Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the process of vein pattern formation in plant tissues. The most widely accepted amongst biologists is the canalization hypothesis, derived from pea root and stem experiments. According to this hypothesis, a signal, thought to be the phytohormone auxin, is transported polarly from cell to cell from the shoot to the root and is canalized progressively into narrow channels of high auxin fluxes that later differentiate to become vascular tissue. In this project, we set out to test whether auxin canalization drives vein pattern formation, using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with increased auxin transport (max4-1, max3-9, max2-1 and max1-1). We predicted that the mutants would have distinct vein patterns and especially different angles between the primary and secondary veins, compared to the wild type. First rosette leaves of 15 plants per genotype were harvested for analysis each day from 7 to 17 days after sowing, giving a total of eight hundred twenty-five leaf samples to analyze. Venation patterns were extracted and analyzed using custom-made software written with Matlab. Overall, compared with the wild type, mutants with the highest auxin transport (max4-1 and max3-9) had different vein patterns at early developmental stages, confirming a role for auxin transport in vein patterning. However, veins of mutants and wild type connected at similar angles, which is not consistent with the auxin canalization hypothesis, as originally formulated.

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the process of vein pattern formation in plant tissues. The most widely accepted amongst biologists is the canalization hypothesis, derived from pea root and stem experiments. According to this hypothesis, a signal, thought to be the phytohormone auxin, is transported polarly from cell to cell from the shoot to the root and is canalized progressively into narrow channels of high auxin fluxes that later differentiate to become vascular tissue. In this project, we set out to test whether auxin canalization drives vein pattern formation, using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with increased auxin transport (max4-1, max3-9, max2-1 and max1-1). We predicted that the mutants would have distinct vein patterns and especially different angles between the primary and secondary veins, compared to the wild type. First rosette leaves of 15 plants per genotype were harvested for analysis each day from 7 to 17 days after sowing, giving a total of eight hundred twenty-five leaf samples to analyze. Venation patterns were extracted and analyzed using custom-made software written with Matlab. Overall, compared with the wild type, mutants with the highest auxin transport (max4-1 and max3-9) had different vein patterns at early developmental stages, confirming a role for auxin transport in vein patterning. However, veins of mutants and wild type connected at similar angles, which is not consistent with the auxin canalization hypothesis, as originally formulated.

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the process of vein pattern formation in plant tissues. The most widely accepted amongst biologists is the canalization hypothesis, derived from pea root and stem experiments. According to this hypothesis, a signal, thought to be the phytohormone auxin, is transported polarly from cell to cell from the shoot to the root and is canalized progressively into narrow channels of high auxin fluxes that later differentiate to become vascular tissue. In this project, we set out to test whether auxin canalization drives vein pattern formation, using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with increased auxin transport (max4-1, max3-9, max2-1 and max1-1). We predicted that the mutants would have distinct vein patterns and especially different angles between the primary and secondary veins, compared to the wild type. First rosette leaves of 15 plants per genotype were harvested for analysis each day from 7 to 17 days after sowing, giving a total of eight hundred twenty-five leaf samples to analyze. Venation patterns were extracted and analyzed using custom-made software written with Matlab. Overall, compared with the wild type, mutants with the highest auxin transport (max4-1 and max3-9) had different vein patterns at early developmental stages, confirming a role for auxin transport in vein patterning. However, veins of mutants and wild type connected at similar angles, which is not consistent with the auxin canalization hypothesis, as originally formulated.

A retificação do Riacho, conhecido como Arroio Dilúvio, foi uma das principais obras implantadas na cidade de Porto Alegre (Brasil). Esta intervenção deu origem à atual Avenida Ipiranga, que rasga a cidade de leste a oeste com cerca de doze quilômetros canalizados. A implantação do novo canal demorou mais de 30 anos para ser finalizada e pode ser considerada uma grande cirurgia urbana. Através de um olhar mais apurado sobre área que abrange os primeiros quatro quilômetros de sua implantação a partir da foz junto ao Lago Guaíba, o objetivo da pesquisa vem ao encontro do entendimento do processo de canalização do Riacho para além da questão sanitarista, que sempre foi a principal força a mover o poder público rumo à realização desta obra. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa remonta um caminho que parte do território original, e traz, em seqüência, um panorama onde são apresentados todos os projetos urbanos para a canalização do Riacho. Após o início das obras, em meados dos anos 40, vem à baila a análise das ações governamentais que incidiram na ocupação dos territórios da Praia de Belas e da antiga Cidade Baixa, escolhidos como estudos de caso. Nessas duas áreas, onde novos projetos urbanos ressurgem após a canalização, parte-se das ações do poder público a fim de analisar convergências e dissonâncias entre ambiente projetado e ambiente construído na cidade atual. / The Riacho's straightening, also known as Arroio Dilúvio, was one of the main public projects implemented in the city of Porto Alegre (Brazil). This intervention originated Ipiranga Avenue, which crosses the city from East to West with approximately twelve kilometres canalized. The implementation of the new channel took more than 30 years to be finished, and can be considered a great "urban surgery". Through careful observation of the area that covers the first four kilometres of its construction, from the mouth of Lake Guaíba, the objective of this research meets the understanding of the canalization process of the Riacho beyond sanitary matters, which was the main force to move the public sector to complete this project. From this perspective, the research reconstructs a path that starts at the original territory and presents, in sequence, a panorama where all urbanization projects for the Riacho canalization are presented. After the beginning of the project, during the mid 40's, comes to life the analysis of the governmental actions which resulted in the occupation of the Praia de Belas and the old Cidade Baixa areas, which were chosen as case studies. In these two areas, where new urbanization projects resurrected after the canalization, the public sector actions are the starting point to analyze convergent and dissonant aspects between projected and developed areas in the city of today.

A retificação do Riacho, conhecido como Arroio Dilúvio, foi uma das principais obras implantadas na cidade de Porto Alegre (Brasil). Esta intervenção deu origem à atual Avenida Ipiranga, que rasga a cidade de leste a oeste com cerca de doze quilômetros canalizados. A implantação do novo canal demorou mais de 30 anos para ser finalizada e pode ser considerada uma grande cirurgia urbana. Através de um olhar mais apurado sobre área que abrange os primeiros quatro quilômetros de sua implantação a partir da foz junto ao Lago Guaíba, o objetivo da pesquisa vem ao encontro do entendimento do processo de canalização do Riacho para além da questão sanitarista, que sempre foi a principal força a mover o poder público rumo à realização desta obra. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa remonta um caminho que parte do território original, e traz, em seqüência, um panorama onde são apresentados todos os projetos urbanos para a canalização do Riacho. Após o início das obras, em meados dos anos 40, vem à baila a análise das ações governamentais que incidiram na ocupação dos territórios da Praia de Belas e da antiga Cidade Baixa, escolhidos como estudos de caso. Nessas duas áreas, onde novos projetos urbanos ressurgem após a canalização, parte-se das ações do poder público a fim de analisar convergências e dissonâncias entre ambiente projetado e ambiente construído na cidade atual. / The Riacho's straightening, also known as Arroio Dilúvio, was one of the main public projects implemented in the city of Porto Alegre (Brazil). This intervention originated Ipiranga Avenue, which crosses the city from East to West with approximately twelve kilometres canalized. The implementation of the new channel took more than 30 years to be finished, and can be considered a great "urban surgery". Through careful observation of the area that covers the first four kilometres of its construction, from the mouth of Lake Guaíba, the objective of this research meets the understanding of the canalization process of the Riacho beyond sanitary matters, which was the main force to move the public sector to complete this project. From this perspective, the research reconstructs a path that starts at the original territory and presents, in sequence, a panorama where all urbanization projects for the Riacho canalization are presented. After the beginning of the project, during the mid 40's, comes to life the analysis of the governmental actions which resulted in the occupation of the Praia de Belas and the old Cidade Baixa areas, which were chosen as case studies. In these two areas, where new urbanization projects resurrected after the canalization, the public sector actions are the starting point to analyze convergent and dissonant aspects between projected and developed areas in the city of today.

A retificação do Riacho, conhecido como Arroio Dilúvio, foi uma das principais obras implantadas na cidade de Porto Alegre (Brasil). Esta intervenção deu origem à atual Avenida Ipiranga, que rasga a cidade de leste a oeste com cerca de doze quilômetros canalizados. A implantação do novo canal demorou mais de 30 anos para ser finalizada e pode ser considerada uma grande cirurgia urbana. Através de um olhar mais apurado sobre área que abrange os primeiros quatro quilômetros de sua implantação a partir da foz junto ao Lago Guaíba, o objetivo da pesquisa vem ao encontro do entendimento do processo de canalização do Riacho para além da questão sanitarista, que sempre foi a principal força a mover o poder público rumo à realização desta obra. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa remonta um caminho que parte do território original, e traz, em seqüência, um panorama onde são apresentados todos os projetos urbanos para a canalização do Riacho. Após o início das obras, em meados dos anos 40, vem à baila a análise das ações governamentais que incidiram na ocupação dos territórios da Praia de Belas e da antiga Cidade Baixa, escolhidos como estudos de caso. Nessas duas áreas, onde novos projetos urbanos ressurgem após a canalização, parte-se das ações do poder público a fim de analisar convergências e dissonâncias entre ambiente projetado e ambiente construído na cidade atual. / The Riacho's straightening, also known as Arroio Dilúvio, was one of the main public projects implemented in the city of Porto Alegre (Brazil). This intervention originated Ipiranga Avenue, which crosses the city from East to West with approximately twelve kilometres canalized. The implementation of the new channel took more than 30 years to be finished, and can be considered a great "urban surgery". Through careful observation of the area that covers the first four kilometres of its construction, from the mouth of Lake Guaíba, the objective of this research meets the understanding of the canalization process of the Riacho beyond sanitary matters, which was the main force to move the public sector to complete this project. From this perspective, the research reconstructs a path that starts at the original territory and presents, in sequence, a panorama where all urbanization projects for the Riacho canalization are presented. After the beginning of the project, during the mid 40's, comes to life the analysis of the governmental actions which resulted in the occupation of the Praia de Belas and the old Cidade Baixa areas, which were chosen as case studies. In these two areas, where new urbanization projects resurrected after the canalization, the public sector actions are the starting point to analyze convergent and dissonant aspects between projected and developed areas in the city of today.

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the process of vein pattern formation in plant tissues. The most widely accepted amongst biologists is the canalization hypothesis, derived from pea root and stem experiments. According to this hypothesis, a signal, thought to be the phytohormone auxin, is transported polarly from cell to cell from the shoot to the root and is canalized progressively into narrow channels of high auxin fluxes that later differentiate to become vascular tissue. In this project, we set out to test whether auxin canalization drives vein pattern formation, using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with increased auxin transport (max4-1, max3-9, max2-1 and max1-1). We predicted that the mutants would have distinct vein patterns and especially different angles between the primary and secondary veins, compared to the wild type. First rosette leaves of 15 plants per genotype were harvested for analysis each day from 7 to 17 days after sowing, giving a total of eight hundred twenty-five leaf samples to analyze. Venation patterns were extracted and analyzed using custom-made software written with Matlab. Overall, compared with the wild type, mutants with the highest auxin transport (max4-1 and max3-9) had different vein patterns at early developmental stages, confirming a role for auxin transport in vein patterning. However, veins of mutants and wild type connected at similar angles, which is not consistent with the auxin canalization hypothesis, as originally formulated.

Cette étude réalisée dans le cadre d’une thèse de doctorat a pour sujet : Les structures hydrauliques chez les Eduens à l’époque antique. Les sites de Bibracte et d’Augustodunum-Autun. Analyse complémentaire des sites éduens de Bourgogne. Elle se fonde à la fois sur des travaux de terrain (sous forme de prospections pédestres et de fouilles archéologiques) et sur des recherches documentaires. Les 813 structures hydrauliques recensées sont réparties sur 37 sites éduens comprenant les deux capitales de cité successives, Bibracte, puis Augustodunum-Autun, des agglomérations secondaires, des villages, des établissements ruraux, des sanctuaires et des stations thermales. Il s’agit d’abord de définir les caractéristiques physiques de ces aménagements hydrauliques destinés à l’adduction d’eau, au stockage et à l’évacuation des eaux usées. Cette recherche permet de distinguer les techniques de construction ou de fabrication et d’identifier les savoir-faire locaux et les influences gréco-romaines. Enfin, la confrontation des équipements hydrauliques entre les différents types de sites (densité, lieux d’implantation), permet d’évaluer le mode de gestion de l’eau à l’échelle d’une cité. C’est le cas notamment entre Bibracte et Augustodunum où des différences très nettes apparaissent. Un important volet de cette recherche est consacré à l’examen de l’aqueduc de Montjeu. Si cette étude révèle la diversité des solutions adoptées pour maîtriser cette eau d’une catégorie de site à l’autre, elle souligne également les traits communs avec divers sites de Narbonnaise et de l’empire romain. / This study, carried out in the context of a PhD thesis, has as its subject: Hydraulic structures of the Eduens in roman period. The sites of Bibracte and Augustodunum-Autun. Additional analysis of the eduen sites of Burgundy. It is based, at one and the same time, on ground works (in the form of exploration on foot and archaeological scavings) and documentary research. The 813 hydraulic structures listed are spread out over 37 éduen sites including the two successive capital cities Bibracte, later Augustodunum-Autun, secondary towns, villages, rural settlements, sanctuaries and baths. It consists firstly in defining the physical characteristics of the hydraulic facilities destined for the bringing of water, its storage, and the evacuation of waste water. This research enables us to distinguish the techniques of construction or manufacture and to identify local know-how and greco-roman influences. Finally, the comparison of hydraulic equipment between different types of sites, (density, location) enables us to evaluate the management of water on the scale of a city. This is notably the case between Bibracte and Augustodunum where very clear differences appear. An important section of this research has therefore been devoted to the examination of the aqueduct at Montjeu. If this research reveals the diversity of solutions adopted for water management from one category of site to another, it also underlines the features in common with other sites of Narbonnaise and the roman empire.

The diploma thesis is focused on sanitation installation in the hotel. The theoretical part deals with the possibilities of rain water treatment, especially swallowing equipment. The calculation and design part solves the sewage system and water supply in the given building.

This study deals with sport's controversial dependence on the gambling market. The aim of the study is to analyse the comments of authorities, organisations and associations regarding the governmental public inquiry (SOU 2017:30) A re-regulated gambling market. The method used to collect and analyse data was a literature review in the form of a qualitative content analysis. The gambling market brings enormous amounts of money to the Swedish sports movement. The gambling policy that has been pursued in Sweden has encouraged the gambling market to return profit money to the sports movement. The problem has thus been to be able to apply national laws to foreign gambling companies. The advent of the Gambling Act (2018:1138) brought some significant changes, most notably the introduction of the licensing system and the 18 percent excise tax.  The results of the study show that the advent of the Gambling Act (2018:1138) has provided the opportunity for the state to collect taxes from foreign gambling companies and to be able to work more effectively against gambling abuse. Furthermore, it means creating a balance to meet the demand in the gambling market as well as being able to provide a high level of consumer protection.