Cette recherche décrit les évolutions du waqf des grecs-orthodoxes et des lois qui le gèrent à travers les années et donne un éclairage sur la condition des monastères de l’archevêché de l’Église grecque-orthodoxe du Mont-Liban. En mettant en correspondance, dans la première partie, les différents aspects historiques, structuraux, canoniques de cette Église et des waqfs avant la seconde moitié du XXème siècle, nous avons mis en évidence les situations et les conditions politiques et socio-économiques dans cette période qui ont influencé cette Église en général, et les waqfs des monastères, en particulier. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons présenté le monachisme dans l’Église grecque-orthodoxe d’Antioche, l’organisation des monastères dans l’archevêché du Mont-Liban et de leurs waqfs avant et après la période de renaissance et les défis rencontrés depuis la Première Guerre mondiale de 1914. En étudiant le fonctionnement des monastères et de leurs waqfs dans l’archevêché grec-orthodoxe du Mont-Liban dans la seconde moitié du XXème siècle, la période de reprise, et plus particulièrement Saint-Georges à Deir elHarf, Notre-Dame à Kaftoun, Saint-Michel à Beq‘ata, Saint-Selwan et Saint-Jean à Douma, Notre-Dame à Hamatoura et Notre-Dame elNouriyé, nous avons découvert la spécificité de chacun. Les études de terrain ont montré que c’est l’importance théologique, écologique et socio-économique qui a permis de favoriser le développement des waqfs et de permettre ainsi aux biens monastiques de contribuer avec évidence à l’épanouissement spirituel et ethico-religieux d’une partie des Libanais. Dans la troisième partie, nous avons utilisé la méthode financière de l’analyse des recettes et des dépenses de trois monastères de l’archevêché grec-orthodoxe du Mont-Liban de 2005 à 2010 ; et celle-ci, en mettant en avant les bonnes qualités de gestion et d’administration des waqfs malgré les difficultés rencontrées, nous a permis d’obtenir la preuve concrète que toutes les actions de développement ont été entreprises dans l’optique de répondre à la vocation première théologique, spirituel, écologique et socio-économique des monastères. Afin de répondre aux exigences de la conjoncture socio-économique du monde contemporain et de ne pas se laisser dépasser par les évolutions techniques, il semble indispensable d’avoir recours aux méthodes les plus modernes en matière d’économie, de gestion et de finances dans la gestion du waqf. L’étude propose différentes solutions pour atteindre ces objectifs et prendrait en compte les solutions pour faire face aux nombreux obstacles susceptibles de se dresser sur le chemin du développement des waqfs. / This research depicts the evolution through time of the Greek Orthodox waqf as well as the laws that govern it. It also highlights the condition of Mount Lebanon’s Greek Orthodox Archdiocese Monasteries. In the first part, this study introduced the different historical, structural, and canonical aspects of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and its waqf before the second half of the Twentieth century. It has showed the socio-economic and political situations and conditions that have influenced this Church in general, and the waqf and monasteries in particular. In the second part, we introduced monasticism in the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, the organization of monasteries in the Archdiocese of Mount Lebanon before and after the period of renaissance and the challenges they met since the First World War in 1914. By studying the functioning of monasteries and their waqf in Mount Lebanon’s Greek Orthodox Archdiocese in the second half of the Twentieth Century – more particularly Saint George in Deir al-Harf, the Dormition of the Theotokos in Kaftoun, the Archangel Michael in Beq’ata, Saint Selwan and Saint John in Douma, the Dormition of the Theotokos in Hamatoura, and the Lady al-Nouriyyah – we were able to discover the specificity of each one. In the second part, we introduced monasticism in the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, the organization of monasteries in the Archdiocese of Mount Lebanon before and after the period of renaissance and the challenges they met in the second half of the Twentieth Century. We followed the improvement of the structure of monasteries and their development – infrastructure, construction, new equipment, agriculture, etc. Field studies have showed that it is the theological, ecological, and socio-economic importance that helped to promote the development of waqf and thereby enable the monastic properties to contribute efficiently to the social wellbeing of some of the Lebanese. In the third part, we used financial analysis method of revenue and expenditure of three monasteries of Mount Lebanon’s Greek Orthodox Archdiocese from 2005-2010; this highlighting the good qualities of management and administration of waqf despite the difficulties, we were able to get concrete proof that all development actions were undertaken with a view to answer the monasteries’ primary mission – i.e. one that is theological, spiritual, ecological, and socio-economic – and to serve social welfare. To meet the requirements of the contemporary world’s socio-economic conditions and not be overtaken by technical evolutions, it seems essential to resort to the latest methods in economics, management and finance to manage the waqf. The study proposes various solutions to achieve these objectives and take into account the solutions to address the many barriers that may stand in the way of the development of the waqf.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Dans de nombreuses applications, des paquets d’électrons relativistes sub-ps sont requis : Accélération laser-plasma, Lasers à électrons libres, Génération de rayonnement THz intense, Etude des phénomènes ultra-rapides dans la matière… L’aspect court des paquets et la nécessité d’un fort courant crête pour les applications impliquent de fortes forces de charge d’espace conduisant à une dégradation des propriétés du faisceau, telle que son émittance transverse et sa longueur. La principale difficulté est de caractériser, modéliser et prendre en compte ces effets. Ma thèse s’inscrit dans ce cadre à travers l’étude de la dynamique et des diagnostics associés à ces paquets courts. Le chapitre 2 rassemble des mesures de plusieurs propriétés du faisceau : charge, émittance transverse et longueur. L’originalité de mon travail réside dans l’utilisation de méthodes simples, des points de vues théoriques et technologiques. Ces méthodes, plus adaptées pour des faisceaux moins extrêmes, permettent néanmoins d’obtenir de très bons résultats. J’ai en particulier développé une méthode de mesure de charge à partir de la mesure de l’intensité lumineuse émise par un écran scintillant suite à l’interaction avec le faisceau. Cette méthode permet de mesurer précisément des charges inférieures à 100 fC, ce qui surpasse les capacités des diagnostics classiques (ICT et Coupe de Faraday) limités au picocoulomb à cause du bruit électronique. Cette méthode est utile, du fait que les paquets courts sont souvent faiblement chargés pour limiter l’effet des forces de charge d’espace. J’ai aussi adapté des méthodes multiparamétriques pour mesurer l’émittance transverse et la longueur des paquets d’électrons. Ces méthodes indirectes permettent de déterminer ces propriétés à partir de la mesure d’autres propriétés plus accessibles : les dimensions transverses pour l’émittance et la dispersion en énergie pour la longueur. La mesure de longueur (méthode des 3 phases) donne de très bons résultats, puisqu’elle permet de mesurer avec une précision meilleure que 10% des longueurs rms inférieures à la picoseconde. La mesure d’émittance sans prise en compte des forces de charge d’espace donne des résultats mitigés, puisque la précision varie de 20% (méthode des 3 gradients) à plus de 100% (méthode des 3 écrans). Une amélioration significative de la précision, jusqu’à un facteur 5, peut être obtenue en prenant en compte les forces de charge d’espace via une équation d’enveloppe, ce qui constitue l’originalité de mon travail. Le chapitre 3 consiste en une comparaison des propriétés des paquets courts d’électrons, unique ou longitudinalement modulé, générés par trois méthodes différentes : Utilisation d’une impulsion laser courte ou longitudinalement modulée dans un canon RF ; Compression magnétique dans une chicane ; Compression RF dans une structure accélératrice (Velocity Bunching). J’ai en particulier montré que, à charge égale, la génération de paquets courts via une impulsion laser courte dans un canon RF est désavantageuse, des points de vue de la longueur et de l’émittance transverse du faisceau, par rapport à la compression magnétique RF d’un paquet déjà accéléré. Cela est expliqué par les forces de charge d’espace plus importantes juste après l’émission du faisceau par la photocathode. Il est également consacré au développement et au test de modèles analytiques de la dynamique longitudinale des faisceaux. J’ai développé une matrice de transfert longitudinale pour un canon RF, en partant du modèle de K. J. Kim. Ce modèle a été comparé avec plusieurs mesures effectuées à PITZ et PHIL et a prouvé être précis sur les aspects énergétiques et temporels, mais pas sur l’aspect de la dispersion en énergie. J’ai également développé un modèle analytique du phénomène de velocity bunching dans des structures accélératrices à onde progressive, en partant d’un modèle simple développé par P. Piot. / In several applications, quasi-relativistic sub-ps electron bunches are required: Laser-plasma acceleration, Free electron lasers, Generation of intense THz radiation, Study of ultra-fast phenomena in matter… The short nature of the bunch and the necessity of a high peak current for the applications imply strong space-charge forces leading to a degradation of beam properties, as its transverse emittance and duration. The main difficulty is to characterize, model and take into account these effects. My thesis falls within this context through the study of dynamics and diagnostics related to these short bunches, namely whose rms duration is not directly measurable by an electronic method locating the border at a few tens of picoseconds. The chapter 2 consists in the measurements of several properties of these bunches: charge, transverse emittance and duration. The originality of my work is that I use simple methods, both on the theoretical (analytical at maximum) and technological (using only common elements of electron accelerators) point of view. These methods, more suitable for less extreme bunches, allow however obtaining very good results. I especially developed a method of charge measurement from the measurement of the light intensity emitted by a scintillating screen following the interaction with an electron beam. This method allows precisely measuring charges lower than 100fC. This is better than the capabilities of classical diagnostics (ICT and Faraday Cup) limited to the picocoulomb because of electronic noise. This method is useful since the short bunches are often low-charged to minimize the effects of space-charge forces. It will also be used for detectors calibration, which requires low charges. I also adapt multiparametric methods to measure the transverse emittance and duration of electron bunches. These indirect methods allow determining these properties from the measurement of other more accessible properties: the transverse dimensions for the transverse emittance and the energy spread for the duration. The duration measurement (3-phase method) gives very good results, since it allows determining with accuracy better than 10% rms durations lower than one picosecond. The emittance measurement without taking into account the space-charge forces in the modeling gives mixed results, since the accuracy is from 20% (3-gradients method) to more than 100% (3-screens method). A significant accuracy improvement, up to a factor of 5, can be obtained by taking the space-charge forces into account through a beam envelop equation, which constitutes the originality of my work. The chapter 3 consists in the comparison of the properties of short electron beams, single or longitudinally modulated, generated by three different methods: Injection of a short or longitudinally modulated laser pulse in an RF-gun; Magnetic compression in a chicane; RF-compression in an accelerating structure (Velocity Bunching). I particularly shown that, at equal conditions of charge, the generation of short bunches thanks to a short laser pulse driven an RF-gun is disadvantageous, both from the beam duration and transverse emittance point of view, with respect to a magnetic or RF compression of an already accelerated beam. This is explained by the more important space-charge forces just after the beam emission by the photocathode. It also consists in the development and test of analytical models for longitudinal beam dynamics. I developed a longitudinal transfer matrix for RF-gun, starting from a Kim-like model. This model has been compared with several measurements performed at PITZ and PHIL and shown to be accurate on the energy and temporal aspects, but not on the energy spread aspect. I also developed an analytical model of the velocity bunching phenomenon in travelling wave accelerating structures, starting from a simple model developed by P. Piot.

This dissertation presents a new perspective on the function of objects in late-medieval devotional practice through a study of the so-called Soissons group of thirteenth-century French Gothic ivories. These ivory diptychs were sophisticated tools constructed to guide the user through various spiritual exercises that led to prayer. The hitherto unexplained increase in the availability of ivory in mid-thirteenth-century France is accounted for by an alteration in the trade routes that brought elephant tusks from the Swahili coast of Africa to northern Europe: a newly-opened passage through the Straits of Gibraltar allowed a small amount of luxury goods to be shipped together with bulk materials necessary to the northern textile industries. The increasing supply required a revision of the structure of the thirteenth-century craft of ivory. The Soissons group, the first ivory diptychs fashioned during this time of growth in ivory markets, is subdivided into two sections. An itinerant master who traveled throughout the Picard region between 1235 and 1270 crafted the first group. Concurrently, three separate Parisian artists produced the second group based on a Picard model. This dissertation redates all the ivories substantially earlier than previously thought, conclusions which were attained through stylistic analysis. The dense Passion iconography shaped the diptychs’ function in private devotion. The narrative encouraged the viewer to practice a number of spiritual exercises—reading, memorization and compunction—analogous to the three reasons for allowing images in the Christian Church, the triplex ratio. The Passion diptych format introduced with these objects was immensely popular throughout the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and its conservation over time underscored its effectiveness. The small differences in iconography and composition among the seven Soissons diptychs, however, were subtle modifications to adjust to different audiences and to hone the objects’ efficacy as tools for prayer.

This dissertation presents a new perspective on the function of objects in late-medieval devotional practice through a study of the so-called Soissons group of thirteenth-century French Gothic ivories. These ivory diptychs were sophisticated tools constructed to guide the user through various spiritual exercises that led to prayer. The hitherto unexplained increase in the availability of ivory in mid-thirteenth-century France is accounted for by an alteration in the trade routes that brought elephant tusks from the Swahili coast of Africa to northern Europe: a newly-opened passage through the Straits of Gibraltar allowed a small amount of luxury goods to be shipped together with bulk materials necessary to the northern textile industries. The increasing supply required a revision of the structure of the thirteenth-century craft of ivory. The Soissons group, the first ivory diptychs fashioned during this time of growth in ivory markets, is subdivided into two sections. An itinerant master who traveled throughout the Picard region between 1235 and 1270 crafted the first group. Concurrently, three separate Parisian artists produced the second group based on a Picard model. This dissertation redates all the ivories substantially earlier than previously thought, conclusions which were attained through stylistic analysis. The dense Passion iconography shaped the diptychs’ function in private devotion. The narrative encouraged the viewer to practice a number of spiritual exercises—reading, memorization and compunction—analogous to the three reasons for allowing images in the Christian Church, the triplex ratio. The Passion diptych format introduced with these objects was immensely popular throughout the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and its conservation over time underscored its effectiveness. The small differences in iconography and composition among the seven Soissons diptychs, however, were subtle modifications to adjust to different audiences and to hone the objects’ efficacy as tools for prayer.

The house of canons regular in Roudnice nad Labem was founded 1333 by John IV of Dražice after his return from Avignon. It was a very important and richly supported monastery, which is demonstrated besides other things by the younger fragment of necrologium, dated 1458-1464 (State Regional Archive in Třeboň, fond Velkostatek Třeboň, registratura IA 3K β 28e). The thesis deals with the Bohemian illuminated manuscripts from the 2nd third of the 14th century from the library from Roudnice, which is quite unique between all the Bohemian houses of regular canons for the high percentage of illuminated manuscripts. The Missale of John of Dražice ( KNM XIII B 9) is an excellent example of some high quality manuscript in the time around 1340 in Bohemia. The ornamental initials show parallels to the recent Western European style. One of them, VD initial on the folio 57r, is filled by the coat-of-arms of the Dražice family, gold wine sprig with three leafs in the red field. But the most interesting is the canon leaf (65r), a classical representative of Central European linear style. The leaf was glued to its place. The same praxis we see in the slightly younger Missale of Chotěšov Monastery (NK XIV C 3). The canon leaf from Chotěšov (185v) is more delicate in its colors and forms, distinctly knowledgeable of...

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / What is seen nowadays as the history of literature, if was not born, certainly developed and acquired the molds that today is so unique, in school and to school, configuring as projects constituting the literary nationality and the nation itself. Thus, the overall objective of the study is to analyze the first three compendiums of Brazilian literature: Curso elementar de literatura nacional (1862), by Fernandes Pinheiro, O Brasil literário, by Ferdinand Wolf and Curso de literatura portuguesa e brasileira (1866-1871), by Francisco Sotero dos Reis, relating them to the development of the discipline of literature in the curricula of secondary education in its gradual path to independence from the chair of rhetoric, noting how such books have been responsible for building and consolidating the canon of national literature, as well as the invention of a literary tradition in the country. This work is affiliated to the line 2 of the Research Group History of the Teaching of Languages in Brazil, entitled "Literary History and Teaching of Literature: a history of the school canons in Brazil". This line attempts to identify the processes by which, in different times or periods, certain works or authors remained in the condition of classics and some not, in reading textbooks or in the history of literature. For this research, it is taken into account not only the domestic agents, but also the typographical devices, as well as other external actors in the process of constructing the meaning of texts. Thus, we used assumptions brought by authors of literary studies, Carpeaux (1959), Culler (1999), Eagleton (1985), Souza (1999) and (2007); of the history of reading practices, Chartier (2000) and Hebrárd (2001), of cultural studies, Anderson (2008), Hall (2005), Hobsbawm, Renan (2005) and Williams (1960) and of the history of school subjects and textbooks, Chervel (1990) and Choppin (2004). / O que se concebe atualmente como história da literatura, se não nasceu, certamente se desenvolveu, adquirindo os moldes que hoje lhe são característicos, na escola e para a escola, configurando-se como projetos constitutivos da nacionalidade literária e da própria nação. Desse modo, o objetivo geral do trabalho é analisar os três primeiros compêndios de história da literatura brasileira: Curso elementar de literatura nacional (1862), do Cônego Fernandes Pinheiro, O Brasil literário (1863), de Ferdinand Wolf e Curso de literatura portuguesa e brasileira (1866-1871), de Francisco Sotero dos Reis, relacionando-os ao desenvolvimento da disciplina de literatura nos currículos do Ensino Secundário em seu gradativo rumo à independência em relação à cadeira de Retórica, observando o modo como tais empreitadas historiográficas foram responsáveis pela construção e consolidação do cânone da literatura nacional, bem como pela invenção de uma tradição literária no país. Este trabalho filia-se à linha 2 do Grupo de Pesquisa História do Ensino das Línguas no Brasil, intitulada "História Literária e Ensino da Literatura: para uma história dos cânones escolares no Brasil". Esta linha intenta verificar os processos mediante os quais, em períodos ou épocas diferentes, algumas obras ou autores se mantiveram na condição de clássicos e outros não, nos manuais didáticos de leitura ou de história da literatura. Para tal investigação, levam-se em conta não só os agentes internos, mas também os dispositivos tipográficos, bem como os demais agentes externos, no processo de construção de significação dos textos. Dessa forma, foram utilizados pressupostos trazidos por autores dos estudos literários, Carpeaux (1959), Culler (1999), Eagleton (1985), Souza (1999) e (2007); da história das práticas de leitura, Chartier (2000) e Hebrárd (2001); dos estudos culturais, Anderson (2008), Hall (2005), Hobsbawn, Renan (2005) e Williams (1960) e da história das disciplinas escolares e dos livros didáticos, Chervel (1990) e Choppin (2004).

Abstract In this study, we investigate pupils’ perceptions in Swedish 3 of the allocation of time of the Canons of Rhetoric when working with oral presentations. We also investigate which relations that exist between pupils’ perceptions of the allocation of time of the Canons of Rhetoric and perceptions of knowledge of the Canons of Rhetoric as well as perceptions of their oral presentation. The study was conducted via a questionnaire and carried out among 245 pupils. Raw data has been analysed to determine the descriptive statistics of the allocation of time of the Canons of Rhetoric and tests for statistical significance have been performed to determine the effects that the allocation of time has on pupils’ perceptions of their oral presentation. We have analysed our results by the use of the cognitive and the socio-cultural perspective. Results show that pupils feel that no phase is given sufficient time and that they believe the three first phases to be higher prioritised than the remaning phases. The amount of class hours is of importance to the perceived knowledge of the Canons of Rhetoric, how easy pupils find it creating a presentation, their sense of preparation and the perceived development as a speaker. Regarding response, emendatio, the time for teacher response does not show any significant correlation to pupils’ perceptions of their oral presentation. If peer response is given before presentations, it has a positive effect on pupils’ satisfaction with the presentation, but has otherwise no influence. In addition, teachers’ scaffolding seems to have a larger effect on pupils’ perceptions of their oral presentation than teacher and peer response. Finally, self-assessment occurs to a low extent and is shown to affect the knowledge of the Canons of Rhetoric and how easy it is creating a presentation in a positive manner.

The Anglican Church is experiencing a growing number of clergy who abuse alcohol, and this has made people to ask whether clergy still embody the image of God or if they are “alcoholics.” I therefore undertook to do a research on this problem to ascertain whether the church creates alcoholics or are alcoholics attracted to the ministry. Questionnaires designed for laity, clergy and the diocesan leadership were given to them to find out if alcohol and alcoholism is a problem to the church and what could be the cause of it. Realizing that the questionnaires may not be sufficient, five case studies we used. These case studies are real stories from different priests across Southern Africa. They are more detailed and shed a light to the problem of alcoholism among the clergy. Through the questionnaires and case studies, the researcher found that ministerial stress, family stress, financial problems, lack of recreational time and peer pressure contribute to clergy being alcoholics. Moreover, the diocesan leadership has not devised means to assist alcoholic priests on permanent bases. Sending an alcoholic priest to rehabilitation centres has been the modus operandi and there is no follow up from the leadership until the said priest relapses. Families of alcoholic clergy have been left to find their own ways of healing. The parish too, has not received much help. The question asked is how the parish heal and not take out its pain on a new priest who comes after the alcoholic priest. The researcher recommends that as part of the discernment process, a psychologist be involved to help to ascertain whether a candidate to ministry does / have exposure to alcohol and to what extend his condition can be a hindrance to performing his priestly calling. With many clergy, the signs were there when they went to the Discernment Conference and no one picked them up. And as part of clergy training and formation, the abuse of alcohol and its consequences should be discussed and on-going assistance should be accessible to both clergy and their families. Though this research was not aimed at stopping priests from being alcoholics, the researcher hopes that it helps the clergy to realize what alcohol do to their ministry, families and themselves so that they can make wise choices when it comes to taking alcohol. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Practical Theology / unrestricted