brown dwarf atmospheres. The released energy determines the observability of signatures, and the effect lightning has on the local atmosphere of the object. This work combines knowledge obtained from planetary and earth sciences and uses that to learn more about extrasolar systems. My main results show that lightning on exoplanets may be more energetic than in the Solar System, supporting the possibility of future observations and detection of lightning activity on an extrasolar body. My work provides the base for future radio, optical, and infrared search for "exo-lightning".

Lancée par une communication du célèbre professeur Brown-Séquard en 1889 sur les effets de l’auto injection d’un suc testiculaire, l’opothérapie – technique de soin par le suc de glandes – s’inscrit dans la ligne d’une longue tradition de médication animale. Les publications de médecins et de pharmaciens nous ont permis d’établir comment cette nouvelle thérapeutique s’inscrit dans le paysage d’une médecine qui se scientifise au tournant du XIXe-XXe siècles. L’opothérapie, dont le développement est tributaire de l’évolution des connaissances sur les glandes endocrines, se développera grâce aux succès thérapeutiques enregistrés dans les affections thyroïdiennes et gynécologiques et grâce à la mise à la disposition du public de spécialités issues d’une pharmacie qui s’industrialise et qui fournit une médication sous une forme qui permet de s’affranchir d’un geste médical. L’opothérapie, qui se démarque de l’hormonothérapie par l’usage d’objets thérapeutiques naturels mal identifiés qui ont suscité de nombreux débats sur leur composition et leur mode d’action, connaitra son plus grand développement aux alentours de la Première guerre mondiale et persistera, malgré le développement de l’hormonothérapie s’appuyant sur des molécules de synthèse, jusque dans les années 1990. / Launched by a communication from the famous Professor Brown-Sequard in 1889 on the effects of self-injection of testicular juice, organotherapy – a technique of care using the juice of glands – falls within a long tradition of animal medication. Publications of doctors and pharmacists have allowed us to establish how the new treatment is part of the landscape of medicine that became more scientific at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Opotherapy/Organotherapy, whose development depends on the development of knowledge on the endocrine glands, develops through therapeutic successes in thyroid and gynecological diseases and by making pharmaceuticals produced by industrializing pharmacists which provided medication in a form that eliminates a medical procedure, available to the public. Organotherapy, which stands out from hormone therapy by the use of natural misidentified drugs that have generated a great number of debates on their composition and mode of action, will know its greatest development around the First World War and will persist despite the development of hormone therapy based on synthetic molecules until the 1990s.

Milk production has been evaluated not only by genetic potential but there are also a lot of indicators. The potential milk production of the herd depends on the correct link between the genetic potential and the system of selection, feeding and nutrition, reproduction and the breeding environment and health of animals. The aim of the thesis was to produce a literary overview of milk production, milk composition and influences that can influence the composition of milk. For the selected herd to evaluate the effects on the monitored indicators of the milk composition and to statistically evaluate them. For discarded dairy cows to determine the age and reason of culling and lifelong milk production.

Titel: Miljömässig marknadsföring och dess påverkan på Word of Mouth – Skillnaden mellan marknadsföringsstrategierna greenwashing, vocal green, silent brown och silent green. Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi. Författare: Adam Lindh &amp; Cecilia Persson. Handledare: Jonas Kågström. Datum: 2018 - Maj. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att analysera hur miljömässig marknadsföring påverkar konsumenters WoM utifrån Delmas och Burbanos organisationstypologi. Metod: Ett kvasi-experiment utfördes där fyra marknadsföringsstrategier utvecklades för en fiktiv produkt utifrån Delmas och Burbanos organisationstypologi. Fyra jämförelsegrupper användes för att testa dessa marknadsföringsstrategier. En enkät för respektive strategi skapades där respondenterna presenterades med produktinformation och utvärdering av den fiktiva produkten, följt av ett antal frågor. Det totala antalet deltagare uppgick till 140 stycken fördelat över de fyra enkätgrupperna. Resultat &amp; Analys: Resultat klargör skillnader gällande WoM inom Delmas och Burbanos organisationstypologi. Silent green- och vocal green-grupperna genererar högre WoM jämfört med greenwashing- och silent brown-grupperna. Resultaten påvisar också skillnader mellan WoM och miljömässig WoM. Dessa effekter förmedlas via upplevd miljömässig prestanda. Uppsatsen bidrag: Studien demonstrerar att miljömässig marknadsföring påverkar konsumenters WoM utifrån Delmas och Burbanos organiastionstypologi. En definition av miljömässig prestanda har utvecklats, någonting som saknats i tidigare studier. Vidare forskning: Studien påvisar skillnader mellan WoM och miljömässig WoM bör orsaken till detta undersökas vidare. Delmas och Burbanos organisationstypologi kan studeras ur ett makroperspektiv med verkliga organisationer. Ytterligare bör effekten av lagstiftning och sanktioner gällande greenwashing studeras. Nyckelord: Organisationstypologi, greenwashing, vocal green, silent brown, silent green, word of mouth. / Title: The influence of green marketing on Word of Mouth – The difference among the marketing strategies greenwashing, vocal green, silent brown and silent green. Author: Adam Lindh &amp; Cecilia Persson. Supervisor: Jonas Kågström. Date: 2018 - Maj. Aim: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of green marketing on consumers WoM by Delmas and Burbano’s organization typology. Method: A quasi-experiment was conducted. Four marketing strategies were developed for a fictitious product by Delmas and Burbano’s organization typology. Four comparison groups were used to test these marketing strategies against each other. A questionnaire was created for each strategy where the participants were presented with product information and product review of the fictitious product. The total number of participants amounted to 140 people distributed among the four groups. Result &amp; Analysis: The results confirm that there are differences among Delmas and Burbano’s organization typology regarding WoM. The silent green- and vocal green groups generates higher WoM compared to the greenwashing- and silent brown groups. The results also display a difference between WoM and green WoM. This effect is mediated by perceived environmental performance. Contribution of the thesis: This study displays how green marketing affects consumers WoM by Delmas and Burbano’s organization typology. A definition of the concept environmental performance has been developed, something that was missing in previous research. Suggestions for future research: Since this study displays differences between WoM and green WoM, the cause of this phenomenon should be investigated. A macro perspective canbe applied to Delmas and Burbano’s organization typology which investigates real life organizations. Furthermore, the effects of legislations and sanctions on greenwashing should be a subject for further research. Keywords: Organization typology, greenwashing, vocal green, silent brown, silent green, word of mouth.

Considering the similarity between the mechanical behavior of artificially cemented soils and rock masses, this study proposes a methodology to obtain the envelopes resistance of artificially cemented soils, using the Hoek-Brown failure criterion. The proposed methodology consists basically in performing two triaxial tests, with the soil non-cemented and cemented with a high cement content, and estimate the strength envelopes for intermediate cement contents, using the equations presented in this research. To develop the methodology, initially, a number of unconfined compression tests and triaxial tests were carried out in order to quantify the influence of the porosity/cement ratio (n/Civ) on the strength parameters of the cement mixtures used. From the tests results and the Hoek-Brown failure criterion, new equations were developed to calculate the envelope parameters (a, m, s), as functions of porosity/cement ratio. The proposed method was applied to triaxial tests data presented in four different studies and the results showed that the Hoek-Brown envelope is suitable to represent the resistance of artificial cemented soils, being able to incorporate the effects caused by the confining pressure and by the cement content. The envelopes estimated and those obtained from the triaxial tests were very close, indicating that the proposed methodology can be used with a reasonable degree of reliability. The results obtained with the proposed methodology were used to simulate, by the Finite Element Method, the pressuresettlement behavior and the variation of the safety factor of a shallow foundation bearing on a double-layered system formed by an artificially cemented soil layer overlaying a soil stratum. The simulations were performed using as variables the cement content of the enhanced layer and the relationship between the thickness of the treated layer (H) and the diameter of the foundation (D). The results show that the use of artificially cemented layers considerably increases the vertical pressure required for an specific settlement and also the foundation safety factor. Thus, the execution of shallow foundations, replacing deep foundations, becomes feasible / Considerando a semelhanÃa existente entre o comportamento mecÃnico dos solos artificialmente cimentados e dos maciÃos rochosos, o presente trabalho propÃe uma metodologia para a obtenÃÃo das envoltÃrias de resistÃncia dos solos artificialmente cimentados, utilizando o critÃrio de ruptura geral de Hoek-Brown. A metodologia proposta consiste, basicamente, em realizar dois ensaios triaxiais, um com o solo nÃo cimentado e outro com o solo cimentado com um teor de cimento elevado, e estimar as envoltÃrias de resistÃncia para os teores de cimento intermediÃrios, atravÃs das equaÃÃes desenvolvidas. Para o desenvolvimento da metodologia, inicialmente, foram realizados ensaios de compressÃo simples e triaxiais nÃo drenados, com o objetivo quantificar a influÃncia do fator vazio/cimento (n/Civ) sobre os parÃmetros de resistÃncia das misturas cimentadas utilizadas. A partir dos resultados dos ensaios de resistÃncia e da equaÃÃo geral do critÃrio de Hoek-Brown, foram desenvolvidas equaÃÃes para calcular os parÃmetros da envoltÃria (a, m, s), em funÃÃo do fator vazio/cimento. A metodologia proposta foi aplicada aos resultados dos ensaios triaxiais apresentados em outros quatro trabalhos e os resultados mostraram que a envoltÃria de Hoek-Brown à adequada para representar a resistÃncia dos solos artificialmente cimentados, sendo capaz de incorporar os efeitos causados pela tensÃo confinante e pelo nÃvel de cimentaÃÃo. As envoltÃrias estimadas e as obtidas com os ensaios triaxiais ficaram bem prÃximas, indicando que a metodologia proposta pode ser empregada com um razoÃvel grau de confiabilidade. Os resultados obtidos com a metodologia proposta foram utilizados para simular, atravÃs do MÃtodo dos Elementos Finitos, o comportamento carga-recalque e a variaÃÃo do fator de seguranÃa de uma fundaÃÃo superficial assente sobre um sistema de dupla camada, sendo a superior cimentada. As simulaÃÃes foram realizadas utilizando como variÃveis o teor de cimento da camada reforÃada e a relaÃÃo entre a altura da camada cimentada (H) e o diÃmetro da fundaÃÃo (D). Os resultados obtidos mostram que a utilizaÃÃo de camadas artificialmente cimentadas eleva consideravelmente as tensÃes verticais necessÃrias para um recalque relativo especÃfico e, tambÃm, o fator de seguranÃa da fundaÃÃo. Com isso, a execuÃÃo de fundaÃÃes superficiais, em substituiÃÃo a fundaÃÃes profundas, torna-se viÃvel.

Through a comparative case study of Trisha Browns choreographies Floor of the Forest (1970) and Accumulation (1971), presented in a visual arts context in the 1970's and in the 2000's, this paper traces how performative aspects of Browns work has changed over time.  Floor of the Forest and Accumulation are analyzed through Erika Fischer-Lichte's theory of performativity in performance and the performing arts. The original choreographies in the 1970's are further contextualized by Browns history and role in the visual arts field in the 1960's and 1970's. Performances of Floor of the Forest and Accumulation in museums in the twentieth century are discussed in relation to Claire Bishops concept dance exhibition.  The findings show how the place/site continued to be a central factor in Brown's choreographing also after her site-specific performances in the 1970's. The exhibition of Floor of the Forest and Accumulation in museums took place through an adaptation of the choreographies to the specific site of the museum, in order to enable new performative spaces. An adaptability to the visual arts institution that, according to Bishop, characterizes the phenomenon dance exhibition. / Genom en komparativ fallstudie av Trisha Browns koreografier Floor of the Forest (1970) och Accumulation (1971), som har tagit plats i bildkonstens rum på 1970-talet och 2000-talet, spåras i uppsatsen hur performativa aspekter av Browns konstnärskap har förändrats över tid. Uppföranden av Floor of the Forest och Accumulation analyseras genom Erika Fischer-Lichte's teori om performativitet i konsthändelsen. De tidiga koreografierna kontextualiseras i relation Browns roll i 1960- och 1970-talens konstfält. Rekonstruktionen av koreografiernas uppföranden på museer på 2000-talet diskuteras vidare utifrån Claire Bishops koncept dansutställningar. Studien visar hur platsen/rummet fortsatte att utgöra en central aspekt i Browns koreograferande även efter hennes platsspecifika koreografier på 1970-talet. Utställningen av Browns koreografier på museer ägde rum genom en anpassning till museets specifika plats, för att således möjliggöra nya performativa rum. En anpassningsförmåga som enligt Bishop präglar fenomenet dansutställningar.