The concept of BIM is nascent but evolving rapidly, thus, its deployment has become the latest shibboleth amongst both academics and practitioners in the construction sector in the recent couple of years. Due to construction clients buy-in of the BIM concept, the entire industry is encouraged to pursue a vision of changing work practices in line with the BIM ideas. Also, existing research recognises that the implementation of BIM affects all areas of the construction process from design of the building, through the organisation of projects, to the way in which the construction process is executed and how the finished product is maintained. The problem however is that, existing research in technology utilisation in general, and BIM literature in particular, has offered limited help to practitioners trying to implement BIM, for focusing predominantly, on technology-centric views. Not surprisingly therefore, the current BIM literature emphasises on topics such as capability maturity models and anticipated outcomes of BIM rollouts. Rarely does the extant literature offer practitioners a cohesive approach to BIM implementation. Such technology-centric views inevitably represent a serious barrier to utilising the inscribed capabilities of BIM. This research therefore is predicated on the need to strengthen BIM implementation theory through monitoring and analysing its implementation in practice. Thus, the focus of this thesis is to carry out a sociotechnical systems (STS) analysis of BIM implementation in construction organisations. The concept of STS accommodates the dualism of the inscribed functions of BIM technologies and the contextual issues in the organisations and allows for the analysis of their interactive combination in producing the anticipated effect from BIM appropriation. An interpretive research methodology is adopted to study practitioners through a change process, involving the implementation of BIM in their work contexts. The study is based on constructivist ontological interpretations of participants. The study adopts an abductive research approach which ensures a back-and-forth movement between research sites and the theoretical phenomenon, effectively comparing the empirical findings with the existing theories and to eventually generate a new theoretical understanding and knowledge regarding the phenomenon under investigation. A two-stage process is also formulated for the empirical data collection - comprising: 1) initial exploratory study to help establish the framework for analysing BIM implementation in the construction context; and 2) case studies approach to provide a context for formulating novel understanding and validation of theory regarding BIM implementation in construction organisations. The analysis and interpretation of the empirical work follows the qualitative content analysis technique to observe and reflect on the results. The findings have shown that BIM implementation demands a complete breakaway from the status quo. Contrary to the prevailing understanding of a top-down approach to BIM utilisation, the study revealed that different organisations with plethora of visions, expectations and skills combine with artefacts to form or transform BIM practices. The rollout and appropriation of BIM occurs when organisations shape sociotechnical systems of institutions, processes and technologies to support certain practices over others. The study also showed that BIM implementation endures in a causal chain of influences as different project organisations with their localised BIM ambitions and expectations combine to develop holistic BIM-enabled project visions. Thus, distributed responsibilities on holistic BIM protocols among the different levels of influences are instituted and enforced under binding contractual obligations. The study has illuminated the centrality of both the technical challenges and sociological factors in shaping BIM deployment in construction. It is also one of the few studies that have produced accounts of BIM deployment that is strongly mediated by the institutional contexts of construction organisations. However, it is acknowledged that the focus of the research on qualitative interpretive enquiry does not have the hard and fast view of generalising from specific cases to broader population/contexts. Thus, it is suggested that further quantitative studies, using much larger data sample of BIM-enabled construction organisations could provide an interesting point of comparison to the conclusions derived from the research findings.

Syfte: Byggsektorn karaktäriseras av att till stor del bestå av temporära projektorganisationer med mycket samarbete mellan discipliner men utan någon vidare processkontinuitet mellan de unika projekten. Det finns ett stort fokus på tid och omedelbar handling som en del av aktörernas referensram och varje aktivitet och nytt arbetssätt bör ge omedelbara fördelar i form av tidsvinster och effektivare utförande för att villigt accepteras. Behoven av standardiserade arbetssätt blir mycket synliga när man börjar införa BIM i projekten. Att aktivt använda BIM-modellen på bygget skapar krav på innehållet och att man följer ett projekteringsschema. BuildingSMART International (2010) skriver: ”Om den nödvändiga informationen är tillgänglig när den behövs och kvalitén på informationen är tillfredställande, så blir själva byggprocessen signifikant förbättrad”. Målet med detta examensarbete är att ta fram ett förslag på hur sekvensen av informationsleveranser bör se ut för den inledande produktionen av bärande system i en totalentreprenad. Metod: För att nå målet har en litteraturstudie genomförts för att skapa arbetets teoretiska ramverk. En fallstudie på en totalentreprenad med djupgrundläggning har genomförts. I fallstudien har empiri insamlats genom intervjuer med några av projektets aktörer samt en dokumentanalys av relevanta ritningar, protokoll och övriga dokument i projektet. Resultat: Rapporten har kartlagt sekvensen av informationsleveranser (inklusive vilket informationsinnehåll och vilken detaljeringsnivå de behöver ha) för den inledande produktionen av bärande system i en totalentreprenad. Detta kunskapsbidrag med processkarta och informationsbehov kan byggas vidare på, för att kunna implementeras i BIM-verktygen och därigenom underlätta arbetet och föra BIM-användningen framåt. Konsekvenser: Rapporten har med ovan resultat bidragit med några påbörjade pusselbitar i ett stort pussel av information och leveranser i rätt sekvens och detaljeringsgrad. För att pusslet ska bli komplett måste även informationsleveranser från förfrågningsunderlaget fungera korrekt. Arbetet har belyst fördelar att arbeta med BIM i denna del av byggprocessen. Rapporten föreslår förtydligande av innebörd genom att ha både detaljeringsnivå och utvecklingsnivå som benämningar i Sverige. Begränsningar: Rapporten begränsas till att beskriva vad byggentreprenören behöver för informationsleveranser från konstruktören som rör pålning, grundsulor och fundament. Rapporten beskriver också de informationsleveranser konstruktören behöver för att uppfylla byggentreprenörens informationsbehov. / Purpose: The building industry is characterised by mainly consisting of temporary project organizations with much interdisciplinary cooperation but with little continuity of process between the unique projects. There is a big focus on time and immediate action as part of the actors’ frame of reference, and every activity and new work method should give immediate advantages in time savings and more efficient work to be readily accepted. The need for standardised work methods is very visible when BIM is introduced in the projects. To actively use the BIM-model on site creates demands on the content and that a design schedule is followed. BuildingSMART International (2010) writes: ”If the information required is available when it is needed and the quality of information is satisfactory, the construction process will itself be significantly improved”. The aim of this work is to produce a suggestion of how the sequence of information deliveries should be in the starting production of the loadbearing system in a design build project. Method: To reach the aim a literature study has been conducted to create the theoretical framework for the study. A case study has been conducted on a design build project with a deep foundation. Empirical data has been collected by means of interviewing some of the project actors and conducting a document analysis of project documents such as drawings and protocols. Findings: The report has mapped the sequence of information deliveries (including what information content and what level of development they need to have) for the initial production of the loadbearing system in a design build project. This contribution of knowledge with the process map and information demands can be built upon, to allow for implementation in the BIM tools and thus make the work easier and push the use of BIM forward. Implications: With the above results the report has contributed with a few started puzzle pieces in a big puzzle of information and deliveries in the correct sequence and level of development. To complete the puzzle the information deliveries from the specifications also needs to work correctly. The report has shown advantages by working with BIM in this part of the building process. The report suggests clarification of meaning by using both names, level of detail and level of development, in Sweden. Limitations: The report is limited to describe what information deliveries the contractor needs from the structural designer when it comes to piling and foundations. It also describes the information deliveries needed by the structural designer to be able to meet the information need of the contractor.

Syfte: Genom att förbättra kommunikationen och effektiviteten i produktionen på en arbetsplats kan stora besparingar göras. Målet med examensarbetet är därför att undersöka hur Dalux Field påverkar produktionen på en byggarbetsplats genom att besvara (1) Hur påverkar användningen av Dalux Field kommunkationen i produktionen på en byggarbetsplats? och (2) Hur påverkar användningen av Dalux Field effektiviteten i produktionen på en byggarbetsplats? Metod: Arbetet innefattar en litteraturstudie samt en fallstudie med intervjuer på NCC:s byggarbetsplats D1 Ryhov i Jönköping. Fyra Arbetsledare har intervjuats varav två använder programvaran och två inte gör det. Utöver dessa intervjuas tre ledande montörer som aktivt använder sig utav programvaran. Litteraturstudien används för att bekräfta eller motsäga den insamlade empirin. Resultat: Dalux Field minskar kommunikationen på byggarbetsplatsen då arbetsledaren och den ledande montören har tillgång till modellen ute på arbetsplatsen. Vid eventuella kollisioner kan beslut tas direkt eftersom att de kringliggande installationerna är synliga i modellen. Detta ökar i sin tur effektiviteten eftersom att mindre stopp förekommer i produktionen. Eftersom en byggnads olika objekt består av en stor del information används med fördel Dalux Field som ett komplement då all denna information inte kan redovisas på en 2D-ritning. Vidare anser respondenterna att Dalux Field med fördel även används som ett visuellt komplement för att ge en helhetsbild av slutprodukten. Konsekvenser: Vid bevarandet av frågeställningarna drogs slutsatserna att användandet av Dalux Field effektiviserar kommunikationen som i sin tur effektiviserar byggproduktionen. För att förbättra verktyget ytterligare rekommenderas funktioner som mätverktyg och höjdsättning att ses över. Om Dalux Field ska utnyttjas till sin fulla potential krävs även att samtliga parter på byggarbetsplatsen har tillgång till och använder programmet. Begränsningar: På referensprojektet användes i första hand en intern plattform som kommunikationsverktyg. Resultatets giltighet hade stärkts om Dalux Field används primärt på helt byggarbetsplatsen. Eftersom NCC är ett stort företag inom byggsektorn med stora projekt, resurser och tillgångar är en generalisering med hela byggbranschen vag. Resultatet går att generalisera med liknande stora byggföretag med liknande projektstorlek, resurser och tillgångar. Nyckelord: Byggnads Informations Modellering, Kommunikationsverktyg, Byggproduktion, Informationsöverföring, Kollisionshantering, Effektivitet, Kommunikation, Dalux Field. / Purpose: By improving the communication and the efficiency in construction site production large savings may emerge. The main intentions with this thesis are therefore to examine whether how Dalux Field affects the production phase in construction by answering (1) How the use of Dalux Field affects the communication in the production on a construction site? and (2) How the use of Dalux Field affects the efficiency in the production on a construction site? Method: The work includes a literature study and a case study with interviews on NCC:s construction site D1 Ryhov in Jönköping. Four foremen have been interviewed whereof two use the software and two did not. Beyond these, three leading installers who actively use the software have been interviewed. The literature study was used to either confirm or contradict the collected data. Findings: Dalux Field reduces the communication on a construction site since the foreman and the leading installer have access to the model on site. In the event of a collision, decisions can be made instantly because the surrounding installations are visible in the model. This increases the efficiency, since smaller stops occur in production. Since a building’s various objects consists of a great deal of information Dalux Field is advantageously used as a supplement since all this information cannot be reported on a 2D drawing. Furthermore, the respondents consider that Dalux Field is also advantageously used as a visual supplement to give a complete picture of the end product. Implications: When answering the questions at hand, the conclusions were that the use of Dalux Field makes the communication more effective, which in turn makes the production phase in construction more efficient. In order to further improve the tool, features such as the measuring tool and height recommended to be reviewed. If Dalux Field is to be utilized to its full potential, it is also required that all parties in the construction phase have access to and use the program. Limitations: On the reference project an internal platform for communication is used primarily. The validity of the result would be strengthened if Dalux Field was the primary communication tool. Since NCC is a big company in the sector with a big number of projects, resources and assets, a generalization with the whole sector is not possible. The result can be generalized with equal building companies with similar projects, resources and assets. Keywords: Building Information Modeling, Communication tool, Construction production, information transfer, collision, efficiency, communication, Dalux Field.

A construção industrializada se mostra como uma oportunidade para aperfeiçoar o processo de produção na construção civil, mas para sua efetiva aplicação é preciso estabelecer um processo de produção condizente com suas características. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar como cada uma das perspectivas da integração - contratual, organizacional e de tecnologia da informação - pode aperfeiçoar e ampliar o uso da construção industrializada. A integração do processo de produção é considerada como uma solução para aumentar a qualidade e produtividade na construção civil e suas características estão alinhados aos requisitos da industrialização, seja por meio do uso da pré-fabricação e/ou de técnicas de racionalização da construção. Na literatura afirma-se que, na construção em geral, só é possível alcançar a integração do processo com mudanças estruturais nas três perspectivas. Investigou-se, no caso da construção industrializada, se um alto nível de integração em uma ou duas dessas perspectivas pode compensar a menor ou a sua ausência em outra(s). Para tanto, criou-se um ordenamento do grau de integração relativo a cada perspectiva, pela análise em detalhe de suas características, com a ajuda de diagramas específicos. Também foi elaborada uma tabela geral, com as interdependências entre as três perspectivas dado a graduação em cada uma. Tal método serviu de base para a análise de cinco estudos de caso de construção industrializada. Observou-se que, características da integração organizacional são as que mais favorecem o uso da industrialização, estabelecendo uma visão sistêmica ao processo. É possível estabelecer o trabalho colaborativo sem que a integração esteja definida no modelo de contrato. A integração pela tecnologia da informação, especificamente por meio do BIM, ainda que não se tenha mostrado essencial, permite antecipar possíveis incompatibilidades entre os sistemas construtivos. / Industrialized construction is an opportunity to improve project delivery process; however, it is crucial to reorganize the methods of the process, for its successful use. The aim of this research is to analyze how each perspective of integration - contract, organization and information technology - can improve and expand the use of industrialized construction. Integration of the project process is assumed as a solution to increase quality and efficiency in construction and, its features are aligned with the requirements for industrialized construction, be it through prefabrication and/or rationalization of the construction. It has been stated that, for the general case in construction, its integration can only be achieved from structural changes in all three approaches. It was investigated if a high level of integration in one or two of these perspectives can compensate for lower or absent in the other(s). For that matter, an ordering of the relative degree of integration within each perspective, was derived from the analysis of their characteristics, through the use of specific diagrams. Also, a general table of the interdependencies among the three perspectives was built. This method was used to analyze five case studies of industrialized construction. It was realized that the features of organization integration are those that give better support to the use of industrialized construction. Also, that it is possible to achieve collaboration even when it is not ruled in the contracts. Integration by information technology, specifically through BIM, although not proved essential, allows for anticipation of possible incompatibilities between construction systems.

Em decorrência de sua atuação expressiva no mercado de financiamento de empreendimentos de habitação e infraestrutura, a Caixa Econômica Federal (Caixa) é um banco de grande relevância para o setor da construção civil brasileira. A Caixa mantém um setor técnico no qual são desempenhadas, dentre demais responsabilidades, as atividades de análise de documentação técnica e verificação da execução orçamentária e financeira das obras. Atualmente, esses procedimentos são realizados essencialmente de forma manual, configurando um processo moroso e suscetível à ocorrência de imprecisões. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a introdução da Modelagem da Informação da Construção, notadamente, no processo de verificação da documentação técnica de obras, realizado pelos profissionais desse banco público. Primeiramente, realizou-se um diagnóstico, por meio de uma survey, no setor técnico da Caixa que apontou aspectos relevantes à gestão de mudanças de origem tecnológica nesse ambiente. Em continuidade ao estudo de caso, investigou-se as motivações, os benefícios almejados e as possíveis barreiras para a implantação dessa inovação no processo de análise técnica desenvolvido pela instituição. Para verificar a adequabilidade e a aceitação das propostas preliminares de ferramentas e diretrizes de modelagem foi conduzido um workshop no qual participaram profissionais voluntários do mercado da construção civil. Com base neste estudo, apresentado neste trabalho na forma de três artigos científicos publicados, verificou-se que a Caixa pode ser considerada um importante vetor de difusão de práticas associadas à Modelagem da Informação da Construção na indústria da construção civil brasileira e que a proposição de novas ferramentas e diretrizes poderia ser efetivamente adequada para incrementar a prática projetual. Além disso, observou-se que a transformação interna necessária para a implementação de mudanças nos processos técnicos da Caixa é viável desde que seja propiciado um ambiente favorável, em que os gestores incentivem, planejem e deem suporte às possíveis mudanças. Finalmente, a contribuição pretendida com esta pesquisa é fomentar outras iniciativas e colaborar para a disseminação da Modelagem da Informação da Construção nos setores de projeto e construção civil brasileiros. / Due to its outstanding performance in housing and infrastructure construction financing market, Caixa Econômica Federal (Caixa) is a bank of great importance in the Brazilian Construction and Design industry. Caixa maintains a technical department that, among other activities, perform technical feasibility analyses, and verify the budgetary and financial development of construction projects. Currently, the project analysis process is manual, time-consuming and error-prone. In this sense, the present study aims to analyse the introduction of Building Information Modelling in the technical feasibility analyses process, carried out by engineers and architects. Firstly, a survey was conducted to perform an intraorganizational assessment of Caixa\'s technical department, in order to identify aspects relevant to change management. Secondly, in this study case, the motivations, the desired benefits and potential barriers to the implementation of this innovation were investigated. In addition, a workshop was conducted with construction and design professionals to verify the suitability and acceptance of the preliminary proposals of tools and modelling guidelines. Based on this study presented in three published scientific papers, Caixa can be considered an important diffusion vector of Building Information Modelling practices in the Brazilian construction and design industry. In addition, the proposition of new tools and modelling guidelines could effectively be appropriate to enhance its design practices. Furthermore, the intraorganizational change required for implementing innovations in the Caixa technical department proved to be feasible if provided with a favourable environment in which managers stimulate, plan and support possible changes. Finally, the intended contribution of this research is to encourage other initiatives and contribute to spreading additional practices related to Building Information Modelling in the Brazilian construction and design industry.

Nos últimos anos, a discussão sobre a implementação do conceito de modelagem da informação da construção tem permanecido nas pautas das empresas do setor da construção civil em todo o mundo; no entanto, no cenário brasileiro, o descompasso entre a estratégia setorial e as iniciativas individuais de algumas empresas tem chamado a atenção. Partindo do princípio de que o conceito de modelagem da informação da construção, em função do seu caráter de inovação tecnológica, carrega consigo a necessidade de mudanças, a reflexão e adaptações sobre os diversos processos que permeiam a produção dos empreendimentos de construção torna-se fundamental. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desta tese é propor um conjunto de Diretrizes para Gestão do Processo de Projeto em Empresas Incorporadoras e Construtoras. As Diretrizes estão pautadas na necessidade de definir o projeto como um processo estratégico, inserindo a sua gestão como elemento fundamental para a facilitação e integração do fluxo de informações no âmbito do empreendimento. Para a concretização do objetivo da tese, realizaram-se Estudos de Caso em empresas Incorporadoras e Construtoras brasileiras com o objetivo de diagnosticar as práticas vigentes de gestão do processo de projeto. Em paralelo, conduziu-se a reflexão sobre as responsabilidades do gestor do processo de projeto no âmbito da modelagem por meio de Grupos de Foco envolvendo gestores do processo de projeto e especialistas em tecnologia da informação aplicada à construção. Além disso, a metodologia de pesquisa contempla um Estudo de Caso com foco para a implementação do Conceito de Modelagem da Informação no contexto setorial do Reino Unido. Como resultado das Diretrizes, apresenta-se o Modelo para Gestão do Processo de Projeto no Contexto da Modelagem, seguido pelo Plano de Reestruração para o Departamento de Projetos, o qual visa à proposição de um modelo estruturado para condução das mudanças necessárias nas áreas responsáveis pelo processo de projeto das empresas Incorporadoras e Construtoras. / The discussion about BIM (Building information Modelling) implementation has remained on the agendas of construction companies worldwide in recent years; however, in the Brazilian context, the gap between the industry strategy and few companies which have decided to implement BIM autonomously has been the main aspect that draw attention. Assuming BIM as a technological innovation, which carries with it changes, it is fundamental to analyse and adapt the design and construction processes. In this context, the thesis aims propose a set of Guidelines to Manage the Design Process of Brazilian Real Estate Development Companies. The Guidelines has taken the Design Management as a strategic process which must facilitate and integrate information flow among the Construction Project agents. In order to achieve the objective of Thesis, Case Studies have carried out in order to diagnose the design management current practices in the Brazilian Real Estate Development Companies. Aiming to discuss the Design managers\' responsibilities in contexts where BIM is applied, Focus Groups were organized and Design Managers, BIM specialists and also Academics have participated in the discussions sections. In addition, the research methodology have included a Case Study focusing on the BIM implementation in United Kingdom construction industry. As results and Guidelines, the Design Management Modeling in BIM context, followed by the Restructuring Planning are proposed. The Restructuring Planning was defined specifically for Real Estate Development Companies and aims to propose structured way, comprehending processes which should be re-designed and a set of steps for driving the necessary changes in order to use Design Management Guide in BIM context are proposed.

Au travers de l’ensemble de ces travaux, l’objectif principal consiste à valider la pertinence de la construction et de l’utilisation de modèles 3D géométriques ou paramétriques orientés BIM/hBIM pour des analyses numériques. Il s’agit notamment d’études structurales dans le cas de bâtiments historiques ainsi que la planification potentielle de travaux de restauration, rénovation énergétique et réhabilitation. Des travaux d’exploitation complémentaires des données et des nuages de points, pour la détection, la segmentation et l’extraction d’entités géométriques ont également été intégrés dans les travaux et la méthodologie proposée. Le processus de traitement des données, modélisation géométrique ou paramétrique et leur exploitation, proposé dans ces travaux, contribue à améliorer et mieux comprendre les contraintes et enjeux des différentes configurations et conditions liées aux cas d’études et aux contraintes spécifiques propres aux types de constructions. Les contributions proposées pour les différentes méthodes de modélisation géométriques et paramétriques à partir des nuages de points, sont abordées par la construction de modèles géométriques orientés BIM ou hBIM. De même, les processus de détection d’éléments surfaciques et d’extraction de données à partir de nuages de points mis en place sont présentés. La mise en application de ces méthodes de modélisation est systématiquement illustrée par différents cas d’étude, dont l’ensemble des travaux relatifs ont été effectués dans le cadre de cette thèse. Le but est dès lors de démontrer l’intérêt et la pertinence de ces méthodes numériques en fonction du contexte, des besoins et des études envisagées, par exemple avec la flèche de la cathédrale de Senlis (Oise) et le site de l’Hermitage (Oise). Des analyses numériques de type éléments finis permettent ensuite de valider la pertinence de telles démarches. / Throughout this work, the main objective is to validate the relevance of construction and use of geometric or parametric 3D models BIM or hBlM-oriented for numerical analyzes. These include structural studies in the case of historic buildings, as well as planning for restoration work, energy renovation and rehabilitation. Complementary data mining and use of point clouds for the detection, segmentation and extraction of geometric features have also been integrated into the work and proposed methodology. The process of data processing, geometric or parametric modeling and their exploitation, proposed in this work, contributes to improve and understand better the constraints and stakes of the different configurations and conditions related to the case studies and the specific constraints specific to the types of constructions. The contributions proposed for the different geometric and parametric modeling methods from point clouds are addressed by the construction of geometric models BIM or hBlM-oriented. Similarly, the process of surface detection, extraction of data and elements from point clouds are presented. The application of these modeling methods is systematically illustrated by different case studies, all of whose relative work has been carried out within the framework of this thesis. The goal is therefore to demonstrate the interest and relevance of these numerical methods according to the context, needs and studies envisaged, for example with the spire of the Senlis cathedral (Oise) and the Hermitage site (Oise). Numerical analyzes with finite element method are used to validate the relevance of these approaches.

Building Information Modeling (BIM), ou, no Brasil, Modelagem da Informação da Construção, auxilia em alguns dos principais desafios apresentados no cenário atual do mercado da construção civil nacional, como a redução de riscos e aumento da produtividade. Contudo, para que o BIM propicie esses benefícios, é necessário que existam padronizações e especificações de como sua utilização deve ser conduzida, quais são os usos esperados do modelo BIM, como as informações serão trocadas e quais informações os elementos do modelo devem conter. Para esta finalidade, são desenvolvidas diretrizes de contratação de empreendimentos em BIM, fundamentais para garantir o alinhamento entre contratante e contratadas em tudo o que tange à utilização do BIM no projeto. Utilizando-se a metodologia da pesquisa construtiva, foi realizada a análise bibliográfica de diretrizes de contratação BIM e a proposição de uma ferramenta de apoio à criação de diretrizes de contratação de empreendimentos em BIM para o mercado da construção civil nacional. A ferramenta proposta tem como principal objetivo facilitar a geração de diretrizes de contratação, usando como base referências difundidas para aplicação de processos BIM, mas também permitindo sua customização para melhor se adequar à realidade de cada contratante. Espera-se que a ferramenta apoie as empresas contratantes a vencer a barreira criada pela dificuldade de produzir sua própria diretriz, deixando mais claras as especificações para contratação, apoiando a implementação do BIM. Esta ferramenta foi avaliada em um caso teste, em duas rodadas, para avaliar sua aplicabilidade e aferir os resultados obtidos, tornando-a base para o desenvolvimento de outros documentos similares e para futuras pesquisas na área. A avaliação comprovou que a ferramenta foi capaz de operar dentre os limites de desempenho esperados, facilitando o processo de geração e consulta de uma diretriz, permitindo customização pelo usuário e alimentada por bases de conhecimento consolidadas. tratação em BIM, Normas BIM. / Building Information Modeling (BIM) may assist with some of the main challenges presented in the current state of the national civil construction industry, such as reducing risks and increasing productivity. However, for BIM to provide these benefits, the existence of standards and specifications is necessary, indicating what workflows should be followed, what are the expected uses, how the information will be exchanged and what properties should be included in the model. Therefore, contracting guidelines for BIM projects are developed, to ensure alignment between owner and providers in all matters related to the use of BIM in the project. Using the Constructive Research methodology, this research performed an analysis of BIM publications in countries with proven experience on successful project procurement and the proposition of a tool to support the creation of guidelines for the contracting of projects in BIM in the national civil construction market. The main objective of the proposed tool is to facilitate the generation of contracting guidelines, using well-known references on the application of BIM processes as basis, but also allowing their customization to better suit the reality of each contractor. It is expected that the tool supports contractors to overcome the barrier created by the difficulty of producing their own guideline, clarifying the specifications for contracting and supporting the implementation of BIM. This tool was evaluated in a test case, in two rounds, to assess its applicability and to gauge the obtained results, making it the basis for the development of other similar documents and for future research in the area. The evaluation proved that the tool was able to operate within the expected performance limits, facilitating the process of generation and consultation of a guideline, allowing customization by the user and fed by consolidated knowledge bases.

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Civil. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2011

Abstract The current practice for information sharing with building information modelling (BIM) is distributed data sharing based on conversions. Conversions are problematic due to data loss, redundancy, and conflicting information. The hypotheses of this research were that i) a conversion-free data exchange is a feasible approach for BIM, ii) benefits can be achieved with a conversion-free information sharing, and iii) no impediment in principle exists for wider industrial use. The use of a single data schema by all applications is a requisite for a conversion-free data collaboration. For enabling the free evolution of the data content, a version free data schema is necessary. A model arrangement implementing partial models is needed for the growing size of models. A single shared model approach eliminates data conflicts and duplicates. For the best availability, the location for the shared model should be on a cloud service. Accessing the cloud model only through a web service, which encapsulates all model handling functionality, will ensure data integration and validity. The validity of IT solutions can only be confirmed with real software. For testing the conversion-free BIM method, a software development kit (SDK) with required functionality was programmed. Three applications and a cloud service for handling the shared model were developed with the help of SDK. In the experiments, Leonardo application was used for modelling walls, 3DTrussme for trusses, and Viewer for viewing the model. All applications were using the same shared model on the cloud. In the experimental test, the information exchange occurred without conversions, and all the data were saved only once on the cloud database. Without conversions, less conflicts and redundancies occurred, which lead to better data integrity and integration. Using SDK, there was no technical barrier for applications to join the single shared model ecosystem, but a drawback was that existing BIM programs are not compatible without remarkable changes. The performance was acceptable in the test run, but in real use, the size of the model and the number of applications and users will be much larger. However, a conversion-free single shared model approach can be a possible trend to the next generation BIM as well as a potential alternative for current data sharing methods using distributed files, conversions, and linked data. / Tiivistelmä Rakentamisen tietomallinnuksen (BIM) nykyisenä tiedonjakamisen käytäntönä on hajautettu tietojärjestelmä, joka perustuu konversioihin. Konversiot ovat ongelmallisia tiedon häviämisen, ristiriitojen ja päällekkäisyyksien vuoksi. Tämän tutkimuksen hypoteesit olivat: i) konversiovapaa tiedonjakaminen on mahdollista, ii) etuja on saavutettavissa ilman konversioita tapahtuvassa tiedonsiirrossa ja iii) laajemmalle teolliselle käytölle ei ole periaatteellisia esteitä. Konversiovapaa tiedon jakaminen edellyttää yhden dataformaatin käyttöä. Alati kasvavien tietomallien koko vaatii tiedon järjestämismenetelmän, joko mahdollistaa osamallit. Datan ristiriidat ja päällekkäisyydet voidaan estää yhden jaetun mallin menetelmällä. Informaatio on parhaiten kaikkien osapuolien saatavilla, kun jaettu malli sijoitetaan pilvipalveluun. Kun tietomallia käsitellään vain web-palvelun rajapintafunktioilla, tiedon eheys ja kelpoisuus säilyvät. Tietoteknisten ratkaisujen kelpoisuus voidaan viime kädessä osoittaa vain toimivilla ohjelmistoilla. Konversiovapaan menetelmän testausta varten kehitettiin vaadittavat ominaisuudet sisältävä ohjelmistokehityspaketti (SDK), joka on edellytys sovellusten yhteensopivuudelle. Kolme sovellusta eli 3DTrussme, Leonardo ja Viewer ohjelmoitiin SDK:n avulla. Ohjelmointirajapinta sisälsi tarvittavat toiminnallisuudet tiedonjakamiseen, ja se toteutettiin pilvipalveluna. Testiajossa Leonardo-sovelluksella mallinnettiin seinät, 3DTrussmellä suunniteltiin naulalevyristikot ja Viewer-sovelluksella tarkasteltiin mallia. Kaikki kolme sovellusta käyttivät samaa jaettua mallia pilvipalvelussa. Suoritetussa testissä kaikki informaatio jaettiin ilman konversioita ja tallennettiin vain kerran. Ilman konversioita ja päällekkäisyyksiä saavutettiin parempi datan eheys ja integraatio. SDK:n avulla uudet sovellukset pystyivät liittymään yhden jaetun mallin ekosysteemiin ilman teknisiä esteitä. Toisaalta, ilman merkittäviä muutoksia nykyiset BIM sovellukset eivät ole yhteensopivia. Testiajossa suorituskyky oli hyväksyttävä, mutta todellisuudessa mallien koko sekä sovellusten ja käyttäjien lukumäärä ovat paljon suurempia. Tutkimus osoitti, että konversiovapaa yhden jaetun mallin menetelmä voi olla seuraava BIM-kehityssuunta ja vaihtoehto nykyisille tiedonsiirtoratkaisuille, jotka käyttävät erillisiä tiedostoja, konversioita ja linkkejä.