Abstract in English and Afrikaans / The learnability principle relates to improving usability of software, performance and productivity. It was formulated mainly for the adult user group. Children represent an important user group, but fewer guidelines exist for their educational and entertainment applications. This study compares these groups, addressing the question: “Does learnability of software interfaces have a different meaning for children and adults?”. A literature survey conducted on learnability and learning processes considered the meaning of learnability across generations. Users learning software systems were observed in a usability laboratory where eye tracking data could also be recorded. Insights emerged, from data analysis, showing different tactics when children and adults approached unfamiliar software and revealing aspects of interfaces they approached differently. The findings will help designers distinguish varying needs of users and improve learnability. An additional subprinciple of learnability, „engageability‟, is proposed. Factors that make products engaging for children are different from those engaging adults. / Die leerbaarheidsbeginsel hou verband met die verbetering van die bruikbaarheid van sagteware, werkverrigting en produktiwiteit. Dit was hoofsaaklik vir die volwasse gebruikersgroep geformuleer. Kinders verteenwoordig in belangrike gebruikersgroep, maar minder riglyne is vir hulle opvoedkundige en vermaaktoepassings beskikbaar. Hierdie studie vergelyk hierdie groepe en speek die volgende vraag aan: “Het leerbaarheid van sagtewarekoppelvlakke verskillende betekenisse vir kinders en volwassenes?” „n Literatuuroorsig oor leerbaarheid en leerprosesse is uitgevoer met in ag neming van die betekenis van leerbaarheid vir verskillende generasies. Gebruikers is waargeneem in „n bruikbaarheidslaboratorium terwyl hulle geleer het om sagetware te gebruik. Data in verband met oogbewegings op die skerm is ook opgeneem. Insigte wat uit die data-analise te voorskyn gekom het toon verskillende taktieke wanneer kinders en volwassenes met onbekende sagteware gekonfronteer word. Hulle benadering tot sekere aspekte van „n koppelvlak verskil. Die bevindinge sal ontwerpers help om te onderskei tussen wisselende gebruikersbehoeftes. „n Addisionele sub-beginsel van leerbaarheid, naamlik „engageability‟ word voorgestel. Faktore wat „n produk aantreklik maak vir kinders is verskillend van dit wat volwassenes aantrek. / Information Systems / M. Sc. (Information Systems)

Die doel van die verkennende en beskrywende studie was om die bruikbaarheid van liggaamsportrette vir kruis-kulturele loopbaanfasilitering te ondersoek. Met interpretivisme as metateoretiese paradigma en Savickas se lewensontwerp benadering as teoretiese raamwerk is ʼn gerieflikheidseleksie van bestaande databronne gedoen vir die inhoudsanalise-studie. Die databronne (assesserings- en intervensiebeplanning, reflektiewe joernale van die terapeut en portuur-supervisor, foto’s en oudio-visuele opnames as visuele data, transkripsies van oudiovisuele opnames en assesseringsnotas van supervisor) is saam met agt siSwati Graad 9-seuns gegenereer tydens ʼn akademiese diensleer-praktikum by ʼn plattelandse sekondêre skool as deel van die 2009-MEd (Opvoedkundige Sielkunde) opleiding. Twee temas met bepaalde subtemas was die gevolg van analise aan die hand van a priori aannames wat verkry is uit kruis-kulturele sielkunde en loopbaanfasilitering-literatuur. Die eerste tema hou verband met die teenwoordigheid van kruis-kulturele sielkunde tydens die liggaamsportret-sessie, met die volgende subtemas: kruis-kulturele bekwaamhede van die terapeut, effektiewe kommunikasiestyle in die kruis-kulturele konteks, en geleenthede vir kruis-kulturele bekwaamheid. Die tweede tema hou verband met die teenwoordigheid van lewensontwerp tydens die kruis-kulturele sielkundige praktyk in ʼn plattelandse sekondêre skool, met die volgende subtemas: loopbaanfasiliteringsvaardighede van die terapeut, loopbaanfasiliteringsmomente vir die kliënt, en lewensontwerp as loopbaanfasiliteringstegniek. Uit die studie blyk dit dat die liggaamsportret-tegniek bruikbaar is vir kruis-kulturele loopbaanfasilitering met Graad 9-seuns in ʼn plattelandse sekondêre skool. Die liggaamsportret-tegniek was bevredigend in die kruis-kulturele loopbaanfasiliteringskonteks aangesien die terapeut assesseringsresultate kon integreer, kruis-kulturele bekwaamhede kon implementeer om adolessente seuns aktief te betrek en kontekstuele inligting van kliënte kon verkry. Verder was die tegniek bevredigend aangesien kliënte aan die hand van lewensontwerp loopbaanfasiliteringsvaardighede kon inoefen; naamlik beroepsverkenning, selfkennisverkenning, self-werksaamheid, loopbaandoelwitstelling, loopbaanaanpasbaarheid, uitkoms-verwagtinge, en die gebruik van beroepsinligting. Die liggaamsporttret-tegniek was prakties in die kruis-kulturele loopbaanfasiliteringskonteks deurdat dit aangepas het by die adolessente seuns se ontwikkelingsfase, hulle aktief betrek het en nie-verbale kommunikasie geredelik gehuisves het. Die tegniek was derhalwe geskik vir gebruik in ʼn plattelandse sekondêre skool omgewing met beperkte hulpbronne deur van maklik bekombare hulpbronne (papier, potlode, penne, verf, klippies) gebruik te maak. Die liggaamsporttret-tegniek was toepaslik in die kruis-kulturele loopbaanfasiliteringskonteks aangesien beide verbale (ʼn tolk) en nie-verbale (toepaslike gesigsuitdrukkings en interpersoonlike spasies) kommunikasie geakkommodeer is om taalhindernisse te oorbrug. Vir hierdie doel het die tegniek ruimte geskep vir individuele en groepsloopbaanfasilitering, en kon ander narratiewe en post-moderne aktiwiteite (soos beroepsleiding-kaartsortering en beroepskennis-werkkaarte) deel vorm van loopbaanfasilitering vir die konstruering van die kliënte se lewens. ENGLISH : The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the utility of body-maps for cross-cultural career facilitation. With interpretivism as a metatheoretical paradigm and Savickas’ life design approach as a theoretical framework, data sources where collected through convenience sampling for this content analysis study. The data sources (assessment- and intervention planning, reflective journals of the therapist and peer group supervisor, photograph’s and audio-visual recordings as visual data, transcriptions from audio-visual recordings and assessment notes from the supervisor) were generated in collaboration with eight Grade 9 siSwati speaking boys during an academic service learning practicum at a rural secondary school as part of the 2009-MEd (Educational Psychology) training. Guided by a priori assumptions (based on cross-cultural psychology and career facilitation literature) two themes with sub-themes each resulted from the content analysis. The presence of cross-cultural psychology during the body-mapping session was established with instances of, the therapist’s cross-cultural competencies, effective communication styles in a cross-cultural context and opportunities for cross-cultural competencies to develop. Secondly the presence of life design during cross-cultural psychological practise in a rural, secondary school was determined, indicating the presence of career facilitation skills of the therapist, career facilitation moments for the client, and life design as a career facilitation technique. It was apparent that body-mapping has utility for cross-cultural career facilitation with Grade 9 boys from a rural secondary school. Body-mapping was satisfactory in a cross-cultural career facilitation context as the therapist could integrate the assessment results, implement cross-cultural competencies to engage adolescent boys in active participation, and obtain contextual information on clients. Clients were able to rehearse career facilitation skills (career exploration, gaining self knowledge, self-efficacy, career goal setting, career adaptability, outcome expectations and using career information) as part of life design. The body-map technique was practical in a cross-cultural career facilitation context because it suited the developmental phase of adolescent boys, actively involving them and accommodated non-verbal communication. The technique was well matched to a rural secondary school environment with limited resources, using easily accessible resources (paper, pencils, pens, paint and stones). The technique was applicable in a cross-cultural career facilitation context as language barriers could be addressed by means of verbal (a translator) and non-verbal (appropriate facial expressions and interpersonal space) communication. For this purpose, the body-mapping technique could be used on individual or group basis, and other narrative and post-modern activities (vocational card sorting and career knowledge worksheets) could form part of career facilitation and could be used in combination for constructing clients’ lives. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

E-commerce has increased substantially, as e-retailers engage with consumers online. Users require more than products and quality service; they also expect a good user experience. User experience is affected by branding, functionality, navigation, content, aesthetics and usability. This study investigates the attainment of better user experience on e-commerce websites. A dual-method usability evaluation approach – usability testing with end-users and heuristic evaluation by experts – was employed to obtain a holistic picture of how usability aspects support or hinder the user experience. Usability testing provided insights into detailed interface issues and the type of content and journey that users prefer when making a purchasing decision, while heuristic evaluation was mainly directed at overall user interface and interaction factors. In a complementary way, each method identified a high number of usability problems. Key findings are summarized, and design guidelines are identified that can facilitate the development of e-commerce websites to promote user experience. / E-handel het aansienlik toegeneem, soos e-kleinhandelaars by verbruikers aanlyn betrokke raak. Gebruikers verlang meer as produkte en kwaliteit diens; hulle verwag ook 'n goeie gebruikerservaring. Gebruikerservaring word deur ‘branding’, funksies, navigasie, inhoud, estetika en bruikbaarheid beinvloed. Hierdie studie ondersoek die bereiking van beter gebruikerservaring op e-handel webwerwe. 'n Dubbelemetode bruikbaarheidsevaluering benadering – bruikbaarheidstoetsing met eindgebruikers en heuristiese evaluering deur kundiges – is gebruik om ‘n holistiese beeld te verkry van hoe bruikbaarheidsaspekte gebruikerservaring ondersteun of verhinder. Bruikbaarheidstoetsing lewer insigte in gedetailleerde koppelvlak kwessies en die tipe inhoud en roete wat gebruikers verkies wanneer hulle 'n aankoop maak, terwyl heuristiese evaluering hoofsaaklik gerig is op algehele gebruikerskoppelvlak en interaksie faktore. Op 'n komplementêre manier, het elke metode' n groot aantal bruikbaarheidsprobleme geïdentifiseer. Belangrike bevindings word saamgevat, en ontwerp riglyne is voorgestel wat die ontwikkeling van e-handel webwerwe fasiliteer wat gebruikerservaring bevorder. / Computing / M. Tech. (Information Technology)

E-commerce has increased substantially, as e-retailers engage with consumers online. Users require more than products and quality service; they also expect a good user experience. User experience is affected by branding, functionality, navigation, content, aesthetics and usability. This study investigates the attainment of better user experience on e-commerce websites. A dual-method usability evaluation approach – usability testing with end-users and heuristic evaluation by experts – was employed to obtain a holistic picture of how usability aspects support or hinder the user experience. Usability testing provided insights into detailed interface issues and the type of content and journey that users prefer when making a purchasing decision, while heuristic evaluation was mainly directed at overall user interface and interaction factors. In a complementary way, each method identified a high number of usability problems. Key findings are summarized, and design guidelines are identified that can facilitate the development of e-commerce websites to promote user experience. / E-handel het aansienlik toegeneem, soos e-kleinhandelaars by verbruikers aanlyn betrokke raak. Gebruikers verlang meer as produkte en kwaliteit diens; hulle verwag ook 'n goeie gebruikerservaring. Gebruikerservaring word deur ‘branding’, funksies, navigasie, inhoud, estetika en bruikbaarheid beinvloed. Hierdie studie ondersoek die bereiking van beter gebruikerservaring op e-handel webwerwe. 'n Dubbelemetode bruikbaarheidsevaluering benadering – bruikbaarheidstoetsing met eindgebruikers en heuristiese evaluering deur kundiges – is gebruik om ‘n holistiese beeld te verkry van hoe bruikbaarheidsaspekte gebruikerservaring ondersteun of verhinder. Bruikbaarheidstoetsing lewer insigte in gedetailleerde koppelvlak kwessies en die tipe inhoud en roete wat gebruikers verkies wanneer hulle 'n aankoop maak, terwyl heuristiese evaluering hoofsaaklik gerig is op algehele gebruikerskoppelvlak en interaksie faktore. Op 'n komplementêre manier, het elke metode' n groot aantal bruikbaarheidsprobleme geïdentifiseer. Belangrike bevindings word saamgevat, en ontwerp riglyne is voorgestel wat die ontwikkeling van e-handel webwerwe fasiliteer wat gebruikerservaring bevorder. / Computing / M. Tech. (Information Technology)

Abstract in English and Afrikaans / The main thrust of the thesis is an empirical analysis of the problems experienced by unbanked seniors to conduct digital banking. Population ageing is a worldwide phenomenon and seniors’ numbers are projected to grow to beyond 1 billion people globally by this year (2020). Currently, seniors and other banking customers are surrounded by various forms of e-banking technologies. E-banking is further envisaged to be the catalyst of the financial inclusion of the unbanked people of all ages. However, the problem is that customers’ adoption of e-banking is a challenge for the banks. Seniors are particularly not willing to use e-banking. Thus, seniors stay digitally unbanked and this makes their inclusion into the financial marketplace a priority. How the banks could use e-banking to bank digitally unbanked seniors and, as a consequence improve financial inclusion, is the problem the study set out to resolve. Therefore, an empirical analysis of the problems experienced by unbanked seniors to conduct digital banking was conducted and, as a result, an empirical framework of how the banks can extend these services to this population segment was developed. An original theoretical framework primarily founded on the TAM and Baroudi’s customers’ technology design involvement theory was proposed. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with latent constructs was utilised. The measurement model was first estimated and then covariance matrix between variables served as input to estimate the structural coefficients between constructs. The study’s data was collected by means of a structured questionnaire survey, utilising a probability sampling method with a sample of 420 digitally unbanked seniors. A focus group with banking industry experts was also held to consider the findings. The study’s findings empirically verified the study’s model’s strength in determining digitally unbanked seniors’ willingness to use e-banking. Latent constructs under consideration included customer co-creation, awareness and empowerment, design, perceived ease of use, usefulness, cost, attitude, privacy and security, and trust. The findings demonstrate that design, attitude, privacy and security are statistically significant determinants of digitally unbanked seniors’ willingness to use e-banking. Managerial implications and recommendations are provided in the recommendations chapter. / Die hoofbetoog van die tesis is ’n empiriese ontleding van die probleme wat ervaar word deur ongebankte pensionarisse om hulle banksake digitaal te doen. Bevolkingsveroudering is ’n wêreldwye verskynsel en daar is voorspel dat die getal pensionarisse teen vanjaar (2020) 1 miljard mense wêreldwyd sou verbysteek. Tans is daar ’n groot verskeidenheid elektroniese bankdienste beskikbaar wat pensionarisse en ander bankkliënte kan gebruik om hulle banksake te doen. Daar word ook verwag dat elektroniese bankwese die katalisator sal wees van die finansiële insluiting van ongebankte mense van alle ouderdomme. Die probleem is egter dat die aanname van elektroniese bankwese deur kliënte ’n uitdaging vir banke is. Pensionarisse is veral nie gewillig om elektroniese bankdienste te gebruik nie, en hulle bly dus ongebank. Dit veroorsaak dat hulle insluiting in die finansiële mark ’n prioriteit is. Die probleem wat hierdie studie wil oplos is hoe die banke elektroniese bankwese kan gebruik om digitaal ongebankte pensionarisse te kry om bankdienste te gebruik. Dus is ’n empiriese ontleding uitgevoer van die probleme wat ongebankte pensionarisse ervaar om hulle banksake digitaal te doen. Gevolglik is ’n empiriese raamwerk ontwikkel van hoe die banke hulle dienste na hierdie bevolkingsegment kan uitbrei. ’n Oorspronklike, teoretiese raamwerk, wat hoofsaaklik gegrond is op die kliëntetegnologieontwerp-betrokkenheidsteorie van TAM en Baroudi, is voorgestel. Strukturele gelykstellingsmodellering (SEM) met lantente konstruksie is aangewend. Die metingsmodel is eers bereken en die kovariansiematriks tussen veranderlikes het gedien as inset om die strukturele koëffisiënte tussen konstrukte te bereken. Die studie se data is ingesamel deur middel van ’n gestruktureerde vraelysopname, met ’n waarskynlikheidsteekproefneming van 420 digitaal ongebankte pensionarisse. Daar is ook ’n fokusgroep met kundiges in die bankwese gehou om die bevindings te oorweeg. Die studie se bevindings het die studiemodel se vermoë om die gewilligheid te bepaal van digitaal ongebankte pensionarisse om elektroniese bankdienste te gebruik empiries bevestig. Latente konstrukte onder oorweging het medeskepping van kliënte, bewustheid en bemagtiging, ontwerp, waargenome gebruiksgemak, bruikbaarheid, koste, houding, privaatheid en sekuriteit, en vertroue ingesluit. Die bevindings demonstreer dat ontwerp, houding, privaatheid en sekuriteit statisties beduidende determinante is van digitaal ongebankte pensionarisse se gewilligheid om elektroniese bankdienste te gebruik. Bestuursimplikasies en aanbevelings word voorsien in die aanbevelingshoofstuk. / Business Management / D. B. L. (Marketing)

This research seeks to establish how e-learning may contribute towards knowledge construction for Management Accounting students at the University of South Africa. More specifically, the research is designed to investigate how educational technologies like e-learning may benefit and improve the teaching and learning of Management Accounting at Unisa. Educators need to understand how students learn so that they can establish suitable learning strategies. Studies have shown that generally, e-learning applications are little used, sometimes because of inappropriate content and technologies. Other prohibitive factors are costs, poor or inadequate technology infrastructure and a shortage of human resources. On the strength of a comprehensive literature survey, a framework to address and manage challenging aspects of teaching and e-learning were developed. Problem areas and critical success factors were considered. The said framework ought to assist with organising complex issues and reveal parts that need further work. The utility of the framework was evaluated through a staged process. First, it was tested and evaluated through the model of a lecture. Secondly, both qualitative and quantitative surveys among university lectures and students were conducted to further confirm the applicability of the framework. Though the outcome of the validations were satisfactory, more research needs to be carried out over a longer period of time in order to determine the scalability of the framework and to remove any inconsistencies. Aspects of the framework could be used to incorporate ICTs, e.g. the use of spreadsheets and the Learning Village into communities of practice. / Hierdie navorsing poog om vas te stel hoe e-leer kan bydra tot kenniskonstruksie vir Bestuursrekeningkunde-studente aan die Universiteit van Suid-Afrika. Die navorsing is meer spesifiek ontwerp om vas te stel hoe opvoedkundetegnologieë soos e-leer die onderrig en leer van Bestuursrekeningkunde by Unisa kan bevorder en verbeter. Opvoeders moet verstaan hoe studente leer sodat hulle geskikte leerstrategieë kan ontwikkel. Studies toon dat e-leertoepassings normaalweg min gebruik word, soms omdat die inhoud en tegnologieë nie toepaslik is nie. Ander faktore wat dit belemmer, sluit in onkoste, swak of onvoldoende tegnologie-infrastruktuur en ’n tekort aan mensehulpbronne. ’n Raamwerk om die uitdagings van onderrig en e-leer te bestuur, is op grond van ’n omvattende literatuurstudie ontwikkel. Probleemareas en kritiese suksesfaktore is in gedagte gehou. Die genoemde raamwerk behoort van nut te wees vir die organisering van ingewikkelde kwessies en toon watter dele verdere werk vereis. Die bruikbaarheid van die raamwerk is deur middel van ’n stapsgewyse proses geëvalueer. Eerstens is dit getoets en geëvalueer op grond van ’n lesingsmodel. Tweedens is kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe meningspeilings geloods; sowel universiteitsdosente as -studente is versoek om die toepaslikheid van die raamwerk te bevestig. Alhoewel die uitkoms van die validasies bevredigend was, moet verdere navorsing oor ’n langer tydperk gedoen word om die skaleerbaarheid van die raamwerk te bepaal en enige teenstrydighede uit die weg te ruim. Aspekte van die raamwerk kan gebruik word om IKT’s, bv die gebruik van sigblaaie en die Learning Village, by praktyksgemeenskappe te inkorporeer. / Ucwaningo lufuna ukuthola ukuthi ngabe ukufunda nge-e-learning noma ngendlela yeelektroniki kungafaka kanjani esivivaneni ekwakheni ulwazi kubafundi be- Management Accounting eYunivesithi yeNingizimu Afrika noma i-University of South Africa. Ngokuqonde ngqo, ucwaningo ludizayinwe ukuthi luphenyisise ngkouthi amatheknoloji emfundo afana ne-e-learning angaba nenzuzo kanjani kanye nokuthuthukisa ukufunda nokufundisa kwi-Management Accounting eUnisa. Abafundisi kudingeke baqondisise ukuthi izitshudeni zifunda kanjani ukuze bakwazi ukuthola amasu afanele okufunda. Izinhlaka eziningi zocwaningo ezenziwe zibonise ukuthi ngokunabile, ama-application amaningi e-e-learning asetshenziswa kancane, kodwa ngesinye isikhathi lokhu kubangelwa wukuthi kusuke kunengqikithi engahambisani kahle ngokufanele kanye namatheknoloji angafanele. Ezinye izinto eziyizihibe, zindleko, ingqalasizinda ye-theknoloji yezinga eliphansi noma engenele kahle kanye nokusweleka kwabantu abawusizo. Ngokulandela imibhalo efundwe ngokujulile, kwenziwe uhlaka lokubhekana nokuphatha izinselele maqondana nokufunda nokufundisa kwase kwenziwa nge-e-learning. Kubonelelwe nemikhakhe enezinkinga kanye nokubhekana nezindawo ezinomphumela obambekayo nobalulekile. Uhlaka okukhulunywa ngalo kumele lusize ekuhleleni izinto eziyisixakaxaka kanye nokuveza izingxenye ezisadinga ukuthi kubhekwane nazo ukuzixazulula. Ukusetshenziswa kohlaka kuye kwahlolwa ngezinqubo ezinezigaba. Esokuqala isigaba, siye sathestwa kanye nokuhlolwa ngokusebenzisa imodela yesifundo. Esesibili isigaba, besingesokwenza ama-qualitative nama-quantitative survey kubafundisi baseyunivesithi kanye nabafundi, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kohlaka. Ngisho noma ukubheka imiphumela yokuqinisekisa uhlolo ibiyenelisa, kusadingeka ukuthi kwenziwe olunye ucwaningo, esikhathini eside ukuze ukusetshenziswa kohlaka kuye ngokungezeleka ukubandakanya iningi (scalability), kanye nokuqeda izinto ezenza ukuthi kube nokwehluka-hluka nokungahambelani kahle ekusetshenzisweni (inconsistencies). Izingxenye zohlaka zingasetshenziswa ukwengamela ama-ICTs, isib. ukusetshenziswa kwama-spreadsheets kanye ne- Learning Village kulawo maqembu asebenzisa uhlaka. / Management Accounting / Ph. D. (Accounting Science)