El objetivo primario de este trabajo es estudiar cómo Roberto Bolaño utiliza el género policial clásico para construir tres cuentos “Enrique Martín”, “Llamadas telefónicas” y “William Burns” que forman parte de la colección Llamadas telefónicas. Un objetivo secundario es estudiar semejanzas y diferencias en la utilización del género policial clásico entre estos cuentos. Episodios centrales para la trama policial son identificados y analizados utilizando un método de análisis textual, la lectura atenta basada en las teorías de Roland Barthes. Se analiza el grado al cual estos cuentos se atienen a las características típicas del género, así como las semejanzas y las diferencias entre los cuentos. Los tres cuentos contienen tramas y sucesos que son típicos del género policial clásico. El análisis atento de estos episodios muestra que la mayor parte funcionan de manera que dan indicios que, en un verdadero cuento policial, deben tener importancia para la continuación del argumento. Sin embargo, esto no es el caso en estos tres cuentos; típicamente las pistas provistas son falsas y desembocan en la nada. Se concluye que hay semejanzas importantes en cuanto a la utilización del género policial clásico entre estos cuentos.

The presented work deals with the issue of non-pharmacological pain relief in patients with thermal trauma. Burn pain is considered to be one of the worst, unlike common surgical pain due to numerous surgical procedures and often large dressing changes. The basis of pain treatment is pharmacotherapy, but an important part are also non-pharmacological methods that can be applied by nurses. The main goal of the study was to find out which available and easy-to-use non- pharmacological methods of pain relief are the most effective according to burn patients. The partial goals were evaluating the impact of fear and anxiety on pain and the question of whether patients' pain is adequately managed. The author's questionnaire, which was partly based on a survey conducted among the patients themselves, was used for the research. A total of 98.3% of respondents gave a positive evaluation of the adequacy of analgesia. Apart from analgesics, the following methods were then identified as the most effective: undisturbed sleep, relief position, rest, close people visits and interviews with the caring staff. The research confirmed that apart from quality sleep human contact is the most important for pain relief. In addition to relieving pain, it also affects the mental state of patients and helps reduce the...

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / Burns are a major problem in Low-Income Countries (LIC) and Low-Middle Income Countries (LMIC). Children in LIC have been identified as a burn injury at-risk group. Individuals experience severe psychological and physical distress as a result of burn injuries. However, burns are a systemic problem and their impact is not limited to the individual but impacts the family system as a whole. Therefore, effective post burn interventions for families of child burn survivors are key in order to assist the child burn survivor’s well-being and recovery. The present study hopes to 1) address some of the gaps in knowledge in burn interventions for families of child burn survivors and 2) identify promising psychosocial interventions. A systematic review of literature was conducted that focused on identifying burn interventions for families of child burn survivors. These interventions were evaluated in order to establish which interventions showed promise. This systematic review was conducted following the guidelines of the PRISMA Statement for Systematic Reviews. An integrated quantitative and qualitative appraisal tool was used to review the identified studies. All the available English-medium literature between 1990 and 2019 was reviewed for this study. A literature search was performed in EBSCOhost, Academic Search Complete, PsychArticles, CINAHL plus, Medline, ERIC, SocIndex and Health Source: Nursing/Academic edition. Five studies were identified which included psychosocial interventions for families of child burn survivors. Of these studies only two were of quantitative nature and indicated sufficient evidence with regards to outcomes and efficacy. Three studies were of qualitative nature and indicated subjective evaluation measures to assess efficacy. Interventions identified included a family burns camp, a support group for parents, a support website, a parent participation program during acute paediatric burns management, and a teaching manual. All five studies indicated a degree of efficacy however, support groups in conjunction with psycho-education groups with systemic focus appeared to show the most promise. It is recommended that researchers focus on using quantitative measures in future intervention studies to assist in measuring efficacy. Furthermore, context specific interventions for LIC should be considered.

Ce travail concerne l’étude des propriétés biologiques d’hydrogels physiques bicouches de chitosane, dont l’usage est destiné à la cicatrisation des brûlures du 3ème degré. L’étude bactériologique a révélé que les dispositifs présentaient des propriétés bactériostatiques voire bactéricides de grand intérêt pour l’application visée. L’étude à long terme de la cicatrisation en présence des hydrogels physiques bicouches de chitosane a montré que ces dispositifs permettent la reconstruction d’un tissu bien organisé, bien vascularisé et aux propriétés mécaniques et esthétiques similaires à celles d’un tissu sain. L’avantage thérapeutique du dispositif proposé est que le système hydrogel n’a pas à être remplacé au cours de la cicatrisation, contrairement aux pansements traditionnels qui nécessitent d’être changés régulièrement, impliquant risques d’infection, douleurs et altération du tissu en formation. Le tissu cutané a été étudié au cours de ce travail à différentes échelles et selon différentes approches complémentaires : une approche esthétique et clinique (photos, calques), mécanique (tests de traction), histologique et immuno-histologique, et enfin nanostructurale grâce à l’utilisation conjointe de la microscopie électronique et de la diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles. L’étude histologique détaillée des interactions biologiques entre le tissu hôte et le dispositif a permis de valider son caractère biocompatible, biorésorbable et colonisable, et d’envisager son utilisation en ingénierie tissulaire en tant que milieu à gradient de propriétés biologiques, favorable au développement de néo-tissu cutané. / This work deals with the study of the biological properties of bi-layered chitosan physical hydrogels within the context of third degree burns healing. These materials are elaborated thanks to the combination of two different gelification processes, without the use of any kind of chemical cross-linking agent. Chitosan physical hydrogels exhibit interesting antibacterial properties towards Gram+ and Gram- bacteria. Long term healing study shows that the use of physical hydrogels lead to a well-organized and well-vascularised regenerated skin, whose mechanical and aesthetic properties are similar to those of native skin. The main clinical benefit of this device is that it could be maintained during the all healing time, so as to prevent the risk of infection, the pain and the damages of neo-formed tissues. Skin has been studied with several approaches, namely aesthetic, clinical, mechanical, histological, immunohistological, and nanostructural (Small Angle X-ray Scattering) approaches. The detailed histological investigations confirm bi-layered hydrogels bioactivity and cellularizability: such devices can be considered as favourable media for tissue engineering.

<p><b></b>Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is a tool with immense potential to evaluate the response of wildlife to ecosystem disturbances. PAM allows to evaluate wildlife dynamics by means of acoustic indices that estimate the diversity or complexity of sounds in a recording, as well as to study ecological aspects at the species level by training machine learning-based automatic acoustic detector. In this study, five deep learning approaches for automatic song detection were evaluated of the near-threatened Bachman's Sparrow in data scarcity scenarios, and then used this classifier to study the response of this bird to the number of days following a prescribed burn in six subtropical habitats in central Florida. At the same time, the response of avifauna acoustic activity to prescribed burning was quantified by means of three of the most used acoustic indices used in the literature (Acoustic Complexity Index, Acoustic Diversity Index and Bioacoustic Index). I found that it is possible to construct competitive birdsong detectors with small datasets using pre-trained models regardless. Furthermore, the use of data augmentation can lead to a detriment of the detector performance, especially of lower quality recordings, and that increasing the dataset does not necessarily increase the generalizability of the model. On the other hand, I found that unlike Acoustic Diversity Index, the Bioacoustic and Acoustic Complexity indices are negatively correlated with time after a burn, the same trend that Bachman's Sparrow presence showed, even though it was more influenced by habitat type than by the effect of the prescribed burns. This study shows the potential of tools including automatic song detection and acoustic indices to model at different scales the dynamics of avifauna in response to ecosystem disturbances. Their development can provide efficient tools for the study and conservation of both threatened wildlife species and the ecosystems they inhabit.</p>

A new one-dimensional heat conduction model for predicting stem heating during fires is presented. The model makes use of moisture and temperature dependent thermal properties for bark and wood. Also, the thermal aspects of the processes of bark swelling, desiccation, and devolatilization are treated in an approximate fashion. Simulation with a surface flux boundary condition requires that these phenomena be accounted for. Previous models have used temperature-time boundary conditions, which prevents them from being directly coupled to fire behavior models. This model uses a flux-time profile for its boundary condition, making it possible to eventually couple it to fire behavior models. Cambial mortality predictions are made through the incorporation of a cell mortality model. The model was developed and validated with laboratory experiments on four species.

Bakgrund: Den största orsaken till brännskador är värme från heta vätskor, eld samt fasta ämnen. Smärta efter brännskador kostar samhället mycket pengar vilket leder till stora ekonomiska förluster. För att få en individuell smärtbehandlingsplan behövs en effektiv smärtbedömning. Att minimera och utvärdera patienternas smärta är en viktig del i sjuksköterskans ansvarsområde vid omvårdnad. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa patienters erfarenheter av smärta efter brännskador. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie genomfördes för att sammanställa resultat kring smärta efter brännskador. Artiklarna hämtades från CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed och Scopus, vilket resulterade i 10 artiklar som granskades och användes i resultatet. Resultat: Resultatet delades in i kategorierna smärta i den akuta fasen, smärta vid sårvård, kvarvarande smärta och konsekvenser av att leva med smärta. Konklusion/implikation: Smärtan påverkar patienten från den initiala skadan och kan finnas kvar i flera år. Litteraturstudien kan ge sjuksköterskor en ökad förståelse kring omvårdnad av patienter med smärta efter brännskador, då smärtlindring är en viktig del i sjuksköterskans ansvar. / Background: The biggest cause of burns is heat from hot liquids, fire and solid substances. Pain after burns is costly for the society which leads to large financial losses. An effective pain assessment is needed to get an individual pain treatment plan. An important area of responsibility in nursing is to minimize and evaluate patients’ pain. Aim: The aim was to shed light on patients' experiences of pain after burns. Method: To compile the results found regarding pain after burns a general literature study was used. The articles were retrieved from CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus, resulting in ten articles reviewed and used in the results. Results: The results were divided into the categories pain in the acute phase, pain during wound care, residual pain and consequences of living with pain. Conclusion/implication: The pain affects the patient from the initial injury and may persist for years. The literature study can give nurses an increased understanding of taking care of patients with pain after burns. An important part of the nurse's responsibility is pain relief.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides excellent soft tissue contrast and enables structural, functional, and metabolic imaging of the human body. One primary clinical application of MRI is the neuroimaging of tumors, which demands both multi-parametric qualitative and quantitative information from MR scans. Although the role of the quantitative MRI (qMRI) is well accepted, it suffers from long acquisition times leading to patient discomfort, especially in geriatric and pediatric patients. Quantitative imaging is also critical to estimating temperature during MR scans of patients with implants and leads. The radiofrequency stimulus pulses of an MRI exam can couple to conductive implants, resulting in eddy current propagation and consequential heating. The heating can lead to third-degree burn lesions along the surfaces of titanium joints, deep brain stimulation (DBS), and pacemaker leads. Such challenges raise safety concerns in MRI, requiring fast and accurate temperature estimations to ensure patients’ safety. This thesis aims to tackle the abovementioned challenges in MRI, specifically focusing on developing novel quantitative imaging approaches using magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) methods and applications. MRF is a framework that allows measuring multiple tissue properties in a single acquisition. In the first chapter, we extend the current implementation of MRF and introduce tailored MRF (TMRF), an imaging method offering qualitative and quantitative information simultaneously, with promising results in differentiating healthy and pathological tissues. This method increases scanner efficiency and decreases acquisition time for neuroimaging while simultaneously providing qualitative and quantitative imaging measures. We demonstrate these advances in in vitro phantoms healthy volunteers- and pediatric patient- populations. In the second chapter, we address the issue of MRI safety for patients with conductive implants like deep brain stimulation (DBS) leads by using MRF-based thermometry (MRFT) to accurately predict and monitor temperature near these implants during MRI scans, enhancing safety and efficacy for image-guided procedures and imaging patients with such implants. Successful approaches will be incorporated into an imaging protocol to increase safety and effectiveness for image-guided lead placement and imaging patients with implanted leads. To validate MRFT in vivo in patients, we conducted a patient study using MRFT to evaluate the accuracy of MRFT in vivo near DBS lead. In the third section, we implement an open-source MRF package (OMEGA) for a multi-site, multi-field strength MRF repeatability study, demonstrating its accuracy and repeatability of MRF across various conditions.