O rebanho brasileiro de bovinos leiteiros é composto predominantemente por vacas mestiças criadas em condições tropicais. Os principais modelos usados no Brasil para a formulação e avaliação de dietas são norte-americanos e baseados nas exigências de vacas Holandesas em clima temperado. A principal contribuição do primeiro capítulo deste estudo foi o desenvolvimento e avaliação de um novo modelo para estimar a ingestão de matéria seca (IMS) de vacas mestiças. A nova equação de predição da IMS foi desenvolvida e avaliada usando um banco de dados com 161 médias de tratamentos provenientes de 38 estudos brasileiros publicados com vacas mestiças [n = 446 vacas, 16,60 ± 5,70 (DP) kg leite/dia]. O modelo proposto foi: IMS (kg/dia): [0,5552 (± 0,06636 EP) × LC4%G + 0,06332 (± 0,009455) × PV0,75] × [1 - e (- 0,7732 (± 0,7019) × (SEM - 1,629 (± 1,9313))) ]. O novo modelo apresentou maior acurácia (QMEP = 1,64, r2 = 0,88) na predição da IMS quando comparado com modelos norte-americanos. O novo modelo de predição da IMS pode ser aplicado na formulação de dietas para vacas leiteiras mestiças em condições tropicais. No capítulo 2, um estudo avaliou as novas atualizações das exigências nutricionais de bezerras leiteiras sugeridas por Van Amburgh e Drackley (2005) e inseridas em programa comercial (AMTS, Agricultural Modeling and Training Systems, AMTS.Cattle.ProTM Calf Model versão 3.5.8.0, 2015). Dados de 16 estudos brasileiros envolvendo 51 dietas para bezerros leiteiros (n = 485, peso ao desmane de 62,02 ± 10,16 kg) foram usados para avaliar os modelos do NRC (2001) e o AMTS. Nas condições do conjunto de dados do presente estudo, ambos os sistemas superestimaram o ganho calculado a partir da proteína disponível. O ganho de peso estimado pela energia disponível da dieta, foi superestimado em 19 g/dia quando calculado pelo NRC e subestimado em 68 g/dia quando calculado pelo AMTS. O ganho de peso possível a partir da energia disponível foi menor quando calculado pelo AMTS em relação ao NRC (2001). Para o conjunto de dados experimentais brasileiros, os ganhos de peso de bezerros foram 32% inferiores aos descritos na literatura para sistemas norte-americanos. As razões para esta discrepância precisam ser compreendidas, pois somente assim novos modelos poderão ser desenvolvidos e parametrizados para estimar o desempenho animal de forma mais acurada e precisa. / The Brazilian dairy herd is mainly made up of crossbred cows fed under tropical conditions. The main models in use to formulate and evaluate diets in Brazil are from North America. These models are based on the requirements of Holstein dairy cows under temperate climate. Therefore, the main contribution of this first Chapter was the development and evaluation of a new model to estimate dry matter intake (DMI) of crossbred dairy cows. The new DMI equation was developed and evaluated using a database with 161 treatment means from 38 published studies of Brazilian crossbred cows [n = 446 dairy cows, mean milk production of 16.60 ± 5.70 (SD) kg/day]. The new model showed higher DMI prediction accuracy (MSEP = 1.64, r2 = 0.88) than American models. Therefore, this model can be used in the formulation of diets for crossbred dairy cows under tropical conditions. In Chapter 2, we evaluated the updates on the nutritional requirements of dairy calves suggested by Van Amburgh and Drackley (2005) and inputted into Agricultural Modeling and Training Systems (AMTS, AMTS.Cattle.ProTM Calf Model version 3.5.8.0, 2015). Data from 16 previous Brazilian studies involving 51 diets for dairy calves (n = 485 calves, weaning weight of 62.02 ± 10.16 kg) were used to evaluate the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle - NRC (2001) and AMTS models. According to the data set from this study, both systems overestimated the gain calculated from the available protein. The weight gain estimated by the energy available from the diet was overestimated by 19 g/day when calculated by the NRC and underestimated by 68 g/day when calculated by AMTS. Weight gain estimated by the dietary energy of the AMTS system was lower than the NRC (2001). The Brazilian data set showed a calf gain around 32% lower than those described in U.S. dairy farms. The reasons for this discrepancy need to be understood, for only then can new models be developed and parameterized to estimate animal performance more accurately and precisely.

La présente étude est une contribution à la compréhension des stratégies et initiatives de diffusion de la langue française ainsi qu’à leurs effets réels. Elle se situe au Tchad, un espace négroafricain de contact entre deux communautés linguistiques mondialisées : la francophonie et l’arabophonie. L’objectif du travail consiste à examiner la dynamique de l’instance d’intervention didactique que sont les CALF, lieu de partage de pouvoirs et d’intérêts entre le Tchad et la France. L’analyse du contexte linguistique et éducatif tourmenté du Tchad permet de comprendre les enjeux de l’émergence de cet « appareil » formatif et d’apprécier l’influence des diverses politiques sur son évolution. Les modalités de partage des rôles entre les deux Etats et la fonctionnalité du triangle didactique sont décortiquées et évaluées. Le rythme et les conditions d’une réelle autonomisation du réseau des CALF sont discutés en particulier en matière de formation des enseignants. Enfin, l’examen de l’intégration des apprenants arabophones dans le tissu administratif et économique francophone du Tchad permet d’estimer l’impact des CALF et son utilité sociale pour cette nation en construction. Les données et analyses produites se veulent informatives, pragmatiques et valorisables pour le développement futur de cette institution au montage original. / This study contributes to understand strategies, initiatives and genuine effects of French language dissemination. It’s set in Chad, a black African space connecting two globalized linguistics communities : the French-speaking world and the Arabic-speaking world. This work aims to investigate dynamics of FLLC as a didactic intervention authority and a sharing place of powers and interests between Chad and France. Chad choppy linguistic and educational context analysis allows understanding the emergence issues of this training system and appraising the influence of the various policies on its evolution. Practical details of dividing out roles between the two states and functionality of didactic triangle are dissected and assessed. Cadence and conditions of FLLC network genuine independence are argued more particularly about the training of teachers. Finally the analysis of the Arabic-speaking learner integration in Chad French-speaking economic and administrative network allows estimating FLLC impact and its social utility for this nation in construction. Data and analysis produced claim to be instructive, pragmatic and useful for the coming development of this original organisation institution.

Les bovins sont porteurs de souches d'Escherichia coli entérohémorragiques (EHEC), pathogènes pour l'homme et également de souches d'E. coli résistantes aux antibiotiques. Dans un premier temps, nous avons évalué la fréquence de ces souches dans les effluents de station d'épuration des eaux usées de deux abattoirs, l'un de bovins adultes et l'autre de veaux de boucherie. Les pourcentages d'E. coli antibiorésistantes et porteuses d'intégrons de résistance de classe 1 étaient significativement plus élevés dans les effluents et boues d'abattoirs de veaux (87,5%, 56,2%) par rapport aux bovins adultes (5,0%, 0%). Ces pourcentages n'étaient pas modifiés par le traitement épuratoire. Le traitement épuratoire n'a également eu aucun impact sur les pourcentages de souches d'E. coli productrices de shigatoxines (STEC). Une souche STEC O157:H7 hautement pathogène a été isolée des boues destinées à l'épandage agricole dans la station d'épuration d'abattoir de bovins adultes. Ces résultats ont confirmé qu'il existe des risques de dissémination environnementale d'E. coli antibiorésistantes et/ou pathogènes via les effluents d'abattoir de bovins et ont mis en évidence que ce risque était différent selon la catégorie de bovins abattus. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons évalué la résistance de souches STEC du top 5 (O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:H8, O145:H28 et O157:H7) isolées de fèces de bovins adultes. Sept des 39 souches STEC testées étaient résistantes, dont 6 à au moins 3 classes d'antibiotiques. Les souches non-STEC et aEPEC du top 5 d'E. coli de la flore fécale de ces mêmes bovins étaient toutes sensibles, indiquant un possible lien génétique entre gènes de résistance et virulence. Nous avons mis en évidence que le gène ehxA, marqueur fiable du plasmide de virulence des EHEC, et les gènes de résistance blaTEM, strA-strB, tet(A), sulII étaient localisés sur un même plasmide de grande taille pour 4 souches STEC (1 O26:H11, 1 O103:H2 et 2 O111:H8). Cette association génétique soulève la problématique de la sélection clonale de ces souches pathogènes lors du traitement des bovins porteurs avec des antibiotiques. / Cattle are known to be reservoir of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), pathogenic for humans and antibiotic resistant E. coli as well. In a first stage, we assessed frequencies of these strains in two bovine slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plants, one slaughtered only adult cattle and the other only veal calves. Percentages of resistant and class 1 integron-bearing E. coli were significantly higher in veal calves effluents and thickened sludges (87.5%, 56.2%) compared to those of adult cattle (5.0%, 0%). These percentages were not impacted by treatment process. The treatment had no impact on percentages of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) either. A STEC O157:H7 highly pathogenic for humans was isolated from the thickened sludge of the adult cattle slaughterhouse, intended to be spread on agricultural lands. These results confirmed that bovine slaughterhouse effluents might contribute to the environmental dissemination of antibiotic resistant and/or pathogenic E. coli and underlined that the risks of dissemination differ according to slaughtered bovine category. In a second stage, we assessed the antibiotic resistance of top 5 STEC (O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:H8, O145:H28 and O157:H7) isolated from adult cattle fecal samples. Seven of the 39 top 5 STEC were resistant, of which 6 resistant to at least 3 classes of tested antibiotics. Non-top 5 STEC and aEPEC E. coli strains from fecal flora of the same bovine carriers were all susceptible to the tested antibiotics, indicating a possible link between EHEC-associated virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes. We showed that ehxA gene, which is a reliable marker of the EHEC virulence plasmid, and antibiotic-resistance genes blaTEM, strA-strB, tet(A), sulII were located on a same large plasmid in 4 antibiotic-resistant top 5 STEC strains (1 O26:H11, 1 O103:H2 and 2 O111:H8). This genetic association raises the concern about the clonal selection of such pathogenic strains by antibiotic use in bovine carriers.

The Central Limpopo River Valley elephant population is a cross border population on which very little scientific data pertaining to numbers, distribution and demographic status is available. The total range was determined using published literature, reports, postal questionnaires and interviews. Numbers and dry season distribution were determined by means of three total aerial counts in 2000, 2001 and 2004 of the sections of the total range in which elephants were reported. Totals of 1388, 1424 and 1339 were recorded with the highest numbers in all counts in the Botswana section of the study area. Four sub groups within the population were identified. Human settlements and the distribution of rivers and fencing appeared to be the major factors influencing distribution and movement. The population is highly mobile within the total range, and numbers fluctuate markedly in any given section, but numbers in the total range appear to have been increasing slowly at below 2% per annum and the range expanding slightly over the last 30 years. Additional range is being provided by the creation of a Trans Frontier Conservation Area. Movements were determined through ground observations within the study area and seem to follow the major rivers namely the Shashe, Ramokgwabane, Simukwe, Shashani, Tuli, Umzingwane and Limpopo rivers. The social and demographic status of the population was determined through ground observations as well as total aerial counts conducted within the Northern Tuli Game Reserve from 1976 to 2004. The study has shown that group sizes increase with an increase in rainfall (average mean group size of 56.524, SDE 77.388) and decrease during low rainfall periods (mean group size of 24.157, SDE 22.223). The age structure was determined from aerial photographs during August 2000 and showed a high percentage of adults and sub adults, with infants estimated at 3%. The approximate birth rate (1.5%) calculated for 2000 is balanced by an average natural mortality determined between 1999 and 2004 of 1.8%. The inter calf interval determined from known herds observed in the Northern Tuli Game Reserve was estimated at 3.94% and suggests that the long-term birth rate for the population should be higher than that for the year 2000. The difference between the combined natural and human induced mortality rates (~4%) and the birth rate suggested by the age structure and the inter calf interval (~6%) gives the ~2% long-term increase observed in the numbers. Human elephant interactions within the study area were determined through published literature and interviews with local residents. Elephants and humans interact in both a positive and negative manor and interactions are related to human land use practices within the area. Elephants were indicated as the major problem animal in farming areas, but the major draw card within tourism operations. / Dissertation (MSc (Wildlife Management))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Rationnel: Bien qu'elles constituent la majorité des thromboses veineuses des membres inférieurs, les thromboses veineuses profondes (TVP) distale et les thromboses veineuses superficielles (TVS) ont été peu étudiées et leur significativité clinique et leur prise en charge sont débattues.Méthodes: Cette thèse collige les résultats des travaux effectués par J.P. Galanaud sur les TVP distales et les TVS à partir des études épidémiologiques OPTIMEV, POST et RIETE.Résultats commentés: TVP distale: La TVP distale n'a pas le même profil de facteur de risque que la TVP proximale. Sa mortalité associée à court terme est plus faible que celle des TVP proximales mais supérieure à celle de témoins confirmant qu'il s'agit d'une entité cliniquement significative. Les différences de profil de population et de complications entre ces deux types de TVP suggèrent que le rapport bénéfice/risque du traitement anticoagulant est différent. Il n'est donc pas légitime d'extrapoler les résultats des essais des TVP proximales aux TVP distales. Des essais spécifiques sont donc nécessaires.TVS: En cas de TVS le risque de TVP concomitante est élevé. Un examen écho-doppler doit être réalisé et devra au moins explorer l'ensemble du réseau profond du membre inférieur affecté. Sexe masculin et antécédents de TVP/Embolie pulmonaire constituent des facteurs prédictifs indépendants de récidive. Si certaines TVS peuvent être traitées avec succès sans traitement anticoagulant, celles associées à un cancer ou à une atteinte saphéno-fémorale sont à haut risque de récidive y compris après un traitement anticoagulant curatif. / Background: Though they represent the majority of all lower limbs thromboses, isolated distal deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) (without symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE)) and isolated superficial vein thrombosis (SVT) (without DVT or PE) have been poorly studied. Their clinical significance and management are under debate.Methods: Data from epidemiological multicenter prospective studies OPTIMEV, POST, RIETEResults and comments: Isolated distal DVT: Distal and proximal DVTs exhibit a different risk factor profile, the latter being more associated with chronic risk factors. Three-month mortality of distal DVT patient is lower than that of proximal DVT ones but is higher than that of controls. This evidences that distal DVT is a clinically significant finding. Differences in population profile and outcomes suggests that the benefit/risk ratio of anticoagulant treatment is not similar. Data from proximal DVT clinical trials should no longer be extrapolated to distal DVT.Isolated SVT: In case of SVT the risk of concomitant DVT is high. A compression ultrasonographic exam should be performed and at least explore the whole deep venous system of the affected limb. Male gender and history of DVT/Pulmonary embolism are independent predicators of recurrence. Some SVT can be safely treated without anticoagulants. On contrary, in patients with cancer or a sapheno-femoral junction involvement, the risk of deep venous recurrence is high even upon full therapeutic dose of anticoagulants.

Quarenta vacas lactantes e não gestantes, com idade aproximada de quatro anos e seus respectivos bezerros foram distribuídos em blocos, de acordo com a data do parto, e avaliadas dos 15 aos 180 dias de lactação. As vacas pertenciam a quatro grupos genéticos: 10 da raça Nelore (NE) com bezerros de touros Nelore; e 10 Canchim x Nelore (CN), 10 Angus x Nelore (AN) e 10 Simental x Nelore (SN) com bezerros filhos de touros da raça Canchim. As vacas cruzadas e as Nelore eram de origem do mesmo rebanho Nelore. As vacas foram alimentadas com uma única dieta peletizada contendo 50% de feno (15% de alfafa e 35% de Coastcross) e 50% de concentrado, com 16,1% PB e 2,24 Mcal EM, com base na MS. A quantidade de alimento fornecida foi ajustada a cada 14 dias para que o peso vivo em jejum (PVj) e o escore de condição corporal (ECC) da vaca ficassem inalterados. O PVj e ECC para as vacas NE, CN, AN e SN foram: 430 e 4,7; 449 e 4,8; 496 e 5,0; 507 e 5,1; respectivamente. Os bezerros receberam a mesma dieta a partir dos 40 dias de idade. A produção de leite das vacas foi determinada pelo método de pesagem dos bezerros antes e após a mamada aos 52, 66, 94, 122 e 178 dias de lactação, em média. Foi realizada ordenha manual aos 80 e 150 dias, para se estimar a composição do leite. As vacas NE consumiram menos energia metabolizável (19,7 Mcal/d; P<0,05) do que as vacas CN (20,6 Mcal/d), AN (23,1 Mcal/d) e SN (23,7 Mcal/d), valores positivamente correlacionados à produção de leite (P<0,05). Bezerros Nelore apresentaram menor peso ao desmame (P<0,05) do que os bezerros ¾Canchim¼Nelore (¾C¼N), ½Canchim¼Angus¼Nelore (½C¼A¼N) e ½Canchim¼Simental¼Nelore (½C¼S¼N) (165,8 vs. 205,5; 216,4 e 215,4 kg, respectivamente). Associado ao menor ganho de peso durante o aleitamento, os bezerros Nelore apresentaram menor (P<0,05) ingestão de energia metabolizável (Mcal de leite + Mcal de ração). Os bezerros foram abatidos ao desmame e a composição química do corpo vazio estimada utilizando a 9- 10- 11a costelas. A energia no corpo vazio foi maior (P<0,05) para os bezerros ½C¼A¼N (462,6 Mcal) em relação aos ¾C¼N (384,0 Mcal) e Nelore (321,8 Mcal); a quantidade de energia no corpo vazio para os bezerros ½C¼S¼N foi intermediária; 429,8 Mcal. A eficiência energética da unidade vaca/bezerro foi maior (P<0,05) para o grupo materno AN (124,4 kcal de bezerro desmamado/Mcal EM ingerida por vaca e bezerro) comparada ao par NE/Nelore (95,8 kcal/Mcal). Os pares Canchim e Simental foram intermediários, 105,2 e 107,0 kcal/Mcal, respectivamente. Portanto, a maior energia no corpo vazio e maior ganho de peso dos bezerros ½C¼A¼N mais do que compensou a ingestão mais elevada de energia metabolizável da unidade vaca/bezerro em comparação ao Nelore. Pode-se considerar que para as condições estabelecidas neste experimento, cujo delineamento não apresentava limitação nutricional, o cruzamento melhorou a eficiência da vaca, quando considerada a proporção de energia total consumida que foi depositada nos bezerros. Entretanto, não houve avaliação de parâmetros reprodutivos, e o menor consumo e exigência de MS e EM estabelecido para a vaca Nelore sugere que em ambiente nutricional desfavorável este genótipo poderia apresentar melhor produtividade. / Forty mature, lactating and non-pregnant cows (10 Nellore – NL; 10 Canchim x Nellore – CN; 10 Angus x Nellore – AN; and 10 Simmental x Nellore – SN) were randomized in blocks by calving date. Calves out of crossbred cows were sired by Canchim bulls, while calves out of NL cows were sired by Nellore bulls. Cows were individually fed from postpartum to weaning (15-180 d) a pelleted diet made of 50% hay (15% alfalfa and 35% Coastcross) and 50% concentrate. Diet had 16.1% CP and 2.24 Mcal of metabolizable energy (ME) on a DM basis. Amount offered to each individual cow was adjusted every 14 days to maintain shrunk body weight (SBW) and body condition score (BCS). SBW and BCS were 430 and 4.7, 449 and 4.8, 496 and 5.0, and 507 and 5.1 for NL, CN, AN and SN, respectively. At 40 days of age calves had access to the same diet of their dams ad libitum. Milk yields were determined at 52, 66, 94, 122 and 178 days postpartum by weighting calves before and after suckling. Cows were milked at 80 and 150 days postpartum and the samples analyzed for fat, protein, and lactose. Daily ME intake by NL cows (19.7 Mcal/d) was lower (P<0.05) compared to CN (20.6Mcal/d), AN (23.1 Mcal/d) and SN (23.7 Mcal/d). These results were positively correlated with milk yield (P<0.05). Nellore calves had lower weaning weight than crossbreds (P<0.05): 165.8 vs. 205.5 for ¾Canchim¼Nellore (¾C¼N), 216.4 for ½Canchim¼Angus¼Nellore (½C¼A¼N) and 215.4 kg for ½Canchim¼Simmental¼Nellore (½C¼S¼N). In association with the lowest weight gain, Nellore calves had lower (P<0.05) metabolizable energy intake (ME from milk plus ration, Mcal). Calves were slaughtered at weaning and body composition estimated using the 9-10-11th rib section. Body energy at weaning (Mcal) was higher (P<0.05) for ½C¼A¼N than ¾C¼N and Nellore calves: 462.6 vs. 384.0 and 321.8 Mcal, respectively. Calves ½C¼S¼N had intermediate body energy at weaning: 429.8 Mcal. Cow/calf energetic efficiency was higher (P<0.05) for AN compared to NL cow/calf pairs: 124.4 vs. 95.8 kcal deposited/Mcal of ME consumed by cow and calf. Results for Canchim and Simmental were intermediate: 105.2 and 107.0 kcal/Mcal, respectively. The higher ME intakes by Angus cow/calf pairs were more than compensated by the higher energy retention and body weight gain compared to NL. In an unrestricted nutritional setting, crossbreeding improved cow efficiency as measured by body energy/total feed energy input to cow and calf. Reproduction was not evaluated, and the lower intakes and daily energy requirements demonstrated for Nellore could be beneficial in a nutritionally limited environment.

Theoretical part of the master thesis was aimed on giving an overview of basic characteristics of magnetic particles, their morphology, basic methods of their synthesis, interaction with DNA and recent applications in biotechnology and biomedicine. The experimental part of thesis was aimed on application of new designed magnetic particles for isolation of both lactobacilli DNA and calf thymus DNA. Two types of magnetic beads were used: hyperbranched poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-[2-(methacryloyloxy) ethoxy]acetic acid-co-ethylene dimethylacrylate) microbeads covered with amino groups (P(GMA-MOEAA-EDMA)-NH2) and magnetic non-porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) microbeads covered with carboxyl groups (P(HEMA-co-GMA)-COOH). For both types of microbeads two different protocols for preparation of separation mixtures with two different concentrations od poly(ethyleneglycol) 6000 (PEG 6000) as condensation agent were tested. Differences among both types of magnetic microbeads and DNAs used were found. It was shown that both types of microbeads are suitable for DNA isolation in the presence of 8% PEG 6000.

Ziele dieser Arbeit zum Tränkemanagement bei neonataler Kälberdiarrhoe waren, die Auswirkungen von oralen Rehydratationslösungen (ORL) auf die abomasale Milchgerinnung und den Labmagendurchmesser zu prüfen sowie die Wirksamkeit von unterschiedlich zubereiteten ORL bei bestehender Dehydratation zu vergleichen. Dazu wurden die folgenden zwei Untersuchungen durchgeführt: Die erste Untersuchung an gesunden und durchfallkranken Kälbern sollte mittels Ultraschall zeigen, ob die Einmischung eines bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulvers in die Tränke deren abomasales Gerinnungsverhalten beeinträchtigt. Zeitgleich wurde der ventrodorsale Labmagendurchmesser erfasst, um daraus Rückschlüsse auf die abomasale Entleerung ziehen zu können. Diese Arbeit untersuchte erstmals die Milchgerinnung im Labmagen von spontan an Durchfall erkrankten Kälbern. In der zweiten Untersuchung sollten die Effekte der Fütterung von Milchaustauscher (MAT) sowie von in Wasser und in MAT zubereiteter ORL auf den Flüssigkeits- und Säuren-Basen-Haushalt experimentell dehydrierter Kälber ermittelt werden. Material und Methoden: Bei gesunden (n = 28) sowie durchfallkranken Kälbern (n = 15) wurde das abomasale Gerinnungsverhalten sowie der ventrodorsale Labmagendurchmesser (= Labmagenhöhe) vor und nach Fütterung von Milch bzw. MAT sowie nach Zusatz eines bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulvers zur jeweiligen Tränke ultrasonografisch dargestellt. Im zweiten Untersuchungsteil wurden sechs Kälber nach einem modifizierten Protokoll von WALKER et al. (1998a) experimentell dehydriert. Im Anschluss wurden diese Tiere entweder mit MAT oder mit einer ORL, welche in Wasser (Wasser-ORL) oder MAT (MAT-ORL) zubereitet wurde, gefüttert. In einem weiteren Versuchsdurchlauf verblieben die mittel- bis hochgradig dehydrierten Probanden nüchtern. Nach einem definierten Schema wurden während der Versuchsphase venöse Blutproben vor und nach Induktion einer Dehydratation sowie vor und nach Fütterung entnommen. Es wurden Parameter des Flüssigkeits- und Säuren-Basen-Haushaltes zu den verschiedenen Untersuchungszeitpunkten bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Nach Gabe von Milch konnte mittels Ultraschall immer eine vollständige Zweiphasentrennung in Koagulum und Molke detektiert werden, wohingegen diese nach Fütterung des MAT nur unvollständig voneinander separiert waren. Die kombinierte Fütterung von Milch oder MAT und einer ORL, welche 62 bzw. 93 mmol/l Bicarbonat enthielt, führte zu keinen Unterschieden auf den ultrasonografischen Bildern des Labmageninhaltes im Vergleich zu denen der jeweiligen nativen Tränke. Des Weiteren war die abomasale Milchgerinnung nicht aufgrund eines Durchfallgeschehens gestört. Die unvollständige Gerinnung des MAT resultierte nicht in dessen schnellerer abomasaler Passage, sondern anhand des statistisch signifikant größeren Labmagendurchmessers ab vier Stunden nach MAT-Fütterung scheint es, dass die Entleerung des MAT aus dem Labmagen im Vergleich zu Milch leicht verzögert war. Innerhalb der beiden Versuchstiergruppen konnten keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede in Bezug auf den abomasalen Durchmesser zwischen den Tränken mit und ohne ORL-Zusatz festgestellt werden. Die statistisch signifikanten Differenzen des Labmagendurchmessers zwischen den gesunden und durchfallkranken Kälbern nach Fütterung der identischen Tränken weisen darauf hin, dass die Entleerung des Labmagens bei an Diarrhoe erkrankten Kälbern verzögert stattfindet. Bei den experimentell dehydrierten Probanden erhöhte sich das Plasmavolumen statistisch signifikant nach Aufnahme einer Tränkemahlzeit, wohingegen dieses ohne Behandlung konstant blieb. Die Rate der Plasmavolumenexpansion war nach Fütterung von MAT im Vergleich zu Wasser-ORL oder MAT-ORL vermindert. Die Zunahme des Plasmavolumens war bei den dehydrierten Kälbern nach Aufnahme von Wasser-ORL stärker ausgeprägt als nach Fütterung von MAT-ORL. Außerdem war nach Gabe der hypertonen MAT ORL die Plasmaosmolalität statistisch signifikant erhöht. Der Säuren-Basen-Status der Tiere verbesserte sich infolge der Absorption von Flüssigkeit. Dieser Effekt war allerdings weniger offensichtlich, da das Versuchsprotokoll eine hochgradige Dehydratation aber nur eine gering- bis maximal mittelgradige metabolische Azidose induzieren konnte. Schlussfolgerungen: Die unvollständige Gerinnung eines MAT im Labmagen scheint zu keiner schnelleren Entleerung zu führen. Die abomasale Milchgerinnung ist nicht beeinträchtigt, wenn die Milchfütterung mit einer 93 mmol/l Bicarbonat enthaltenden ORL kombiniert wird. Darüber hinaus resultiert aus einer Durchfallerkrankung keine Störung der Milchgerinnung im Labmagen. Die Einmischung eines bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulvers in Milch oder MAT hat keine schnellere abomasale Passage der Ingesta zur Folge. Im Gegensatz zu gesunden Kälbern findet die Entleerung des Labmagens bei durchfallkranken Tieren verzögert statt. Es sind weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich, welche die Ursachen für die verlangsamte abomasale Passage bei an Durchfall leidenden Kälbern bestimmen. Aus den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Arbeit kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass die gemeinsame Verabreichung von Milch bzw. MAT mit einem bicarbonathaltigen Elektrolytpulver weder die Milchgerinnung noch die abomasale Entleerung der Tränke bei durchfallkranken Kälbern beeinflusst. Folglich ist die Einmischung einer ORL in eine caseinhaltige Tränke möglich. Jedoch zeigen die Ergebnisse der zweiten Untersuchung, dass die Fütterung einer hypertonen MAT-ORL weniger effektiv bei der Erhöhung des Plasmavolumens dehydrierter Kälber ist als das in Wasser zubereitete Äquivalent (Wasser-ORL). Genau genommen erhöht die Verabreichung einer hypertonen MAT-ORL die Plasmaosmolalität bei dehydrierten Tieren, was möglicherweise bei durchfallkranken Kälbern zu einer akuten Kochsalzvergiftung führen könnte. In einer Folgeuntersuchung zu dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Gabe von hypertoner Milch-ORL in Kombination mit freiem Zugang zu Wasser eine effektive Behandlungsmaßnahme durchfallkranker Kälber darstellt, da die hohen Elektrolytgaben die Wasseraufnahme der Kälber stimulieren und keine Gefahr einer Hypernatriämie besteht (WENGE et al. 2014). Anhand der beiden Arbeiten kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass durchfallkranke Kälber, denen kein freier Zugang zu Wasser gewährt wird, wasserbasierte, isotone ORL erhalten sollten. / Aims of the present studies on oral rehydration management of calf diarrhoea were to reveal the effects of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) on abomasal milk clotting and abomasal diameter, as well as to compare the effectiveness of differently prepared ORS in calves with experimentally induced dehydration. For this purpose, two experiments were conducted: The first investigation in healthy and diarrhoeic calves should demonstrate via ultrasound whether the incorporation of bicarbonate-containing electrolyte powder into ‘milk meals’ impairs the abomasal coagulation of milk protein. At the same time, the ventrodorsal diameter of the abomasum was measured to outline abomasal emptying. This study is the first in which milk clotting in the abomasum of spontaneously diarrhoeic calves was investigated. The second investigation examined the effects of feeding milk replacer (MR), as well as ORS prepared in water or in MR on the fluid and acid-base balance of experimentally dehydrated calves. Materials and methods: Abomasal curd formation, as well as ventrodorsal diameter (= abomasal height), were ultrasonographically imaged in healthy (n = 28) and diarrhoeic calves (n = 15) before and after feeding milk, MR and ORS containing bicarbonate prepared in milk or MR, respectively. In the second investigation six calves were experimentally dehydrated according to a modified protocol of WALKER et al. (1998a). Subsequently, these calves were fed with either milk replacer (MR) or an ORS prepared in either water (water-ORS) or MR (MR-ORS). In one experiment, the dehydrated calves remained fasting. During the experimental period, venous blood samples were taken according to a defined schedule before and after induction of dehydration, as well as before and after feeding. Parameters of fluid and acid-base balance were determined at various timepoints. Results: After milk-feeding, a complete separation of curd and whey was always detected via ultrasound; whereas after MR-feeding, separation was incomplete. Feeding mixtures of milk or MR with ORS containing 62 - 93 mmol/L bicarbonate did not cause any differences in the ultrasonographic images of abomasal content compared to those of milk or MR. Moreover, abomasal milk clotting was not disturbed due to diarrhoea. Inadequate milk clotting of MR did not result in its faster abomasal passage but according to the significantly larger abomasal diameter starting from 4 h after MR-feeding gastric emptying of MR was slightly decreased when compared to milk. Within the two groups of experimental animals no statistically significant differences could be determined with respect to the abomasal diameter between the diets with and without addition of ORS. Statistically significant differences of abomasal diameter between healthy and diarrhoeic calves after feeding the same diet indicate that abomasal emptying is delayed in calves suffering from diarrhoea. Plasma volume increased significantly following the intake of a ‘fluid meal’ in experimentally dehydrated calves, whereas it remained constant in the absence of treatment. The rate of plasma volume expansion was reduced by feeding MR relative to water-ORS or MR-ORS. In dehydrated calves, the expansion of plasma volume was more pronounced following the intake of water-ORS compared to the feeding MR-ORS. Moreover, plasma osmolality increased significantly following the ingestion of hypertonic MR-ORS. The acid-base status of animals was corrected as a result of fluid absorption, but this effect was less obvious as the experimental protocol resulted in severe dehydration and only mild to moderate metabolic acidosis. Conclusions: Inadequate curd formation of an MR in the abomasum does not result in faster abomasal passage. Milk clotting in the abomasum is not affected when combining milk feeding with ORS containing 93 mmol/L of bicarbonate. Furthermore, abomasal curd formation is not disturbed due to diarrhoea. The addition of an bicarbonate-containing ORS in milk or MR does not result in faster abomasal passage of ingesta. In contrast to healthy calves, abomasal emptying is prolonged in diarrhoeic calves. Hence, further studies are needed to determine reasons for decelerated abomasal passage in calves suffering from diarrhoea. According to the results of the present study it can be concluded that combined feeding of milk/MR with an bicarbonate-containing ORS does not affect either milk clotting or abomasal emptying of the diet in diarrhoeic calves. Consequently, the addition of ORS to milk meal is possible. However, the results of the second investigation indicate that the feeding of hypertonic MR-ORS is less effective in increasing plasma volume of dehydrated calves than the water-based equivalent (water-ORS). In fact, administration of hypertonic MR-ORS increases plasma osmolality in dehydrated calves, potentially causing acute hypernatraemia in diarrhoeic calves. In a follow-up study to the present investigation, it could be demonstrated that feeding hypertonic milk-ORS combined with ad libitum access to water is an effective method of treating diarrhoeic calves because the high electrolyte content stimulates water intake of calves and there is no risk of hypernatraemia (WENGE et al. 2014). Based on these two studies, it can be concluded that diarrhoeic calves without free access to water should receive isotonic water-based ORS.

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