During the past forty years and more, the economics in Taiwan have grown rapidly and staidly. It has been making the national income and the level of living life a huge upgrading there. As well as the income distribution has become more averagely and reasonably. That is why Taiwan is taken as a successful model for developing countries. The research objective of this study is to understand the relationship between the socioeconomic indicators and the dimensions of economic development. This study started with the related literatures and effected factors of economic development. Then collecting the statistic data and indicators that are from the Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Department of Statistics, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Ministry of the Interior to construct the dimensions of economic development and its effected factors. The following work is using Factor Analysis to combine these socioeconomic indicators and form them to four main dimensions that including the Condition of Industrialization, Investment and Consumption, the Condition of Employment, Trading and Saving. Afterwards using the Multiple Linear Regression to find out the influence of these four socioeconomic dimensions against each dimension of economic development. Finally using the Canonical Correlation Analysis to find out the Canonical Weights and make the biggest correlation between the linear combination of socioeconomic dimensions and the linear combination of dimensions of economic development. The conclusions found in this study are: (1) Economic Growth Rate was effected mainly by the Trading and Saving, (2) Per Capita GNP was effected mainly by the Condition of Industrialization, (3) Ratio of Highest 5th¡¦s income to Lowest 5th¡¦s was effected mainly by the Condition of Employment and Trading and Saving. Therefore, this study suggests that to improve future economics based on ¡§knowledge¡¨ in order to increase international competitive ability and adapt the changes of industrial structure. Extending the national compulsory education and reforming the education system in order to improve the quality of manpower. In order to access the labor force soon, a policy encouraging the advanced courses on the job. Moreover, making use of resources in Taiwan to develop the tourist industries in order to increase employments.

Background: The changes in diet and physical activity in populations over time has been described as the nutrition transition. It is currently thought that many developing nations are in a transition from the receding famine to the degenerative disease profile as these nations adopt “western diets” and the people become more sedentary. The literature has shown a unique relationship between Gross National Income (GNI) per capita and obesity. At or above a GNI per capita of $2500 (US), prevalence of obesity increase among lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups and falls in upper SES groups. Methods: To examine this transition in one country, data were analyzed from Peru. The data were obtained from the United States Agency for International Development’s Demographic Health Surveys administered from 1991 to 2008. During this time Peru’s GNI per capita increased from $1090 to $3990. For the analysis, all non pregnant women aged 15 to 49 who had body mass index (BMI) measurements taken during the survey were included. Prevalence ratios of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity were compared for place of residence (urban or rural) and educational attainment for all four surveys completed during those years (1991-2, 1996, 2000, and 2004-5). Food consumption patterns in children from the same household were examined for surveys completed in 2000 and 2004. Results and Discussion: Over the survey period (1991-2005), average BMI measurements and obesity prevalence increased in all women in Peru from 8-12%. However, both average BMI and prevalence of obesity increased more rapidly in rural women. In terms of educational attainment, a proxy for SES, obesity was highest among urban women with higher educational attainment initially. However, it increased among other educational attainment groups over time. For rural women, obesity was highest among those with lower educational attainment over time. The consumption of oils, fats, and butters increased from 2000 to 2004 in both urban and rural children with the greatest increase among rural children. Based on the results, it appears that there is evidence of increased prevalence of obesity in rural compared to urban women in Peru from 1991-2005 suggestive of the nutrition transition from receding famine to degenerative disease. The more rapid increase in both BMI and obesity in rural women may be the result of increased access to different food products such as oils, fats and butters and increased consumption in rural areas. More research should be done to further clarify factors affecting this transition and the public health community and the government should examine and attempt to prevent further increase in obesity in Peru.

This paper investigates the impact of trade openness on economic growth through a panel analysis containing a set of 61 countries over 15 years. The method we use is the fixed effect regression model in Stata, to see whether openness to trade has explanatory power over GDP per capita growth. We use secondary data taken from World bank and Worldwide Governance Indicators. The data used is a panel data containing 61 countries and the period we are studying starts at 2002 and ends in 2016, a 15 years' time interval. Our empirical results suggest that openness during these years have had a small negative impact on growth, but although this, the variable does not seem to have a statistical significance upon per capita growth within this period of time. Therefore, with reference to this study we cannot see any significance of openness upon growth.

This paper estimates the income elasticity of government pharmaceutical spending and assesses the simultaneous effect of such spending on gross domestic product (GDP). Using a panel dataset for 136 countries from 1995 to 2006, we employ a two-step instrumental variable procedure where we first estimate the effect of GDP on public pharmaceutical expenditure using tourist receipts as an instrumentforGDP. In the secondstep,weconstructanadjusted pharmaceutical expenditure series where the response of public pharmaceutical expenditure to GDP is partialled out and use this endogeneity adjusted series as an instrument for pharmaceutical expenditure. Our estimations show that GDP has a strong positive impact on pharmaceutical spending with elasticity in excess of unity in countries with low spending on pharmaceuticals and countries with large economic freedom. In the second step, we find that when the quantitatively large reverse effect of GDP is accounted for, public pharmaceutical spending has a negative effect on GDP per capita particularly in countries with limited economic freedom.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2016-10-25T12:26:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 349120 bytes, checksum: 1ba0a664cbb823b684e502703d788471 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T12:26:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 349120 bytes, checksum: 1ba0a664cbb823b684e502703d788471 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-02-28 / A renda per capita é um indicador imperfeito utilizado para medir bem- estar, pois, não valora o trabalho doméstico, trabalho informal, saúde, educação, distribuição de renda e os desgastes dos recursos naturais. Observa-se o crescimento de desemprego, aumentando o número de trabalhadores que sobrevivem no mercado informal, em que o capital é insuficiente e há carência de serviços sociais. O alto grau de desigualdade vigente na sociedade brasileira mostra que a renda per capita não pode ser o único meio de mensurar o bem- estar de uma população. O Programa das Nações Unidas criou o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) para medir o progresso humano, utilizando indicadores de educação, longevidade e renda. Pretende-se examinar o grau de distribuição de renda e seu relacionamento com o IDH, na década de 90, no Brasil. A metodologia utilizada permite mensurar o montante da renda apropriado por cada um dos segmentos da sociedade, a evolução da renda per capita e a melhoria do padrão de vida via indicadores de expectativa de vida, de educação e saúde. Como referencial analítico, utilizou-se a curva de Lorenz, índice de Gini, Theil e coeficiente de correlação, permitem analisar a distribuição de renda, medir o grau de desigualdade e pobreza e estudar a dependência entre as variáveis. Dentre os resultados obtidos, destaca-se o crescimento da renda per capita, queda da taxa de mortalidade infantil, queda da taxa de crescimento populacional, melhoria dos índices de analfabetismo, crescimento da taxa de escolaridade e queda da taxa de fecundidade. Mostra-se que os índices de Gini e Theil permanecem estáveis. As variáveis, PIB per capita e alfabetização, PIB per capita e expectativa de vida, indicam a existência de não-correlação, quando calculadas para as regiões Norte/Nordeste e Sul/Sudeste do País. PIB per capita e IDH são correlacionados quando calculados para as regiões brasileiras Norte/Nordeste, e não são correlacionados para as regiões Sul/Sudeste. / The per capita income is an imperfect indicator usually used to measure the welfare, since it does not valorize the domestic and informal works, health, education, income distribution and the exhaustion of natural resources. There has been an increase in the unemployment level, so leading to an increasing number of workers who have survived in the informal market, where the capital is rather insufficient and there is a shortage of social services. Actually, the high level of inequality within the Brazilian society shows the per capita income cannot be the only tool available to measuring the welfare of a population. The United Nations Program created the Human Development Index (HDI) aiming at the measurement of the human progress, by using the indicators for education, longevity and income. The purpose of this study is to examine the level of the income distribution and its relationship to the Human Development Index over the 90-ies in Brazil. A methodology is used that makes possible to measure the amount of income taken by each segment of the society, the evolution of the per capita income and the improvement of the life standard through indicators of life expectation, education and health. The used analytic referential consisting of the Lorenz’s curve, Gini and Theil’s indices and correlation coefficient allows to analyze the income distribution, to measure the inequality and poverty levels, and to study the dependence among these variables. The following results were obtained results: growth of the per capita income, the decline in the rates of infantile mortality and population growth, improvement of the analphabetism indexes, increased education rate, decline in fecundity rate. It was found that Gini and Theil’s indices remain stable. The per capita PIB and alphabetization, as well as the per capita PIB and life expectation indicate there is no correlation, when they are calculated for the Country, for North/Northeastern and Southeast/Southern regions. The per capita PIB and HDI are correlated, when they are calculated for Brazil and North/Northeastern regions, but show no correlation for South/Southeastern regions. / Dissertação importada do Alexandria, sem lattes

Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Métodos e Gestão em Avaliação, Florianópolis, 2015. / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-09T03:12:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 337188.pdf: 1120510 bytes, checksum: 34a96af0e2556bcc14afc13569967a01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / A presente pesquisa está focada na relação entre a qualidade da educação, o valor investido por aluno e o padrão de vida da população. Para tanto estuda-se a associação entre o Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (IDEB) e variáveis, como o tamanho da população, renda média mensal per capita, o índice de Gini e o gasto por aluno do ensino fundamental. Este trabalho difere da maioria dos trabalhos de fatores associados à educação por ter como unidade de análise os municípios e não os alunos ou as escolas. A base de dados constituída para este estudo contempla 2.199 municípios. Todos possuem informações do IDEB dos anos finais do ensino fundamental em todas as edições da Prova Brasil: 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011 e 2013. Os dados foram analisados por meio de modelos lineares hierárquicos, sendo no nível 1 os dados longitudinais de cada município e no nível 2 os municípios. A análise estatística proporcionou os seguintes achados: (i) o gasto anual por aluno do ensino fundamental tem um efeito relativamente pequeno no IDEB; (ii) A curva de crescimento do IDEB ao longo do tempo parece ter encontrado uma fronteira nos resultados de 2011 e 2013; (iii) existe uma relação inversa entre o tamanho do município e o IDEB; (iv) A renda per capita é a variável com maior efeito positivo sobre o IDEB, mas esse efeito é reduzido pela distribuição de renda observada no município. Esses resultados sugerem que a educação deve ser tratada como política de estado e não de governo, uma vez que o contexto socioeconômico municipal está associado à qualidade educacional, medida pelo IDEB. Alcançar as metas estabelecidas pelo Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE) depende da melhora da qualidade de vida nas cidades, que não é o alvo da política educacional. Melhorar a qualidade da educação depende de políticas transversais, de diversas áreas, para que a política pública da educação possa ser efetiva.<br> / Abstract : This research is focused on the relationship between the quality of education, the amount invested per student and the standard of living of the population. Therefore, this study will investigate the association between the Development Index of Basic Education (IDEB) and variables such as population size, average monthly per capita income, the Gini Index and the spending per elementary school student. This work differs from the most of others works of factors associated with education by having municipalities as the unit of analysis and not students or schools. The database of this study includes 2,199 municipalities. All have IDEB information from the final years of primary education in all editions of the Prova Brasil: 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013. The data were analyzed using hierarchical linear models, where the level 1 is the longitudinal data of each municipality and the level 2 the municipalities. Statistical analysis yielded the following results: (i) the annual expenditure per elementary school student has a relatively small effect on the IDEB; (ii) The growth curve of IDEB over time seems to have found a hedge on the results of 2011 and 2013; (iii) there is an inverse relationship between the municipality and the size of the IDEB; (iv) The per capita income is the variable with the greatest positive effect on the IDEB, but this effect is reduced by income distribution found in the city. These results suggest that education should be treated as a policy of the state and not a government policy, because municipal socioeconomic context is associated with educational quality, measured by the IDEB. Achieving the goals set by the National Education Plan (PNE) depends on the improvement of quality of life in cities, which is not the goal of education policy. Improving the quality of education depends on transversal policies in various areas, so that public education policy can be effective.

Submitted by Israel Vieira Neto (israel.vieiraneto@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-04T13:46:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Final.pdf: 1273091 bytes, checksum: 60a4667572f6c96068b3375250b4c01d (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T13:46:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Final.pdf: 1273091 bytes, checksum: 60a4667572f6c96068b3375250b4c01d (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-09 / Muitos estudos na literatura econômica têm mostrado que a renda parece um importante determinante da saúde infantil. Assim, a intenção deste trabalho é investigar como variáveis pessoais, domiciliares e familiares, além da própria renda per capita, afetam a saúde infantil nas regiões metropolitanas brasileiras e se essas variáveis explicam as discrepâncias regionais na saúde infantil. Os resultados apontam que a renda domiciliar per capita mostrou-se significante em praticamente todas as regressões. Raça, gênero e número de componentes familiares também mostraram ser importantes para a determinação da saúde das crianças.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the patterns and magnitudes of per capita expenditures and revenue collections in selected metropolitan areas in an attempt to explain variations in expenditures between metropolitan areas.

Despite the growing literature on financial development-economic growth nexus, there exists a paucity of empirical studies that explore the impact of financialisation on economic growth while focusing on the competitiveness of the financial sector. This study examines the revealed comparative advantages of 34 developing African countries from the period 2008 to 2017 and goes further to determine the impact of the revealed comparative advantage indices on economic growth. Revealed comparative advantage is used as an alternative proxy to financialisation, while economic growth is measured in terms of GDP per capita. In order to determine the impact, a panel study approach was followed, using a multiple linear regression model. The study produces two findings. Firstly, we find that the majority of African countries do not reveal a comparative advantage in financial services. This finding confirms our expectation. Secondly, we find that there exists a negative and significant relationship between financialisation and economic growth. The findings suggest that as developing countries in Africa gain comparative advantages in financial services, those gains have a detrimental impact on their economic growth. Informed by the findings of this study, which have implications for financial market development in Africa, the main recommendations are firstly that regulators need to play their part in reducing the cost of business for financial services institutions—particularly compliance costs, so as to encourage competition and development in the financial services sector, without compromising their responsibility to protect consumers. Secondly, better insights regarding cross-border trading and its impact on economic growth, profitability and the accumulation of foreign currency reserves need to be gained, in order to come up with more conducive regulatory frameworks that do not result in penalties for local firms, rendering them uncompetitive relative to foreign firms. Additionally, management at financial institutions have the responsibility of ensuring that benefits derived from their cross-border business go beyond shareholder value, but that reinvestment into the real economy takes place either through increased lending or equity investments and should also ensure that sufficient investments are made into the infrastructure required to increase the institution's competitiveness. Finally, Government and regulators needs to pay attention to how cross-border financial transactions are taxed, especially considering the new era of FinTech's, cryptocurrencies, and deepening regional integration, while at the same time ensuring that there is greater depth, bread and liquidity of their local financial markets.

Antalet naturkatastrofer som inträffar i världen ökar på grund av de klimatförändringar som råder. Den ökande trenden kan komma att fortsätta i framtiden om inga större ageranden för att minska klimatförändringarna sker. Forskningen kring hur en naturkatastrof påverkar ett lands ekonomi och tillväxt är begränsad där forskare kommit fram till olika resultat vilket gör det är svårt att studera vilka faktiska konsekvenser en naturkatastrof innebär för ett land. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka huruvida en naturkatastrof påverkar ett lands ekonomiska tillväxt på både kort- och lång sikt. Studien fokuserar på jordbävningen i Japan 2011 och tsunamikatastrofen i Indonesien 2004. Vidare är studien uppdelad i två delar, där ena delen jämför jordbävningen i Japan 2011 med tsunamikatastrofen i Indonesien 2004. Detta för att identifiera eventuella skillnader mellan ett rikt och ett fattigt land samt för att studera hur respektive katastrof påverkade ländernas finans- och real marknader. Resultatet visar att incidenten inte fick någon betydlig påverkan på ländernas långsiktiga ekonomiska tillväxt samt att Indonesien mottog ett betydligt större stöd från omvärlden än Japan vilket underlättade landets återhämtningsprocess. Den andra delen i studien jämför Japans reala BNP per capita-tillväxt med en syntetisk kontrollgrupp. Detta är för att studera hur Japans eventuella BNP-tillväxt hade sett ut om katastrofen inte inträffat. Kontrollgruppen är skapad utifrån de 36 OECD-länderna. Resultatet liknar det tidigare studier kommit fram till, att naturkatastrofer inte har en särskild stor påverkan på ett lands långsiktiga ekonomiska tillväxt. Resultaten visar att Japan, trots naturkatastrofen, har en stigande BNP per capita efter 2011 men som dock inte stiger lika kraftigt som den syntetiska kontrollgruppen.