Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Histoire--Paris I-Panthéon Sorbonne, 2006. Titre de soutenance : Introduction à l'histoire du peuplement du pays bo du nord-ouest : Mali. / Bibliogr. p. 459-481.

Nous avons réalisé une enquête ethnobotanique sur le nom vernaculaire bwa kaka en Martinique. Durant l’enquête, nous avons constaté que la génération de jeunes avait une plus grande connaissance d’usages pour les plantes médicinales que les personnes plus âgées interrogées. De plus, les utilisations proposées selon le sexe de l'interrogé étaient significativement différentes. Les hommes ont indiqué le bwa kaka principalement pour le traitement des maladies de l'appareil digestif, tandis que pour les femmes l'utilisation principale est magico-religieuse. Les enquêtes ethnobotaniques publiées jusqu’à présent en Martinique n’ont pas examiné ce résultat en fonction du sexe. L’utilisation du bwa kaka, qui était une plante très demandée par le passé, semble avoir aujourd’hui régressé. L’explication est peut-être liée à sa vocation magico-religieuse, cette utilisation ayant quasiment disparu dans la société moderne martiniquaise. Six espèces sont dénommées bwa kaka localement. Nous avons recueilli les utilisations thérapeutiques qui y ont été associées. Cependant, nous avons choisi d’évaluer le potentiel thérapeutique de Solanum triste pour une utilisation qui n’a été citée que pour cette espèce : le traitement des lithiases urinaires. L’espèce a d’abord fait l’objet d’une étude phytochimique qui a permis d’identifier plusieurs composés (acides phénoliques, flavonoïdes, glycoalcaloïdes) par LC-DAD-ESI-MS2. La structure complète du glycoalcaloïde majoritaire intéressant a été obtenue: le 22S, 25S 3-beta-spirosol-5-ene -O- α -L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)beta-D-xylopyranosyl-O(1→3)alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl O(1→4) glucopyranose. Afin d’évaluer le potentiel antilithiasique de l’extrait aqueux de S. triste, trois tests in vitro ont été réalisés : l’évaluation de sa capacité antioxydante, son effet sur la cristallisation de l’oxalate, et sur les calculs déjà formés. Le résultat le plus significatif est le pouvoir préventif in vitro des extraits de S. triste sur la lithiase urinaire ce qui n’a jamais été mis en évidence pour cette espèce et qui nécessite d’être conforté dans des travaux ultérieurs. / We have performed an ethnobotanical survey in Martinique on the common name “bwa kaka”. During this survey, we observed that the younger generation interviewed knew more about the uses of medicinal plants than the older generation. Moreover, the suggested uses for this plant were significantly different and depended on the gender of the person interviewed. Men indicated that “bwa kaka” was mainly used for diseases of the digestive system whereas women indicated that the main use was linked to magicoreligious rites. The ethnobotany surveys published up until now in Martinique did not investigate this result based on gender. The use of “bwa kaka”, which was a plant in great demand in the past, seems to have declined nowadays. This could be explained by its link to magico-religious rites, a practice which has practically disappeared in modern Martinique society. Six species are locally called “bwa kaka”. We have documented the therapeutic uses associated with this plant. However, we have chosen to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Solanum triste for a use that has only been associated with this species, namely the treatment of urinary lithiasis. This plant species was first used in a phytochemical study which made it possible to identify several compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids and glycoalkaloids by LC-DAD-ESI-MS2. The complete structure of the predominant glycoalkaloid has been obtained, i.e. 22S, 25S 3-beta-spirosol-5-ene -O- α -L-rhamnopyranosyl (1→2)beta-Dxylopyranosyl-O(1→3)alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl O(1→4) glucopyranose. In order to evaluate the antilithiasis capacity of an aqueous extract of S. triste, three in vitro tests were performed: the evaluation of its anti-oxydant capacity, its action on the crystallization of oxalate, and on urinary stones already formed. The most significant result is the in vitro preventive capacity of extracts of S. triste on urinary lithiasis, a result which has never been previously demonstrated for this species and which needs to be confirmed in subsequent experiments.

Einheimischer des Bwa-Landes, beabsichtige ich in dieser Doktorsarbeit, eine lokale Studie der Problematik der Sozialdynamik in dieser Zone durchzuführen. Diese im Sahel gelegte gilt als Gebiet der Bwa im Südosten Mali. Mit der Mehrheit von Bwa leben Dafings, Fulbe, Dogon, Minianka Minderheitsethnien im Gebiet. Diese Gruppe, außer den Fulbe (Viehzüchter), betreiben Ackerbau und andere Nebentätigkeiten. Die Bwa gelten als konservativ, sind wenig beforscht, in der Minderheit und in Mali administrativ vernachlässigt.Daher unsere Arbeitsziele bestehen im Folgenden: eine Visionsanschaffung der unvermeidbaren Vermischung der lokalen Praktiken und Modernisierungsfaktoren im Gebiet; Erklärung der Co-Existenz der Nicht-Änderungswillen (Traditionsanhalten) und der Änderungstendenz in den Dorfgemeinden; Bestimmen der Rolle der Innovationen und Verhaltensentwicklung der Bauern gegenüber diesen Faktoren; Bemessen der Integrationsprozess des Bwa-Landes in der Entwicklung Malis. Dafür wurde eine Forschung im Bwa-land durchgeführt, die eine Kombination der Methoden und Instrumente der empirischen Sozialforschung erfordert hat: Befragungsverfahren, Beobachtung, Literaturrecherche, Interpretation der Daten mittels des Programms WinMax-QDA. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass auch das Bwa-Land dem Gesetz der natürlichen (endogenen) Dynamik und der Innovationeneffekt nicht entgeht. Es hat eine Autonomie, eigene Strategien und Zielsetzungen, die sich inter-aktiv mit seinem sozialen und natürlichen Umfeld offen entwickeln. Ausdrücklich wurden die Entwicklungsphasen der internen Sozialdynamik der Bauern und ihr unterschiedliches Verhalten gegenüber der Invasion beobachtet. Die Bauern leben, wie überall, seit langer in einem dialektischen Verhältnis mit ihrem Umfeld, ohne den widersprüchlichen/vorteilhaften Verhältnissen, die sie mit dem natürlichen, sozialen, lokalen und nationalen Umfeld haben, zu entgehen. In Bezug auf diese Arbeitsergebnisse, ist die interne Veränderung innerhalb der Gesamtheit der nationalen Veränderung universal, überall präsent nur stellt sie eine lokale, kulturelle und wirtschaftliche Diversität dar. Das Verständnis dieser Phänomene stellt die Grundlage für Einsatzerfolg auf dem Land dar und daher sollte jeder Einsatz dort vorgehen. / Native of the Bwa-Land in Mali, I undertook a study to understand the social dynamics among people living in this geographical zone. The Bwa-Land is located in the Sahelian region of Mali. There live together Bwa, the major ethnic group, and some other minor ethnic groups such as Dafing, Peulh, Dogon and Manianka. Except the Peulhs (stockbreeders), all other ethnic groups practice crop farming and off-farm activities. Bwa people are considered conservative, are administratively marginalised in Mali and not much studied. The objectives of the doctoral studies were to: present the links between indigenous socio-agricultural practices and factors of rural modernisation in the Bwa-Land; explain the coexistence of lack of change and of trends towards evolution; define the role of the factors of modernisation and evolution in the attitudes of the peasants Bwa and Dafing vis-à-vis these factors; measure the evolution of integration of the Bwa-land to the dynamics of democratic progress occurring at national level in Mali. Therefore, we combined methods and instruments used in empirical social sciences research that include: questionnaires, participant observation, analyse of published documents. The data were collected during a seven-months field survey realised in two phases. Data evaluation and analysis were performed using the computer-based programme WinMax-QDA.The results showed that the Bwa locality, like any other, do not escape the law of the natural (endogenous) and induced (innovations) dynamics. It has inherited certain autonomy and is equipped with strategies and objectives and evolutes in very open interaction with its agricultural, social and political environment. Our results also reveal the trends in the indigenous social dynamics and the behaviour of the communities vis-à-vis exogenous factors of change. Peasants have always lived in dialectical relationship with their social and natural environment. We conclude that, local change as part of change occurring at national level is worldwide omnipresent with some local, cultural and economic specificities. The comprehension of this logic is the key of the success of any collaboration with the rural populations and should precede any intervention in rural areas.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Art et archéologie--Paris 1, 1997. Titre de soutenance : Savoirs et savoir-faire des anciens métallurgistes : recherches interdisciplinaires sur les procédés en sidérurgie directe dans le Bwamu (Burkina Faso-Mali) : une contribution à l'histoire des techniques en Afrique. / Bibliogr. p. 375-392. Glossaire. Index. Résumé en anglais.

The incipient technology of wireless access networks of the IEEE 802.16 Standard aggregates to the BWA systems many advantages over concur technologies, such as radio signal wide coverage, even in difficult access regions or needy of conventional infrastructure of network, as the case of some urban and rural areas of Brazil. Moreover, enables access to the Internet in last mile with high transmission rates, attending to the more several requisites of the data, voice and video applications with minor cost in comparison to others available alternatives. Meanwhile, this technology not specifies how the packages or service flows should be the scheduled in the MAC layer. Thus, this study compares the use of mechanisms for scheduling that approximates the ideal GPS scheduler to support the provision of QoS on IEEE 802.16 PMP network. The modeling and simulation based results evidence that the considered mechanisms WRR and WF2Q get good results in the support to the provision of QoS in this network. / A incipiente tecnologia de redes de acesso sem fio do Padrão IEEE 802.16 agrega aos sistemas BWA inúmeras vantagens sobre as tecnologias concorrentes, tais como ampla cobertura do sinal de rádio, mesmo em regiões de difícil acesso ou carentes de infra-estrutura de rede convencional, como é o caso de algumas áreas urbanas e rurais brasileiras. Além disso, permite estabelecer a parte final da infra-estrutura de conexão de banda larga com altas taxas de transmissão, atendendo aos mais diversos requisitos das aplicações de dados, voz e vídeo a um menor custo em comparação com as outras alternativas disponíveis. Entretanto, o Padrão IEEE 802.16 não determina a forma como devem ser escalonados os pacotes ou fluxos de serviço na camada MAC desta tecnologia. Assim, neste trabalho compara-se a utilização de mecanismos de escalonamento que se aproximam do escalonador ideal GPS para o suporte à provisão de QoS em uma rede de acesso IEEE 802.16 PMP. Os estudos comparativos baseados em modelagem e simulação mostraram que os mecanismos WRR e WF2Q conduzem a bons resultados no suporte à provisão de QoS nesta rede. / Mestre em Ciências

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / IEEE 802.16 standard, also called WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), is one of the most promising technologies for BWA (Broadband Wireless Access) networks. The IEEE 802.16 standard provides specification of MAC and physical layer. The standard adds to the BWA networks some advantages over other technologies, such as wide area of coverage, even in areas of difficult access or without conventional network infrastructure, as is the case of some urban and rural regions in Brazil. IEEE 802.16 standard is developed with Quality of Service (QoS) in mind. For that purpose it was created a connection oriented standard, where different applications are differentiated into multiple classes of service, in accordance with the parameters required by each application. However, the standard does not define how to implement the Connection Admission Control (CAC) algorithm, which is a fundamental requisite for obtaining QoS. The CAC algorithm is responsible for accepting or rejecting a new connection request depending on the resources already allocated in the network. Thus, the CAC must reject requests for connections that might compromise the QoS of admitted connections. This way, this work presents the proposal of a CAC algorithm based on threshold for the IEEE 802.16 networks. Moreover, the performance of the proposed CAC algorithm has been analyzed through modeling and simulation using the NS-2 (Network Simulator). To perform this step, the proposed CAC algorithm has been implemented in the WiMAX module of the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). The results showed that the CAC algorithm is efficient and it is able to provide QoS in terms of bandwidth and delay, under different scenarios. / O padrão IEEE 802.16, também conhecido como WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), é uma das tecnologias mais promissoras para o acesso banda larga sem fio (BWA Broadband Wireless Access). O padrão IEEE 802.16 fornece especificações das características da camada de acesso ao meio (MAC) e física. Agrega às redes BWA algumas vantagens em relação às outras tecnologias, tal como, ampla área de cobertura, mesmo em regiões de difícil acesso ou sem qualquer infra-estrutura de rede convencional, como é o caso de algumas regiões urbanas e rurais brasileiras. O padrão IEEE 802.16 foi desenvolvido com Qualidade de Serviço (QoS) em mente. Para conseguir tal objetivo, criou-se um padrão orientado a conexão, onde as várias aplicações são diferenciadas em múltiplas classes de serviços, de acordo com os parâmetros solicitados por cada aplicação. Porém, o padrão não define como deve ser implementado o algoritmo de Controle de Admissão de Conexões (CAC Connection Admission Control), que é um requisito fundamental para obtenção de QoS. O algoritmo CAC é responsável por admitir ou rejeitar uma solicitação de uma nova conexão dependendo dos recursos já alocados da rede. Desta forma, o CAC deve rejeitar solicitações de conexões que poderiam comprometer a QoS das conexões admitidas. Em vista disto, neste trabalho apresenta-se uma proposta de um algoritmo de CAC baseado em threshold para as redes IEEE 802.16. Além disto, o desempenho do algoritmo de CAC proposto foi analisado através de modelagem e simulação, utilizando o simulador de redes NS-2 (Network Simulator). Para realizar esta etapa, o algoritmo de CAC proposto foi implementado no módulo WiMAX do NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o algoritmo de CAC é eficiente e apresentou-se capaz de prover QoS em termos de largura de banda e atraso, sob diferente cenários. / Mestre em Ciências

The “WLAN in Disaster Emergency Response” (WIDER) project has developed and implemented an emergency communication system. It provides network and communication services to relief organizations. In order to guarantee the stable and efficient connectivity with a high quality of service (QoS) for the end user, and to make the WIDER system more adaptive to the disaster area, the IEEE 802.16 specification based broadband wireless access solution is adopted. This thesis work aims at evaluating and testing the WIDER system integrated with WiMAX. By learning and analyzing the technology, the benefits and perspective for WIDER using WiMAX are described. A WiMAX solution was configured and integrated into the WIDER system. A series of tests and measurements provide us the performance of the WiMAX solution in throughput, QoS, and reality. The tests helped us to learn and verify the improvements for WIDER due to WiMAX. / “WLAN in Disaster Emergency Response” (WIDER) projektet har utvecklat och implementerat ett kommunikationssystem för katastrof situationer. Systemet tillhandahåller nätverk- och kommunikationstjänster för hjälporganisationer. För att garantera en stabil och effektiv anslutning med hög Quality of Service för användarna samt göra WIDER systemet mer anpassbart för katastrofområden, kommer Broadband wireless access som är baserade på IEEE 802.16 specifikationen att användas. Det här examensarbetet har som målsättning att utvärdera och testa WIDER med WiMax tekniken, vi beskriver olika fördelar och synvinklar med att använda WiMax genom att lära oss och analysera tekniken. En WiMax lösning konfigurerades och integrerades i WIDER systemet. En rad tester och mätningar visar WiMax-lösningens prestanda i form av throughput, Quality of Service och realitet. Testerna lärde oss och hjälpte oss att verifiera förbättringarna i WIDER i och med användningen av WiMax.

L'écologie politique souligne que même si les paysans possèdent des savoirs et des pratiques permettant de lutter contre la dégradation des ressources naturelles, leur application est soumise à diverses contraintes provenant du contexte dans lequel ils vivent. À l'aide de méthodes issues de l'ethnographie et de la méthode active de recherche participative (MARP), nous avons étudié le contexte local du village de Kankorokuy, au Mali, les savoirs et pratiques de ses paysans qui sont en lien avec la gestion des parcs agroforestiers, ainsi que les facteurs qui, selon eux, limitent l'application de ces savoirs. Parmi ces facteurs, on trouve : les conflits entre villageois, la charge de travail élevée et le manque de main-d'œuvre, le manque de moyens financiers et de matériel agricole, la sécheresse et le manque d'eau, la consommation de bière de mil, une mauvaise gestion des animaux d'élevage et une vision à court terme.

Les Bwaba du Burkina Faso montrent une grande prédilection, dans leur expression orale, pour un recours à l’implicite consistant à dissimuler la parole au moyen des sons de leurs xylophones. Cette dissimulation s’exerce principalement à propos des identités individuelles et collectives. C’est là une façon, pour eux, de masquer leur pensée tout en la dévoilant, afin de susciter à tout moment chez leurs auditeurs l’éveil de l’esprit, le questionnement, la curiosité. Ils disposent à cet effet de deux genres musicaux différenciés, tous deux dévolus à la louange, dont chacun forme un corpus spécifique : les devises senké et les chants bassé. Le recensement, la description et l’analyse de cette manière d’être, de dire et de faire constituent l’objet de la présente thèse.Le plus souvent sans recours aux paroles verbalisées, ces musiques de louange offrent un exemple hautement élaboré de transmission des signifiés. L’étude s’applique en priorité à ces modalités instrumentales pour interroger les processus de transposition de la parole à la musique, qui nourrissent cette société dans son quotidien et dans ses fêtes. Enoncer de façon voilée, par les sons du xylophone, le nom d’un groupe ou d’un individu permet de faire montre d’une grande maîtrise du langage musical, comme de la gestion des relations sociales et des possibilités de communication entre les membres de la communauté. Cette étude ambitionne de démontrer que « la parole du xylophone » témoigne, chez les Bwaba, d’une exceptionnelle mise en cohérence de l’intelligence productive et de l’intelligence perceptive / The Bwaba from Burkina Faso are very partial to using implicitness in their oral communication, i.e. to conceal speech within the sounds of their xylophones. This concealment applies mostly to individual and collective identities. It is for them a way to mask their thoughts, while unveiling them at the same time, in order to create an awakening of spirit, and arouse questioning and curiosity among their audience. In order to achieve that, they can use two differentiated musical genres, both meant for praise and with a specific corpus each: mottos or senké, and songs or bassé. The object of this PhD is to make an inventory, to describe and analyse this way of being, of saying and of doing.The musics of praise, which most of the time do not use any verbal speech, give a highly elaborate example of transmission of the signified. This study first of all applies to instrumental modalities, in order to question the process of transposition of speech into music, a process which nurtures the Bwaba society in its daily life and holy days and feasts. Enunciating in a veiled way the name of a group or a person, through the sounds of xylophone, enables them to show their great skills in musical language, and also in the management of social relationships and in communication possibilities among members of the community. The present study wishes to demonstrate that "xylophone speech" shows, for the Bwaba, an exceptional setting into coherence of the productive and perceptive intelligence.

Die folgende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Alltagstauglichkeit moderner Massendatenverarbeitung, insbesondere mit dem Problem der Assoziationsregelanalyse. Vorhandene Datenmengen wachsen stark an, aber deren Auswertung ist für ungeübte Anwender schwierig. Daher verzichten Unternehmen auf Informationen, welche prinzipiell vorhanden sind. Assoziationsregeln zeigen in diesen Daten Abhängigkeiten zwischen den Elementen eines Datenbestandes, beispielsweise zwischen verkauften Produkten. Diese Regeln können mit Interessantheitsmaßen versehen werden, welche dem Anwender das Erkennen wichtiger Zusammenhänge ermöglichen. Es werden Ansätze gezeigt, dem Nutzer die Auswertung der Daten zu erleichtern. Das betrifft sowohl die robuste Arbeitsweise der Verfahren als auch die einfache Auswertung der Regeln. Die vorgestellten Algorithmen passen sich dabei an die zu verarbeitenden Daten an, was sie von anderen Verfahren unterscheidet. Assoziationsregelsuchen benötigen die Extraktion häufiger Kombinationen (EHK). Hierfür werden Möglichkeiten gezeigt, Lösungsansätze auf die Eigenschaften moderne System anzupassen. Als Ansatz werden Verfahren zur Berechnung der häufigsten $N$ Kombinationen erläutert, welche anders als bekannte Ansätze leicht konfigurierbar sind. Moderne Systeme rechnen zudem oft verteilt. Diese Rechnerverbünde können große Datenmengen parallel verarbeiten, benötigen jedoch die Vereinigung lokaler Ergebnisse. Für verteilte Top-N-EHK auf realistischen Partitionierungen werden hierfür Ansätze mit verschiedenen Eigenschaften präsentiert. Aus den häufigen Kombinationen werden Assoziationsregeln gebildet, deren Aufbereitung ebenfalls einfach durchführbar sein soll. In der Literatur wurden viele Maße vorgestellt. Je nach den Anforderungen entsprechen sie je einer subjektiven Bewertung, allerdings nicht zwingend der des Anwenders. Hierfür wird untersucht, wie mehrere Interessantheitsmaßen zu einem globalen Maß vereinigt werden können. Dies findet Regeln, welche mehrfach wichtig erschienen. Der Nutzer kann mit den Vorschlägen sein Suchziel eingrenzen. Ein zweiter Ansatz gruppiert Regeln. Dies erfolgt über die Häufigkeiten der Regelelemente, welche die Grundlage von Interessantheitsmaßen bilden. Die Regeln einer solchen Gruppe sind daher bezüglich vieler Interessantheitsmaßen ähnlich und können gemeinsam ausgewertet werden. Dies reduziert den manuellen Aufwand des Nutzers. Diese Arbeit zeigt Möglichkeiten, Assoziationsregelsuchen auf einen breiten Benutzerkreis zu erweitern und neue Anwender zu erreichen. Die Assoziationsregelsuche wird dabei derart vereinfacht, dass sie statt als Spezialanwendung als leicht nutzbares Werkzeug zur Datenanalyse verwendet werden kann. / The importance of data mining is widely acknowledged today. Mining for association rules and frequent patterns is a central activity in data mining. Three main strategies are available for such mining: APRIORI , FP-tree-based approaches like FP-GROWTH, and algorithms based on vertical data structures and depth-first mining strategies like ECLAT and CHARM. Unfortunately, most of these algorithms are only moderately suitable for many “real-world” scenarios because their usability and the special characteristics of the data are two aspects of practical association rule mining that require further work. All mining strategies for frequent patterns use a parameter called minimum support to define a minimum occurrence frequency for searched patterns. This parameter cuts down the number of patterns searched to improve the relevance of the results. In complex business scenarios, it can be difficult and expensive to define a suitable value for the minimum support because it depends strongly on the particular datasets. Users are often unable to set this parameter for unknown datasets, and unsuitable minimum-support values can extract millions of frequent patterns and generate enormous runtimes. For this reason, it is not feasible to permit ad-hoc data mining by unskilled users. Such users do not have the knowledge and time to define suitable parameters by trial-and-error procedures. Discussions with users of SAP software have revealed great interest in the results of association-rule mining techniques, but most of these users are unable or unwilling to set very technical parameters. Given such user constraints, several studies have addressed the problem of replacing the minimum-support parameter with more intuitive top-n strategies. We have developed an adaptive mining algorithm to give untrained SAP users a tool to analyze their data easily without the need for elaborate data preparation and parameter determination. Previously implemented approaches of distributed frequent-pattern mining were expensive and time-consuming tasks for specialists. In contrast, we propose a method to accelerate and simplify the mining process by using top-n strategies and relaxing some requirements on the results, such as completeness. Unlike such data approximation techniques as sampling, our algorithm always returns exact frequency counts. The only drawback is that the result set may fail to include some of the patterns up to a specific frequency threshold. Another aspect of real-world datasets is the fact that they are often partitioned for shared-nothing architectures, following business-specific parameters like location, fiscal year, or branch office. Users may also want to conduct mining operations spanning data from different partners, even if the local data from the respective partners cannot be integrated at a single location for data security reasons or due to their large volume. Almost every data mining solution is constrained by the need to hide complexity. As far as possible, the solution should offer a simple user interface that hides technical aspects like data distribution and data preparation. Given that BW Accelerator users have such simplicity and distribution requirements, we have developed an adaptive mining algorithm to give unskilled users a tool to analyze their data easily, without the need for complex data preparation or consolidation. For example, Business Intelligence scenarios often partition large data volumes by fiscal year to enable efficient optimizations for the data used in actual workloads. For most mining queries, more than one data partition is of interest, and therefore, distribution handling that leaves the data unaffected is necessary. The algorithms presented in this paper have been developed to work with data stored in SAP BW. A salient feature of SAP BW Accelerator is that it is implemented as a distributed landscape that sits on top of a large number of shared-nothing blade servers. Its main task is to execute OLAP queries that require fast aggregation of many millions of rows of data. Therefore, the distribution of data over the dedicated storage is optimized for such workloads. Data mining scenarios use the same data from storage, but reporting takes precedence over data mining, and hence, the data cannot be redistributed without massive costs. Distribution by special data semantics or user-defined selections can produce many partitions and very different partition sizes. The handling of such real-world distributions for frequent-pattern mining is an important task, but it conflicts with the requirement of balanced partition.