Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-25 / O envelhecimento está associado à alteração da sensibilidade da célula β pancreática aos nutrientes resultando em intolerância à glicose e desenvolvimento do Diabetes mellitus (DM) do tipo 2 (DM 2). Neste estudo verificamos a função das células β no envelhecimento por meio da caracterização da sinalização do Ca2+, morfofisiologia mitocondrial e do estado redox de ilhotas pancreáticas de ratas senescentes com 24-25 meses de idade. Ilhotas isoladas de ratas senescentes secretaram menos insulina na presença de glicose. O influxo de Ca2+ em resposta à despolarização foi menor em ilhotas de ratos senescente em relação à ilhotas de ratas adultas. Ainda, a secreção de insulina potencializada pelo agente colinérgico carbacol (Cch) foi menor no grupo senescente. Ilhotas senescentes apresentaram menor produção de NAD(P)H em resposta à glicose, bem como menor potencial elétrico mitocondrial (ΔΨm) e maior acúmulo de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) quando comparado ao grupo adulto. A análise das células β que compõem a ilhota pancreática, por meio de microscopia eletrônica, demonstrou que o grupo senescente apresenta grande quantidade de lisossomos e corpos residuais, e, alterações morfológicas nas mitocôndrias com cristas mitocondriais modificadas quando comparadas ao grupo adulto. Além disso, foi evidenciada a presença de invaginações nos envoltórios nucleares, que são indicativos de apoptose, nas células do grupo senescente. Contudo, a análise da taxa de apoptose por TUNEL não demonstrou alterações entre o grupo senescente e adulto. Portanto, o envelhecimento reduz a capacidade secretória da célula  pancreática frente à glicose e ao estímulo colinérgico. Estes efeitos estão relacionados a alterações na morfofisiologia mitocondrial das células que compõem à ilhota pancreática resultando em déficit metabólico e também maior geração de EROs. Estes efeitos juntamente com a redução da entrada de Ca2+ quando há despolarização e menor potencialização da secreção frente ao estímulo colinérgico, resultaram em prejuízos no adequado acoplamento estímulo/secreção das células . / Aging is associated with changes in pancreatic β cells sensitivity to nutrients resulting in glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 (DM 2) development. Here the study cells function Ca2+ signaling, mitochondrial morphophysiology and redox state of isolated islets from senescent rats with 24-25 months old. Adult rats wister 4-5 months old were used as controls. Islets from senescent rats secreted less insulin in the presence of glucose. The influx of Ca2+ in response to depolarization is smaller in senescent islets when compared to adult islets. Also, the increase in insulin secretion induced by the cholinergic agent carbachol (Cch) was lower in the senescent islets. In addition, from senescent rats showed lower NAD (P) H production in response to glucose, decreased mitochondrial electric potential (ΔΨm) and a higher accumulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) when compared to islets from adult rats. Electron microscopy showed that the β cells from senescent islets presented higher lysosomes and residual bodies density, and changes in the morphology of the mitochondria, that showed alterations in the mitochondrial cristae when compared to adult group. Furthermore, nuclear invaginations were observed in cells of senescent group indicate apoptosis in this group. However, the rate of apoptosis analysed by TUNEL methodology showed no changes between the groups. In conclusions, the secretory capacity of the pancreatic β cells in the presence of glucose and the cholinergic stimulation were decreased in aging, these effects were associated with related mitochondrial morphophysiology dysfunction that result in decreased metabolism and increased ROS production. These effects together with the lower Ca2+ influx in response to depolarization and lower potentiation of the secretion in repose to the colinergic stimulus, results a diruption on the β cells stimulus/secretion coupling. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

La leucémie lymphoïde chronique (LLC) constitue l'hémopathie maligne la plus fréquente dans les pays occidentaux et résulte d’une accumulation de lymphocytes B (LB) monoclonaux matures porteurs de la glycoprotéine CD5. Les LB de LLC sont également caractérisées par une altération de l'homéostasie du calcium avec, d'une part, la mise en évidence de facteurs de survie contrôlés par le calcium tels que phospho-ERK, NFAT-2 et IL-10, et d'autre part par une progression de la maladie qui est associée à la réponse au calcium. Tout d'abord, afin de mieux comprendre l'impact de la molécule CD5 sur les dérégulations du calcium, il a été montré que l'introduction d'un plasmide d'expression pour CD5 dans les lignées de cellules B humaines s'accompagnait d'une entrée calcique à l’état basale. Ensuite, cette entrée, appelée entrée constitutive, a été recherchée dans les LB de LLC pour montrer qu'elle caractérisait les patients non traités en phase d'évolution. Comme pour les lignées de cellules B CD5, cette nouvelle voie d'entrée du calcium est autonome et indépendante de la voie classique de signalisation du LB de LLC : BCR-IP3R. L'étude des protéines responsables de cet influx a permis de mettre en évidence, premièrement trois partenaires STIM1, Orai1 et TRPC1, et deuxièmement l'importance de la fraction membranaire de STIM1 (STIMPM) puisque l'utilisation d'un anticorps monoclonal anti-STIM1 (Acm) est capable d’inhiber l'entrée constitutive du calcium qui à son tour agit sur la survie des LB, pour les patients STIMPM positifs, lorsque l'Acm anti-STIM1 est utilisé en association avec le rituximab, un Acm thérapeutique anti-CD20. Enfin, la modélisation de la partie Cterminale de STIM1 permet d'envisager plusieurs cibles potentielles pour le développement de nouveaux Acm anti-STIM1. En conclusion, la mise en place, par le clone malin de LLC, d'une entrée constitutive du calcium favorise son agressivité et constitue donc une nouvelle voie thérapeutique contrôlable par l'utilisation d’Acm anti-STIM1 ce qui ouvre de nouvelles perspectives comme outils diagnostiques et thérapeutiques. / Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common hematological malignancy in Western countries and is a result of the accumulation of mature monoclonal B lymphocytes (B-CLL) carrying the CD5 glycoprotein. The B-CLL are also characterized by an alteration of calcium homeostasis with, on the one hand, the demonstration of calcium-controlled survival factors such as phospho-ERK, NFAT- 2 and IL-10, and on the other hand by a progression of the disease which is associated with the response to calcium. Initially, in order to better understand the impact of the CD5 molecule on calcium deregulations, it has been shown that the introduction of an expression plasmid for CD5 into human B cell lines was accompanied by a calcium entry in the basal state. Then, this entry, called constitutive entry, was sought in the B-CLL to show that it characterized untreated patients in the evolution phase.As with CD5 B cell lines, this new calcium entry pathway is autonomous and independent of the classical B-CLL signaling pathway: BCR-IP3R. The study of the proteins responsible for this influx made it possible to highlight, firstly three partners (STIM1, Orai1 and TRPC1), and secondly the importance of the membrane fraction of STIM1 (STIMPM) since the use of a human monoclonal antibody (mAb) anti-STIM1 is able to inhibit the constitutive entry of calcium which in turn acts on the survival of B-CLL, for STIMPM positive patients, when the anti-STIM1 mAb was used in combination with rituximab, a therapeutic anti-CD20 mAb. Finally, the modeling of the C-terminal part of STIM1 makes it possible to envisage several potential targets for the development of new anti-STIM1 mAbs. In conclusion, the introduction by the CLL malignant clone of a constitutive entry of calcium favors its aggressiveness and thus constitutes a new therapeutic pathway controllable by the use of anti-STIM1 mAb, which opens new perspectives like diagnostic and therapeutic tools.

Increase in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in the β-cells triggers insulin exocytosis. Among the Ca2+ channels present in the plasma membrane, the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels receptors are currently of great interest. The mechanisms by which the extracellular adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPr) increases the [Ca2+]i is unknown. Our aims were to study the roles of the TRP channels in the tolbutamide induced [Ca2+]i increase and to identify the surface receptor that is activated by ADPr. We used S5 cells, a highly differentiated rat insulinoma cell line, as a model for β-cells. Single cell ratiometric microfluorometry was used to measure the [Ca2+]i changes in the Fura-2 loaded cells. Tolbutamide increased [Ca2+]i in the form of oscillations. After tolbutamide increased [Ca2+]i,capsazepine, a potent blocker of the transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) channel was added to the β-cells, which reduced the tolbutamide-induced [Ca2+]i increase. capsazepine, N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (ACA),  TRPM2 channel blocker, and triphenyl phosphine oxide (TPPO), TRPM5 channel blocker were tested for their effect on potassium chloride (KCl) induced [Ca2+]i response. These blockers did not inhibit the KCl induced [Ca2+]i increase.   Adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPr) increased [Ca2+]i in the form of initial transient peak followed by an elevated plateau. Application of ADPr shortly after a prior application and washout of Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) elicited only small [Ca2+]i increase  indicating desensitization of the receptor involved. 2´deoxy-N6-methyladenosine 3´5´bis-phosphate (MRS2179), and chloro N6-methyl-(N)-methanocarba 2´deoxyadenosine 3´5´ bis-phosphate (MRS2279), two selective inhibitors of P2Y1 receptor, abolished the ADPr-induced [Ca2+]i increase. Tolbutamide closes ATP sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. Our results demonstrate that besides the closure of the KATP channels, inward cation currents carried by Ca2+through the TRPV1 channel are necessary for depolarization to the threshold for the activation of the voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC) to increase the [Ca2+]i. Our results also show that ADPr increases [Ca2+]i by activating the P2Y1 receptor.

La mucoviscidose (Cystic Fibrosis, CF) est caractérisée par des mutations dans le gène CFTR codant pour un canal chlorure situé à la membrane apicale des cellules épithéliales. La mutation principalement retrouvée chez les patients (CF) est la mutation F508del qui entraine une rétention du canal dans le RE des cellules, et son absence à la membrane apicale. Cette mutation va avoir de nombreuses conséquences sur la signalisation cellulaire. Outre la perte d’activité de canal chlorure du CFTR, de nombreux canaux ioniques sont dérégulés entrainant notamment des défauts dans la sécrétion d’ions et d’eau par les épithéliums. Une forte dérégulation de l’homéostasie calcique des cellules exprimant la mutation F508del a également été montrée, et pourrait participer de manière importante aux différentes atteintes cellulaires observées dans ces cellules. L’objectif de cette thèse a été d’une part de poursuivre la description de la dérégulation de l’homéostasie calcique observée dans la mucoviscidose et d’autre part de caractériser l’implication d’une protéine du RE sensible au Ca2+, la caluménine, dans ces dérégulations et dans la biosynthèse du CFTR. Nous avons retrouvé dans notre modèle cellulaire de cellules épithéliales bronchiques CF un certain nombre des dérégulations de l’homéostasie calcique décrites précédemment et mis en évidence de nouvelles dérégulations. Ainsi une modulation de l’activité des pompes SERCA et PMCA due à la dérégulation de l’interaction entre le CFTR muté et ces protéines a été identifiée pour la première fois. Nous avons de plus démontré que la caluménine joue un rôle important de chaperonne du CFTR et que la modulation de son expression régule la biosynthèse du CFTR. Nos travaux ont de plus établi l’implication de la caluménine dans la régulation de l’activité des pompes SERCA dans les cellules épithéliales bronchiques. / Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is characterized by mutations in the CFTR gene that encodes for an apical plasma membrane chloride channel in epithelial cells. The most common mutation found in CF is the F508del mutation, which lead to the synthesis of a wrongly conformed CFTR protein sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and absent of the plasma membrane. CFTR ER retention has important consequences on cell signaling. Besides its Cl- channel activity, CFTR regulates many ionic channels, and its mutations lead to defects in epithelial ionic and water secretion. Moreover an important deregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis is observed in CF cells that impacts a large range of cellular functions. The aim of this work was firstly to pursue the description of Ca2+ homeostasis defects in CF cells, and secondly to characterize the implication of calumenin, an ER Ca2+-sensitive protein, in these deregulations and in CFTR biosynthesis. We observed in our CF epithelial cell models some of the previously described deregulations in Ca2+ homeostasis, and highlighted new deregulations. Indeed, we showed for the first time perturbations of SERCA and PMCA pumps activities in CF cells. These deregulations are mediated by a modified interaction of these pumps with CFTR. Moreover, we demonstrated that calumenin acts as a CFTR chaperone, and modulating calumenin expression modifies CFTR biosynthesis. Finally, we also characterized calumenin implication in epithelial cell Ca2+ homeostasis.

In mammals, calcium influx is required for oocyte maturation and egg activation, as it supports the persistent calcium oscillations induced by fertilization. These oscillations are required for the initiation of embryo development. The molecular identities of the plasma membrane calcium-permeant channels that underlie calcium influx are not established. Among these channels, Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid, member 3 (TRPV3) allows divalent cations, namely strontium (Sr2+) and calcium (Ca2+) with high permeability, into cells, and its expression pattern seems to predict an essential role in the initiation of development. Another channel that was identified to be expressed in oocytes/eggs is the low-voltage-activated T-type channel, CaV3.2. However, the ability to accurately probe the expression and function of these channels on Ca2+ homeostasis in mouse eggs is hindered by the lack of specific and known pharmacological agents and antibodies for these channels. Here, we simultaneously knockout out these two Ca2+ influx channels in the mouse to explore the effects on Ca2+ homeostasis. We examined fertility rates, development, and morphological defects that arose from the double null pups. Next, we investigated the consequences on Ca2+ store content in immature and mature oocytes and eggs. We also examined the effects on fertilization-induced Ca2+ oscillations in response to in vitro fertilization and PLCz cRNA microinjection. We found that female mice null for these channels display drastic subfertility compared to the single knockout mice for these channels. Additionally, the Ca2+ store content is significantly diminished in double knockout eggs versus controls, as was the frequency of the fertilization-induced Ca2+ oscillations. These results suggest that these channels play a crucial role in Ca2+ influx during maturation and contribute to maintain Ca2+ oscillations post-fertilization. These null oocytes and eggs will be an important tool to perform electrophysiological studies to accurately measure the native current(s) of a specific channel(s) in eggs, and to identify the channel(s) that mediate Ca2+ during fertilization.

No description available.

Calmodulin is a prevalent calcium sensing protein found in all cells. Three genes exist for calmodulin and all three of these genes encode for the exact same protein sequence. Recently mutations in the amino acid sequence of calmodulin have been identified in living human patients. Thus far, patients harboring these mutations in the calmodulin sequence have only displayed an altered cardiac related phenotype. Calcineurin is involved in many key physiological processes and its activity is regulated by calcium and calmodulin. In order to assess whether or not calcineurin contributes to calmodulinopathy (a pathological state arising from dysfunctional calmodulin), a comprehensive search of relevant literature has been performed. Herein, the physiological roles of calcineurin and consequences of dysfunction have been reviewed for literature focused on the heart.

No description available.

No description available.