<p>Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att undersöka om det är möjligt att överföra hallbyggnadsteknik till produktion av småhus för att sänka produktionskostnaderna. Studien visar att hallbyggnadsteknik enkelt går att överföra till en villa. Dessutom blir det billigare att bygga klimatskalet med vårt byggsystem jämfört med ett traditionellt prefabricerat småhus. Genom detta system kan den totala byggkostnaden för villan i jämförelsen sänkas med 3-10 % beroende på vilket fasadmaterial som väljs.</p> / <p>The aim with this diploma work is to see if it is possible to transfer the technology used for industrial buildings to the production of small houses to lower the production costs. In the report, we show that the industrial building technology is possible to transfer to a small house. It also becomes more efficient to build the climate shell with our construction system compared with a traditional prefabricated small house. The total construction cost can with our system be reduced with 3-10 % depending on which facade material that is chosen.</p>

Construction is often defined as a project-oriented industry that develops complex one-of-a-kind products using an engineer-to-order (ETO) design process. The technical solutions that are developed in specific projects often have integral product architectures that are difficult to re-use in continuous improvement processes. The ETO process also means that very few components can be produced before being ordered, which is necessary for creating economies of scale in production. In contrast, Modify-To-Order (MTO) Configure-To-Order (CTO) or Select variant-To-Order (STO) design processes based on theories of mass customization reuse technical solutions from earlier projects to varying degrees. However, many researchers argue that results and theories from the manufacturing industry cannot be used in the contexts of construction because each construction project has different functional requirements and local site conditions whose interaction mandates the creation of unique end products that cannot be modularized as is done in manufacturing industries. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate how mass customization principles could be utilized in the design of construction products, especially how the adoption of platform architectures and configurators could support the reuse of technical solutions between projects. Several case studies of projects using different specification levels (MTO, CTO and STO) were conducted to test theories of mass customization in the context of construction. The results obtained show that when working at the MTO and CTO specification levels, platform architectures should be based on modules that can be developed incrementally. STO products can be developed with integral product architectures, but if the needs of customers in the target market segment change this presents a risk of ad-hoc end product customization that will adversely affect the production system downstream in the value chain. For all studied specification levels, it is important to determine whether the target market volume is sufficient to justify the cost of developing a product platform. The introduction of design modules in modular platform architectures enables the development and use of configurators in ETO construction design processes. Such tools allow MTO platforms to be customized using a mixture of traditional ETO design and the configuration of predefined modules. Configuration tools for module customization at the MTO and CTO levels must therefore be integrated with the traditional design tools used in construction. The configuration of modular platform architectures also facilitates the effective use of information and its transfer between domains. As the use of pre-defined modules in the product specification process increases, the need to involve multiple design disciplines decreases. At the STO level, the design work can be reduced to such an extent that customization can be achieved using web-based configurators.Overall, the results presented in this thesis indicate that the Products in Product mass customization concept introduced by Erixon (1998) can be implemented at multiple specification levels in the traditional design of construction products. By introducing the new design module category into the platform architecture, predefined construction product platforms can be integrated with the traditional ETO design process and developed incrementally. / Construction is often defined as a project oriented industry developing complex one-of-a-kind products in an engineer-to-order (ETO) driven process by temporary organizations. That is resulting in a fragmented design process with loose connection between different disciplines. Many studies indicate that the early stages of product development is critical for product constructability, but technical solutions that are developed in specific projects lead to integral product architectures that are difficult to re-use in a continuous improvement process. The ETO process also means that very few components can be produced before ordering, a prerequisite for creating economies of scale in production. By changing the product realization process to "modify- to-Order" (MTO), "configure- to-order" (CTO) or "select variant" (STP), which is based on the theories of mass customization, technical solutions can be reused between the specific projects. However, several researchers in the construction industry proclaim that the contexts of construction industry cannot be compared with other industries and products. The variation of interacting functional requirements creates unique end products that cannot be separated in similar way as in the manufacturing industry. Arguments are based on the uniqueness of the end products that is analysed with regards to the highest level in the product architecture, which is why a more nuanced view is required.Mass Customisation can be described as an approach to combine economies of scale from mass production with increased customization for the end customer. To successfully achieve this, the generic product architecture need to be based on a modular architecture with clear separation between functional requirements (FR) and design parameters ( DP) and well-specified interfaces between the modules. Selected market segment affects the demand for product customization relatively the order point and thus affects its product realization process; MTO, CTO and STP, whereupon the selected specification level also affects the generic product architecture with its product platform and how the customization can be done. The purpose of this thesis is to describe whether and how mass customization can be used in the construction industry by describing the relationships between product architectures and the specification levels.Several case studies in the specification levels MTO, CTO and STP have been made based on theory of mass customization. The case studies have been performed in a deductive approach where theories have been tested in real cases and validated through experiments. Results from the cases have improved the understanding in this area and been used in following case studies, why the thesis as a whole can be described as abduction.Research results shows that in the MTO and CTO specification level, product platforms should be based on modules that can be developed incrementally. STP products can be developed with integral product architecture, but if changes in the customer segment occur there is great risk that production will be affected negatively. In all studied specification levels, it is important to understand the market segment volumes to justify the development costs. Introduction of "Design variant module" for modular systems means that configurators for subsystems can be developed. Customization of MTO platforms then consists of a mixture of traditional design and configuration of modules. But to accomplish this, the link between ICT tools in the MTO and CTO process needs to be connected with traditional ICT tools in the construction industry. However, using modular product architectures in the design greatly reduce the information exchange between disciplines. If STP products are developed customization can be done using a web interface.In conclusion, if using the "Products in Product" concept (Erixon, 1998) it is possible to implement theories from mass customization in construction. It is also seen that modular product architecture creates opportunities to repair information chains and minimizes the exchange of information between different disciplines, enabling the use of ICT tools developed in other industries. By introducing a new module category to the existing theory, namely "Design variant module", the traditional design process (ETO) can be coupled with predefined product platforms and develop incrementally. / Godkänd; 2014; 20140416 (patjen); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Patrik Jensen Ämne: Byggproduktion/Construction Engineering Avhandling: Configuration of Platform Architectures in Construction Opponent: Professor Lars Hvam, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark Ordförande: Professor Thomas Olofsson, Avd för byggkonstruktion- och produktion, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Tisdag den 17 juni 2014, kl 13.00 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet

Value and waste are concepts that are used in improvement projects. In lean the concepts are fairly simple. Reduce the waste and the value has increased. However, value is both multidimensional and differs over time. If the concepts value and waste are to be used, the concepts must be clearly defined and measured. Otherwise, value can be reduced for the customer/user and the cost increased for the producer/seller. The purpose in this thesis is to investigate how value and waste are perceived by different stakeholders, how value and waste are related, and how value and waste are measured. The focus of the study is the improvement of production and services. The study does not investigate the product/service development. The conclusions are based on a number of cases and research from different fields such as resource-based view and marketing. The study use mix of qualitative and quantitative methods. Measures of forecasting accuracy and their relations where explored with different statistical tools in order to understand the influence of measures and dimensions. The view of value concerning energy efficiency was examined in a statistical analysis of a survey concerning stakeholders’ view of a specific value, energy efficiency, as well as their influence on the value creation process. A multiple qualitative case study explores the relation between value and waste in different settings and the consequences of waste focus. The findings in the multiple case study are confirmed and elaborated further by an additional case study, both qualitative and quantitative, of value stream mapping.Value and waste are analysed with the use of order winners and qualifiers. Also, a model to clarify the consequences of mixing value creation and value exchange for customer/user and producer/seller have been defined and used in the analysis.Depending on the stakeholder there is a difference between whether value can be regarded as a use value, exchange value or both. Even if exchange value is related to a specific moment in time, use value is not. The view of value differs among stakeholders which increase the risk of sub-optimisation in production.Value and waste have multi-dimensional properties and there are links between the different dimensions. The relationships depend upon the situation in question. The lean seven types of waste are not independent dimensions. Also, the concept of waste as anti-value is too simplistic. In all cases studied the focus is on waste, not value. Also, it is often the symptoms of waste that are of interest in measures taken not the root causes. Reduction of waste without considering the value can create new waste. Since waste is a dependent variable, it should not be measured without considering value. Another complication is that value and waste often occurs at different points in time and in different settings.Single measures are sensitive to its environment. Several measures are more robust. Measures distort and influence the perception and thereby the decision of the studied phenomena. Also, the notion of value and waste becomes harder to define and trace as the resolution and detailing of the studied process increases. / Godkänd; 2016; 20151028 (petwal); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Peter Wallström Ämne: Byggproduktion /Construction Engineering and Management Avhandling: On Value and Waste Opponent: Docent Kristian Widén, Avd för Byggproduktion, Institutionen för Byggvetenskaper, Lunds tekniska högskola, Lund. Ordförande: Professor Ove Lagerqvist, Avd för byggkonstruktion och -produktion, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet, Luleå. Tid: Onsdag 14 september, 2016 kl 13.00 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet

<p>For nearly twenty years people have been talking about Product models, but given that the building industry is so conservative, it is hard to implement new working methods. Product models are these days known as Building Information Modeling, BIM. People often say they work with BIM but they often forget the most important part, the information. A 3D model should be linked with characteristics and information. Information that can be invaluable for the facility manager.</p><p>We have a vision that in the best of worlds the facility manager would be able to "walk" into the model and see what kind of installations are inside the wall or in the roof. You should be able to point at an object and gain complete information about operation and maintenance off the installation. You should also be able to gain information such as the name of the product and article number if you have to buy a new one. That’s why in our thesis we want to highlight the possibilities for the facility manager.</p><p>In order to have high achievements with BIM, coordination is highly needed. All participants in the construction process have to work together at an early stage; they must have the possibility to affect the stage of inquiry. By having the facility manager connected to the process at an early stage, other members have the opportunity to understand what’s expected from them. In the same way the facility manager will understand if any of the requirements are unreasonable or difficult to solve. Planning must be allowed to cost money. A well planned project can later save a lot of money due to less problems at the building worksite. In a well planned project there will be less changes and less additional work. The key words are Coordination and review.</p><p>During the facility management stage there are great opportunities to save money with BIM. The benefits of BIM have been shown and larger facility companies demand a model that work in the facility management stage. The greatest advantages are gained by the visual model that gives a greater understanding and a better base for decisions. There are also great advantages in more effective processes, better quality and better documentation for maintenance, operation, future rebuilding and future sale.</p><p>To be able to get a good image of BIM, how it is used today and what expectations there are, we have interviewed facility managers, system manager and BIM experts. We have also researched information in reports and articles.</p> / <p>I snart 20 år har man pratat om Produktmodeller men i byggbranschen är det svårt att införa nya arbetsmetoder. Produktmodeller har senare fått namnet Building Information Modeling eller Byggnadsinformationsmodeller på svenska, fortsättningsvis kallat BIM. Många säger idag att de BIM:ar när de gör 3D modeller men de glömmer ofta den viktigaste delen, informationen. Till 3D modellen kan egenskaper och information kopplas till varje objekt. Information som sedan kan vara ovärderlig för förvaltaren.</p><p>Vi har en vision av att i de bästa av världar skall förvaltaren kunna ”gå” in i modellen och se vad för installationer som finns i t.ex. väggar och ovanför takplattor. Dessutom ska man bara kunna peka på  ett don och få all information om det vad gäller drift och underhåll samt produktnamn och artikelnummer för att köpa ett nytt. Därför försöker vi i examensarbetet lyfta fram förvaltaren och fördelarna för denne.</p><p>För att få ut det bästa med BIM krävs samordning. De olika aktörerna i processen måste börja arbeta tillsammans i ett tidigt stadium, d.v.s. vara med och påverka redan i utredningsstadiet. Kan man ha med förvaltningen redan i utredningen får övriga aktörer en bättre förståelse för vad som förväntas av dem. Samtidigt kan förvaltningen tidigt få veta om några krav är orimliga eller svårlösta.Projektering måste få kosta. Ett väl projekterat projekt kan senare spara massor med pengar på att inga problem behöver lösas på byggarbetsplatsen. I väl projekterade projekt minskar ÄTA-arbeten och kollisioner. Nyckelorden för detta är Samordning och Samgranskning.</p><p>I förvaltningsskedet finns det stora utsikter att spara kostnader med hjälp av BIM, fördelarna har börjat visa sig och en del större förvaltare har börjat ställa krav på en produktmodell som går vidare in i förvaltningsskedet. De största fördelarna är bl.a. visualiseringen som ger en bättre förståelse och ett bättre underlag för beslut, effektiviseringen som spar både tid och material, kvalitetshöjning och bättre dokumentation för underhåll, drift, uthyrning, framtida ombyggnad och framtida försäljning.</p><p>För att skapa oss en bild om BIM, hur det används idag och vilka förväntningar som finns branschen, har vi intervjuat förvaltare, systemansvariga och BIM-experter. Vi har även sökt information i rapporter och tidsskrifter.</p>

The work presented in this Doctoral dissertation concerns the ability of heavy timber structures to passively reduce the fluctuations of the indoor temperature and of the indoor relative humidity, through the dynamic process of heat and moisture storage in wood. We make the hypothesis that the potential offered by the hygrothermal inertia of heavy timber structures is significant, and that it could provide a passive way of regulating the indoor climate. This ultimately could results in a decrease of the energy demand from the Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning systems. In this Thesis, the author tries to characterise and quantify the significance of the hygrothermal inertia providing by the heavy timber constructions. The experimental studies contain an in-situ measurement campaign carried out at the Vetenskapsstaden building located in Stockholm and erected in 2001. The results from the test campaign show that a heavy timber construction may contribute to buffer the indoor temperature. A direct quantification of the moisture stored in the wood structure is measured regarding the year-to-year indoor humidity fluctuations. It was however hardly possible to directly quantify the moisture storage potential offered by the structure regarding the day-to-day indoor relative humidity fluctuations because of the low sensitivity of the measuring technique used. In regard to the limitations noticed during the in-situ measurements, laboratory measurements were launched to develop new methods to determine the day-to-day hygric performances of wood exposed indoor. A new method based on the Magnetic Resonance Imaging technology was developed and is intended to provide information about the Moisture Buffer Value measured according to a NORDTEST protocol, and about the moisture distribution in wood with high spatial resolution. The Moisture Buffer Value of untreated Scots pine measured with this method is in accordance with the gravimetric method provided by the NORDTEST protocol. The Moisture Buffer Value of coated Scots pine was also investigated and it is normally assumed that any coatings will decrease the Moisture Buffering Capacity of the structure. The results show however that for specific coating such as waterborne alkali silicate coating, the Moisture Buffering Capacity of the structure may on the contrary be improved. At last, numerical simulations were carried out. They were based upon the extension of a modular simulation environment IDA ICE 3.0, with the implementation of a specific model for heat and moisture transport in a wood. The results obtained pinpoint the highly synergetic effects between the indoor moisture loads, the ventilation rate, the outdoor climate and the moisture interactions with the structure. The outcomes also show that the Moisture Buffering Capacity of a heavy timber structure is appreciable. The structure is able to even out substantially the day-to-day indoor relative humidity fluctuations for a certain range of ventilation rate. / QC 20100825

For nearly twenty years people have been talking about Product models, but given that the building industry is so conservative, it is hard to implement new working methods. Product models are these days known as Building Information Modeling, BIM. People often say they work with BIM but they often forget the most important part, the information. A 3D model should be linked with characteristics and information. Information that can be invaluable for the facility manager. We have a vision that in the best of worlds the facility manager would be able to "walk" into the model and see what kind of installations are inside the wall or in the roof. You should be able to point at an object and gain complete information about operation and maintenance off the installation. You should also be able to gain information such as the name of the product and article number if you have to buy a new one. That’s why in our thesis we want to highlight the possibilities for the facility manager. In order to have high achievements with BIM, coordination is highly needed. All participants in the construction process have to work together at an early stage; they must have the possibility to affect the stage of inquiry. By having the facility manager connected to the process at an early stage, other members have the opportunity to understand what’s expected from them. In the same way the facility manager will understand if any of the requirements are unreasonable or difficult to solve. Planning must be allowed to cost money. A well planned project can later save a lot of money due to less problems at the building worksite. In a well planned project there will be less changes and less additional work. The key words are Coordination and review. During the facility management stage there are great opportunities to save money with BIM. The benefits of BIM have been shown and larger facility companies demand a model that work in the facility management stage. The greatest advantages are gained by the visual model that gives a greater understanding and a better base for decisions. There are also great advantages in more effective processes, better quality and better documentation for maintenance, operation, future rebuilding and future sale. To be able to get a good image of BIM, how it is used today and what expectations there are, we have interviewed facility managers, system manager and BIM experts. We have also researched information in reports and articles. / I snart 20 år har man pratat om Produktmodeller men i byggbranschen är det svårt att införa nya arbetsmetoder. Produktmodeller har senare fått namnet Building Information Modeling eller Byggnadsinformationsmodeller på svenska, fortsättningsvis kallat BIM. Många säger idag att de BIM:ar när de gör 3D modeller men de glömmer ofta den viktigaste delen, informationen. Till 3D modellen kan egenskaper och information kopplas till varje objekt. Information som sedan kan vara ovärderlig för förvaltaren. Vi har en vision av att i de bästa av världar skall förvaltaren kunna ”gå” in i modellen och se vad för installationer som finns i t.ex. väggar och ovanför takplattor. Dessutom ska man bara kunna peka på  ett don och få all information om det vad gäller drift och underhåll samt produktnamn och artikelnummer för att köpa ett nytt. Därför försöker vi i examensarbetet lyfta fram förvaltaren och fördelarna för denne. För att få ut det bästa med BIM krävs samordning. De olika aktörerna i processen måste börja arbeta tillsammans i ett tidigt stadium, d.v.s. vara med och påverka redan i utredningsstadiet. Kan man ha med förvaltningen redan i utredningen får övriga aktörer en bättre förståelse för vad som förväntas av dem. Samtidigt kan förvaltningen tidigt få veta om några krav är orimliga eller svårlösta.Projektering måste få kosta. Ett väl projekterat projekt kan senare spara massor med pengar på att inga problem behöver lösas på byggarbetsplatsen. I väl projekterade projekt minskar ÄTA-arbeten och kollisioner. Nyckelorden för detta är Samordning och Samgranskning. I förvaltningsskedet finns det stora utsikter att spara kostnader med hjälp av BIM, fördelarna har börjat visa sig och en del större förvaltare har börjat ställa krav på en produktmodell som går vidare in i förvaltningsskedet. De största fördelarna är bl.a. visualiseringen som ger en bättre förståelse och ett bättre underlag för beslut, effektiviseringen som spar både tid och material, kvalitetshöjning och bättre dokumentation för underhåll, drift, uthyrning, framtida ombyggnad och framtida försäljning. För att skapa oss en bild om BIM, hur det används idag och vilka förväntningar som finns branschen, har vi intervjuat förvaltare, systemansvariga och BIM-experter. Vi har även sökt information i rapporter och tidsskrifter.

This degree project is about sustainable low-cost housing in Ethiopia with a focus on CSSB-technology, which is one method of constructing houses. The project allowed me to visit Ethiopia during seven weeks in 2010, to observe, gather information and to perform tests regarding the specific subject. It is a sub-project to a larger research project initiated in 2002 at Halmstad University in an attempt to introduce low-cost housing technologies for the Kambaata Region in Ethiopia. The aim of the research project has been to develop and test new, sustainable, low-cost building technologies intended for the population, with regard to local traditions, needs and affordability. / Sustainable Low-Cost Housing for the Kambaata region in Ethiopia

In Boma Ng’ombe in the Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania lies an orphanage that is run by the organization KCJF. The orphanage is known as Kichijo and it is supported by the Swedish non-profit humanitarian organization I Aid Africa. Children’s rights have been given special attention in Tanzania over the last years, and the Social Welfare Department has drawn up guidelines concerning the management of orphanages. Today, the Kichijo does not fulfil these guidelines, and need new premises to do so. The situation would be improved by relocating the orphanage and erecting new buildings in a more fertile area. Such relocation would also be in line with the manageress’ wish of being self-supportive. Two suitable plots have become available in a village further up the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro. One of the plots can hold orphanage buildings and one is intended for farming. To proceed with the relocation new premises that are in line with all regulations need to be planned. That planning is the purpose of the project that is described here. Regulations are imposed by the social welfare and by national building regulations. Further demands are given by the KCJF and I Aid Africa, and the plots themselves make up some restrictions. Major directing prerequisites have been the number of children at the orphanage and the demands regarding area, gender and age separation that are imposed by the social welfare department. Drawings and site plans can be seen in appendix A-01.1-01 to A-49.0-04. In the presented layout common and staff areas are gathered in a main building. Gender separation is accomplished by separate dormitories for boys and girls, with separate rooms for the different age groups. The buildings are adapted to the terrain to avoid increased work and costs. A suggested utilization of the farm plot can be seen in Figure 24 and in Appendix A-01.1-03. The farm has been given least attention, and only draft plans are presented. The drafts show facilities and disposition that fulfil the demands for the number of animals that the orphanage owns today. Both I Aid Africa and KCJF want the new premises to have a low environmental impact. Environmental considerations are taken by planning for ecological sanitation and investigating the possibilities of rainwater harvesting. To aid the client I Aid Africa in the further process, a chapter describing real estate transactions and construction processes is included. The main obstacle has been that the land intended for the orphanage buildings proved too small to hold buildings that fulfil all requirements. Therefore, the plans presented are based on the assumption that an adjacent plot can be bought. If that transaction cannot be carried through another alternative is to reduce the number of children. The suggested disposition can then easily be remade. The first steps towards relocating Kichijo have been taken.

The assignment given to us by NCC was to compose a degree project based on ground excavations for power cables. The aim of the study was to examine suitable excavation methods depending on different possible terrain conditions. The amount of previously written material within this subject is nearly non- existent and therefore there is a genuine interest by the NCC to receive a compilation of different production methods. The greater part of this study is based upon interviews with several companies active within this area of expertise. The technique of placing the electricity grid beneath ground for safety is today getting more and more common. The aftermath of the hurricane “Gudrun” has forced several power companies to re-evaluate their electric supply network, which has lead to more placements of power cables underground. We have come to the conclusion that there are several factors that would affect the method of choice for cable excavations. Costumer demands, obstacles and the difference in ground conditions are vital factors behind the verdict for suitable production methods.

<p>The assignment given to us by NCC was to compose a degree project based on ground excavations for power cables. The aim of the study was to examine suitable excavation methods depending on different possible terrain conditions. The amount of previously written material within this subject is nearly non- existent and therefore there is a genuine interest by the NCC to receive a compilation of different production methods. The greater part of this study is based upon interviews with several companies active within this area of expertise. The technique of placing the electricity grid beneath ground for safety is today getting more and more common. The aftermath of the hurricane “Gudrun” has forced several power companies to re-evaluate their electric supply network, which has lead to more placements of power cables underground.</p><p>We have come to the conclusion that there are several factors that would affect the method of choice for cable excavations. Costumer demands, obstacles and the difference in ground conditions are vital factors behind the verdict for suitable production methods.</p>