Les objectifs du projet de thèse étaient: 1) d'apporter des connaissances sur le potentiel boucher et les qualités de la viande du cabri Créole, 2) de déterminer les principales conditions d'élevage et d'abattage qui influencent le potentiel boucher et les qualités de la viande. Concernant ce deuxième point le système d'alimentation et l'âge/poids d'abattage des animaux ont été les 2 principaux facteurs de variation. Deux essais ont été conduits. Le premier a mobilisé 91 chevreaux selon un dispositif factoriel 2x3 qui a permis de tester l'effet d'herbe seule versus une ration mixte (50 %) de concentré à 3 âges d'abattage: 7, 11 et 15 mois. Le deuxième essai a mobilisé 40 chevreaux alimentés recevant une ration composée d'herbe avec 0, 140, 240 ou 340 g/j d'un concentré commercial. Le principal résultat du travail de la thèse est qu'il est possible d'améliorer la vitesse de croissance (jusqu'à 85 g/j), le poids (jusqu'à 12 kg) la conformation des carcasses (jusqu'à 4 sur une note de 5) et la qualité la viande du caprin Créole au moyen de l'alimentation. L'alimentation à base d'herbe seule et les rations mixtes permettent potentiellement d'obtenir des carcasses de qualité assez similaires avec des durées d'engraissement variables. A l'intérieur des régimes herbe, le pâturage et l'auge ne conduisait pas aux mêmes résultats. En matière de qualité de la viande, il a été mis en évidence que comme chez tous les caprins, la viande de caprin Créole demeurait relativement maigre même avec des régimes riches en énergie du fait d'une accumulation préférentielle du gras dans la cavité abdominale (4-7 % du poids vif vide). En ce qui concerne les autres caractéristiques des viandes, tels que les profils d'AG et les niveaux de pH, ils sont similaires à ceux de nombreuses races. L'apport de concentrés n'a pas augmenté les AG hypercholestéromiants au sein des AGS dans la viande et a réduit le rapport n-6/n-3 sous la valeur de 4 avec un apport de 240 g de concentré soit un peu moins de 50 % de la ration. Les retombées de ce travail de thèse sont potentiellement importantes. Des bases sont jetées pour la promotion d'itinéraires techniques et de choix génétiques adaptés au contexte guadeloupéen et aussi la création d'une niche économique autour d'une viande de cabri labélisée. L'étude des qualités sensorielles, de l'impact du parasitisme dans les systèmes pâturés et l'évaluation technico-économique de nouveaux systèmes d'alimentation basés sur l'emploi des matières premières locales constituent de nouvelles pistes de recherches mises en évidence par ce travail

Orientador: Adalberto Farache Filho / Coorientador: Clovis Wesley Oliveira de Souza / Banca: Antonio Carlos Pizzollito / Banca: Antonio Sérgio Spanó Seixas / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi a análise bacteriológica e físico-química de amostras da água do Sistema de Pré-resfriamento de um abatedouro de aves e na análise bacteriológica de carcaças de frango antes, no interior e após o Sistema de Pré-resfriamento. As variáveis físico-químicas da água foram relacionadas com presença ou ausência de Salmonella spp. nas carcaças após sistema de pré-resfriamento. Em relação à contagem bacteriana, observamos que a saída do pré-chiller é o ponto de coleta onde há maior contaminação da água. No entanto, há uma queda significativa na contaminação da água na saída do chiller. Na análise por agrupamento hierárquico adotando a variável Salmonella spp. como classe, não foi possível verificar tendência de separação entre as amostras contaminadas e as não contaminadas, porém, pode-se perceber que com o aumento da velocidade de abate a separação entre as amostras passa a existir. Ao analisar as componentes principais, considerando todas as variáveis, observamos que existe uma relação entre a contaminação por Salmonella spp. e a vazão da renovação da água do pré-chiller. Assim, foi possível verificar que o controle dos parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos da água do sistema de pré-resfriamento, bem como as diversas variáveis das condições de abate, são fundamentais para garantirem carcaças pré-resfriadas livres de Salmonella spp. Torna-se necessário propor estudos específicos de cada variável a fim de que as condições ideais de abate sejam estabelecidas e o processo seja autocontrolado / Abstract: This study was based on microbiological and physicochemical analysis of water samples from the pre-cooling system of a poultry slaughterhouse and the bacteriological analysis of chicken carcasses before, during and after the pre-cooling system. The physicochemical variables of the water were related to the presence or absence of Salmonella spp. in the carcasses after the pre-cooling system. Regarding the amount of bacteria, it was observed that the output of the pre-chiller is the collecting point where the water is most contaminated. However, there is a significant decrease of contamination in the water leaving the chiller. In the hierarchical cluster analysis taking the variable Salmonella spp. as a class it was not possible to verify the trend of separation between the contaminated samples and the non-contaminated ones, although it was realized that with the increase in speed of slaughter the separation between samples exists. By analyzing the main components, considering all variables, it was observed that there is a relation between the contamination by Salmonella spp. and the flow rate of the water renewal in the pre-chiller. Therefore, it was verified that the control of physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the water in the pre-cooling system and the variables of slaughtering conditions are essential to guarantee pre-cooled carcasses free from Salmonella spp. This it becomes necessary to propose specific studies of each variable so that the ideal conditions for slaughter are established and the process can become self-controlled / Mestre

Le pâturage, principal mode d’alimentation en zone tropicale, est souvent dévalorisé car il est associé à des performances animales jugées insuffisantes, et peut avoir des effets néfastes sur l’environnement. Même si l’alimentation à l’auge permet de meilleures productions, ce mode de conduite présente également des inconvénients, en termes d’investissements, de rentabilité économique, d’impact des rejets sur l’environnement et de qualité des produits. Une intensification de la conduite au pâturage semble donc une voie d’avenir, mais nécessite une meilleure connaissance de ce mode de conduite et de ses conséquences sur l’alimentation et les performances des animaux. Il apparait également nécessaire de comparer l’élevage au pâturage et à l’auge sur des critères homogènes, en dissociant les composantes de ces modes de conduite.L’objectif de la thèse est d’évaluer et de comparer la conduite au pâturage et la conduite hors sol, en tenant compte également de la distribution ou non de concentré, sur l’alimentation, la croissance, les caractéristiques d’abattage et la consommation d’eau. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié au cours d’une expérimentation, les effets de ces deux modes de conduite sur la croissance, les caractéristiques d’abattage et de carcasse de taurillons Créoles abattus à deux âges (précoce vs tardif). Les taurillons à l’auge avaient une croissance plus rapide, des poids de carcasse plus élevés, ainsi que des carcasses plus grasses. Nous avons observé qu’abattre plus tardivement au pâturage (17 et 21 mois vs 14 et 17 mois à l’auge), permettait d’atteindre des poids finaux similaires à ceux obtenus à l’auge et des carcasses de meilleure qualité, plus riche en muscle. Nous avons expliqué la majorité de nos résultats par les effets combinés des modes de conduite et de l’alimentation et avons voulu étudier leurs effets respectifs. Dans un second temps, l’étude des effets du mode de conduite a été faite dans un premier temps, par le biais d’une méta-analyse. Les performances des animaux à l’auge étaient meilleures qu’au pâturage, mais ces effets dépendaient de la stratégie de complémentation. De cette méta-analyse est également apparu le manque d’études auge vs pâturage sur l’alimentation et à ration égale. Afin d’étudier les effets respectifs du mode de conduite et de la stratégie de complémentation, un dispositif analytique avec des taurillons élevés à l’auge et au pâturage complémentés ou non avec du concentré a été mis en place. Dans un premier temps, une étude méthodologique menée grâce à ce dispositif nous a permis d’identifier que la SPIR permettait la meilleure estimation de la dMO, l’OMI et la MODI au pâturage. Les résultats de l’étude analytique ont montré que les animaux au pâturage utilisaient mieux leur alimentation pour leur croît que ceux à l’auge et la stratégie de complémentation influençait davantage ces variables que le mode de conduite. Avec une stratégie de complémentation appropriée, les animaux au pâturage peuvent atteindre des performances similaires à celles obtenues à l’auge. / Grazing, main way of feeding ruminants in the tropics, is often undervalued because it is associated with animal performance deemed insufficient, and may have adverse effects on the environment. Even if stall feeding allows better production, this way of feeding has drawbacks in terms of investment, profitability, impact of emissions on the environment and product quality. Intensification of grazing seems a way forward, but requires a better understanding of this way of feeding and its impact on feeding and animal performance. It also appears necessary to compare grazing and stalls feeding on homogeneous criteria, separating the components of these modes of management.The aim of the thesis is to evaluate and compare stalls and pasture feeding environment, taking into account also the distribution or not of concentrate on feeding, growth, slaughter characteristics and water consumption. At first , we studied in an experiment , the effects of these two feeding systems on growth, slaughter and carcass characteristics of Creoles bulls slaughtered at two ages (early vs. late ). Bulls fed in trough grew faster, had greater carcass weight and fatter carcasses. We observed that a later slaughter of grazing animals (17 and 21 months vs. 14 and 17 months in stalls), allowed to reach final weights similar to those obtained in stalls and carcasses richer in muscle. We explained most of our results by the combined effects of feeding environment and complementation strategy and wanted to study their effects. In a second step, the study of the effects of feeding environment was made in first instance, through a meta-analysis. Stalls fed animals had greater performances than pasture fed ones, but these effects depended on complementation strategy. This meta-analysis also highlighted the lack of knowledge on intake and digestibility at pasture, which is a limitation on attempts to compare with measurements carried out in trough-fed animals. To investigate the relative effects of feeding environment and complementation strategy, we conceived an analytical trial with Creole bulls reared in stalls and at pasture, supplemented or not with concentrate. First of all, this analytical trial was the support of a methodological study, which identified that the NIRS method allows the best estimate of the OMD, OMI and DOMI at pasture. The analytical trial showed that grazing animals had better feed efficiency feed for their growth than stall fed ones and complementation strategy influenced more these variables than feeding environment. With an appropriate strategy for complementation, grazing animals can achieve similar performance to those obtained at the trough.

Le système INRA d’alimentation des Ruminants prédit les réponses de l’animal à des variations d’apports d’aliments ingérés. Toutefois, il évalue mal l’influence de l’alimentation sur la qualité des productions, et en particulier la qualité de la carcasse de bovins dont dépend le paiement des animaux aux producteurs. Pour un type d’animal donné, les poids et composition de la carcasse en lipides et protéines sont prédits par le modèle MECSIC (Hoch et Agabriel, 2004) à partir de l’énergie métabolisable ingérée calculée selon le système INRA de valeur énergétique des aliments et des rations. Or une étude bibliographique suggère que la composition des dépôts dépend aussi pour partie de la composition des rations qui détermine la nature des produits terminaux issus de la digestion des rations et le devenir métabolique des nutriments. Pour tester cette hypothèse, l’objectif fut d’étudier l’effet de la nature de la ration à même quantité énergie métabolisable (EM) ingérée sur la composition des dépôts et de la carcasse. Cet objectif est ciblé sur les bovins mâles en croissance. Les étapes principales de la thèse ont consisté à i) construire une base des données à partir des publications internationales traitant des effets de la variation des rations ingérées sur la composition de la carcasse chez les jeunes bovins, ii) explorer les relations entre la composition de la carcasse et la composition de la ration et sa métabolisabilité. La constitution de la base de données a montré que la composition de la carcasse n’est mesurée que dans 20% des publications, les 80% restantes l’ayant évalué par des mesures indirectes (index USA de rendement de viande, épaisseur de gras sous cutané, persillé, surface de muscle…) qui ne sont pas reliées entre elles. Une étape de recherche préliminaire a été mise en place pour quantifier par méta-analyse les relations entre mesures directes et indirectes de la composition de la carcasse dans le but d’utiliser le maximum de publications pour la suite de la thèse. Nous avons montré que seuls deux indicateurs (index USA de rendement de viande et épaisseur de gras sous-cutané) reflètent correctement la composition de la carcasse et peuvent être utilisés pour établir les lois de variation de sa qualité selon les conditions d’alimentation. Une autre méta-analyse a permis d’explorer à niveaux d’ingestion d’EM similaires, les réponses marginales des dépôts de lipides et protéines dans la carcasse, à des variations strictes de teneurs de la ration en EE, PDI, NDF ou du rapport Amidon/NDF, tout en considérant sa métabolisabilité (q=EM/EB). L’accroissement du rapport Amidon/NDF augmente la teneur en lipides des carcasses mais en deçà d’un seuil de métabolisabilité de la ration de 0,65, i.e. si les rations ont plus de 36% de fourrages. Au-delà de ce seuil, qui correspond à un rapport Amidon/ NDF minimal voisin de 2, il n’y a plus d’effet. Ainsi à même EMI, la composition du gain (et donc l’énergie nette déposée) ne varierait pas linéairement avec la métabolisabilité q de la ration. De plus la teneur en PDI augmente significativement la proportion de lipides de la carcasse (et réduit celle des protéines), surtout si le niveau global d’apports de PDI est limité et ne dépasse pas 2,5 fois les besoins d’entretien en PDI. La teneur en EE a peu d’effets. Ces caractéristiques de ration conduisent à des profils de nutriments (rapport entre nutriments glucogéniques et cétogéniques, azote-alpha-aminé) qui sont aussi discriminants pour la composition de la carcasse. Nos résultats suggèrent qu’il faut considérer les effets de la nature de la ration dans la modélisation de la composition de la carcasse des bovins selon l’EM ingérée. Cela pourra faire l’objet d’une modification significative du modèle de croissance (MECSIC) pour améliorer son pouvoir prédictif. / The INRA feeding system for Ruminants predicts the animal's responses to changes in feed intake. However, it poorly evaluates the influence of feed intake on the quality of productions, and in particular the quality of bovine carcass, on which the payment of animals to the producers depends. For a given type of animal, the carcass weight and its composition in lipids and proteins are predicted by the MECSIC model (Hoch and Agabriel, 2004) from the intake of metabolizable energy calculated from the INRA energy system. However, a literature review suggests that the composition of the depots also partly depends on the composition of the rations, which determines the nature of the digestion end products, and the metabolic fate of the nutrients. To test this hypothesis, the objective was to study the effects of the nature of the ration at similar metabolizable energy intake (MEI) on the composition of the carcass. This study is targeted to growing male cattle. The main steps of the thesis consisted of (i) building a database based on international publications on the effects of dietary intake on carcass composition in young cattle, (ii) exploring the relationships between carcass composition and the composition and metabolisability of the ration. The database showed that the composition of the carcass was measured in only 20% of the publications; the remaining 80% evaluated it by indirect measurements (USA yield grade, fat thickness, marbling, ribeye area ...). A preliminary research step was developed to quantify by meta-analysis the relationships between direct and indirect measurements of carcass composition in order to use the maximum number of publications for the rest of the thesis. We have shown that only two indicators (USA yield grade and fat thickness) correctly reflect the composition of the carcass and can be used to establish the response equations of carcass quality to dietary conditions. Another meta-analysis explored the marginal responses of lipid and protein depots in the carcass to strict variations in the dietary concentrations of EE, PDI, NDF or of the starch / NDF ratio, while considering its metabolisability (q = EM / EB). An increase in the starch / NDF ratio increases the lipid content of the carcasses but below a metabolizability threshold of 0.65, i.e. when rations contain more than 36% fodder. Beyond this threshold, which corresponds to a minimum starch / NDF ratio close to 2, there is no longer any effect. Thus, at similar MEI, the composition of the gain (and therefore the net energy deposited) does not vary linearly with the metabolisability q of the diet. Furthermore, the PDI content significantly increases the proportion of carcass lipids (and reduces that of proteins), especially if the overall level of PDI intake is limited and does not exceed 2.5 fold the maintenance requirements in PDI. The dietary EE content has little effect. These diet characteristics result in nutrient profiles (glucogenic / ketogenic ration, alpha-amino-N) which also discriminate carcass composition. Our results suggest that the effects of the nature of the ration should be considered when modeling the carcass composition of bovine animals from MEI. This should lead to significant changes in the MECSIC growth model to improve its predictive power.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:09:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_phm_me_arafcf.pdf: 233794 bytes, checksum: 4fb09f68aeeb569be13ec267ab33fc6f (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo do trabalho foi a análise bacteriológica e físico-química de amostras da água do Sistema de Pré-resfriamento de um abatedouro de aves e na análise bacteriológica de carcaças de frango antes, no interior e após o Sistema de Pré-resfriamento. As variáveis físico-químicas da água foram relacionadas com presença ou ausência de Salmonella spp. nas carcaças após sistema de pré-resfriamento. Em relação à contagem bacteriana, observamos que a saída do pré-chiller é o ponto de coleta onde há maior contaminação da água. No entanto, há uma queda significativa na contaminação da água na saída do chiller. Na análise por agrupamento hierárquico adotando a variável Salmonella spp. como classe, não foi possível verificar tendência de separação entre as amostras contaminadas e as não contaminadas, porém, pode-se perceber que com o aumento da velocidade de abate a separação entre as amostras passa a existir. Ao analisar as componentes principais, considerando todas as variáveis, observamos que existe uma relação entre a contaminação por Salmonella spp. e a vazão da renovação da água do pré-chiller. Assim, foi possível verificar que o controle dos parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos da água do sistema de pré-resfriamento, bem como as diversas variáveis das condições de abate, são fundamentais para garantirem carcaças pré-resfriadas livres de Salmonella spp. Torna-se necessário propor estudos específicos de cada variável a fim de que as condições ideais de abate sejam estabelecidas e o processo seja autocontrolado / This study was based on microbiological and physicochemical analysis of water samples from the pre-cooling system of a poultry slaughterhouse and the bacteriological analysis of chicken carcasses before, during and after the pre-cooling system. The physicochemical variables of the water were related to the presence or absence of Salmonella spp. in the carcasses after the pre-cooling system. Regarding the amount of bacteria, it was observed that the output of the pre-chiller is the collecting point where the water is most contaminated. However, there is a significant decrease of contamination in the water leaving the chiller. In the hierarchical cluster analysis taking the variable Salmonella spp. as a class it was not possible to verify the trend of separation between the contaminated samples and the non-contaminated ones, although it was realized that with the increase in speed of slaughter the separation between samples exists. By analyzing the main components, considering all variables, it was observed that there is a relation between the contamination by Salmonella spp. and the flow rate of the water renewal in the pre-chiller. Therefore, it was verified that the control of physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the water in the pre-cooling system and the variables of slaughtering conditions are essential to guarantee pre-cooled carcasses free from Salmonella spp. This it becomes necessary to propose specific studies of each variable so that the ideal conditions for slaughter are established and the process can become self-controlled

Les systèmes d’élevage allaitants peuvent être diversifiés par leurs pratiques d’élevage (type d’animaux, races, nature des rations, durées de pâturage, etc.) pour produire des carcasses et de la viande répondant à la demande des différents marchés et satisfaire les consommateurs. Les pratiques d’élevage sont définies comme étant la combinaison de plusieurs facteurs d’élevage ayant une variabilité propre. Cette diversité de pratiques d’élevage appliquées tout au long de la vie de l’animal est l’une des causes de la variabilité observée au niveau des caractéristiques de la carcasse et de la viande. L’objectif de ce travail a été d’étudier plus précisément l’influence des pratiques d’élevage sur les caractéristiques de la carcasse et de la viande, et d’envisager un pilotage conjoint de ces caractéristiques à partir des pratiques d’élevage. Pour réaliser cela, deux sources de données complémentaires ont été utilisées : les bases de données expérimentales et les enquêtes en élevage. Ce travail a montré qu’il était possible d’expliquer et de prédire les caractéristiques de la carcasse (poids, rendement, conformation et état d’engraissement) et les propriétés de la viande (descripteurs sensoriels et force de cisaillement) à partir de la combinaison de plusieurs facteurs d’élevage. Il a été également montré que différentes pratiques d’élevage permettaient d’atteindre des caractéristiques similaires de carcasse ou de viande mais que celles-ci devaient être adaptées selon le type de l’animal ou de la race. En effet, lors de la prédiction des caractéristiques de la carcasse ou de la viande, des facteurs d’élevage peuvent être spécifiques à un type de l’animal (jeunes bovins vs vaches de réforme) ou d’un type de race (viande vs rustique) et un même facteur d’élevage peut également avoir des effets différents selon le type de l’animal ou la race considéré. Les modèles établis à partir de la période de finition sont robustes mais ils sont plus précis pour prédire les paramètres individuels caractérisant la carcasse par rapport à ceux de la viande. La qualité de prédiction des propriétés de la viande a été améliorée en prédisant des classes de qualité. De plus, que ce soit pour les propriétés de la carcasse ou de la viande, la qualité de prédiction des classes de qualité a été améliorée en considérant la période de pré-sevrage en plus de la période de finition. En revanche, les facteurs d’élevage ne permettent pas une prédiction satisfaisante de l’abondance des biomarqueurs de la tendreté ou de l’adiposité. Enfin, l’ensemble des résultats de ce travail a montré que, bien que cela nécessite des compromis, il est possible de piloter conjointement les caractéristiques de la carcasse et de la viande. / The beef rearing system could be diversified by their rearing practices (animal categories, breeds, diet composition, grazing duration, etc.) to produce carcasses and beef meat reaching the different market expectations and to satisfy the consumers. The rearing practices were defined as the combinations of many rearing factors, each with its own variability. This diversity of applied rearing practices during the whole life of the animal was one of the causes of the carcass and beef variability observed. The aim of this work was to more precisely study the rearing practices impacts on the carcass and the beef characteristics, and to consider a joint management of these characteristics from the rearing practices. To achieve this, two complementary data sources were used: experimental data set and rearing surveys. This work displayed that it was possible to explain and to predict the carcass characteristics (weight, dressing, conformation and fat scores) and the meat properties (sensorial descriptors and shear force) from the combination of many rearing factors. It was also observed that different rearing practices allowed to reach similar carcass or meat characteristics but those must be adapted according to the animal category and the breed. Indeed, for the prediction of the carcass or meat characteristics, rearing factors can be specific to an animal category (young bulls vs cull cows) or a breed type (beef vs hardy), and a same rearing factor may also had different impacts according to the animal category or the breed considered. The established models from the fattening period were robust but prediction was more precise for individual parameters characterizing the carcass compared to those of the meat. The clustering of meat quality improved the prediction quality of the meat properties. Furthermore, for the carcass or the meat properties, by considering the pre-weaning period in addition to the fattening period the prediction quality of the quality clusters was improved. However, the rearing factors did not allowed a satisfactory prediction of the tenderness or adiposity biomarkers abundances. Finally, all results of this work displayed, although it requires trade-off, it was possible to jointly manage the carcass and meat characteristics.

No description available.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-01T11:43:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Aline Pedrosa de Oliveira.pdf: 515374 bytes, checksum: d30d363de41e126253e6f9af6a518254 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-01T11:43:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertacao Aline Pedrosa de Oliveira.pdf: 515374 bytes, checksum: d30d363de41e126253e6f9af6a518254 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Poultry food products are identified as being important backers of Salmonella sp. and cause of salmonellosis, which can occur all over the world. In consequence of the impact of this agent to public health and the economy, its monitoring and control should be established in poultry slaughtering. In relevance has been observed the emergence of resistant strains isolated from food to antibiotics in treatment failures reflect the lack of effective response to the principle of the pathogen antimicrobial elected. In this context, the aim of this work was to verify the occurrence of Salmonella sp. in broilers slaughtered in 15 batches from four industries of the state of Goias. The plots were composed of six different samples of carcasses, hearts, gizzards, livers, defeathering and evisceration gutters, using the methods conventional bacterial isolation and enzyme immunoassay VIDAS® for investigation. The susceptibility profile of isolates was determined. Observed the occurrence of Salmonella sp. in 53.33% (8/15) of the lots analyzed and it was found that among the 300 samples analyzed, 21 (7%) were contaminated by the agent. Samples of heart and gizzard showed a higher positivity rate (8.90%), followed by carcass samples (8%), evisceration gutters (6.70%), liver and defeathering showed lower percentages of isolation (4.45 %). In all categories of samples was the isolation of the pathogen, which characterizes the presence of the agent in food and environment slaughter and processing of poultry products. The most frequently isolated serovar of Salmonella Schwarzengrund was (22.41%), followed by serovars Salmonella Cerro (20.69%) and Salmonella Typhimurium (20.69%), Salmonella Livingstone (10, 34%), Salmonella Infantis (5.17%), Salmonella Enteritidis (3.45%), Salmonella Mbandaka (3.45%), Salmonella Saintpaul (3.45%), Salmonella Anatum (1.72%), Salmonella O: 9.15 (1.72%), Salmonella Ohio (1.72%) and Salmonella reacted, but did not conform RDNC (5,17%). Profile of antimicrobial susceptibility, it was observed that 100% of the strains were resistant to erythromycin, 56,89% to nalidixic, 13,79% enrofloxacin, 6,90% to cefotaxime, 3,45% cephalothin and cefoxitin, none of the strains were resistant to sulfazotrim and chloramphenicol. It was observed that 35 (60.34%) were resistant to more than one rule, and one of the isolates was resistant to six of the eight principles antimicrobials. By this results, obtained by evaluated plots, it can concluded that poultry food “in natura” realeased to contain Salmonella consumption, it is also present in the environment of slaughter. This finding supports the need for monitoring food consumption and the environment slaughtering of broilers. Isolates strains denoted different profiles of susceptibility to antimicrobials, occurring multiple resistance and cross-resistance to be considered when evaluated the risk of pathogen in foods. / Os alimentos de origem avícola são apontados como importantes veiculadores de Salmonella sp. e causadores da salmonelose, passível de ocorrer em todo o mundo. Em virtude do impacto deste agente à saúde pública e à economia, seu monitoramento e controle devem ser estabelecidos nos estabelecimentos de abate de aves. Não menos preocupante, tem sido observado o surgimento de cepas isoladas de alimentos resistentes a antibióticos, refletindo em falhas de tratamento pela ausência de resposta efetiva do patógeno ao princípio antimicrobiano eleito. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar a ocorrência de Salmonella sp. em 15 lotes de frangos abatidos em de quatro agroindústrias do estado de Goiás. Os lotes foram compostos por seis grupos amostrais sendo eles, carcaças de frangos, corações, moelas, fígados, depenadeiras e calhas de evisceração, empregando o isolamento bacteriológico convencional e o ensaio imunoenzimático VIDAS® como métodos de investigação. Ainda, foi verificado o perfil de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos das cepas isoladas. Observou-se a ocorrência de Salmonella sp. em 53,33% (8/15) dos lotes analisados e constatou-se que dentre as 300 amostras analisadas, 21 (7%) mostraram-se contaminadas pelo agente. As amostras de coração e moela apresentaram maior percentual de positividade (8,90%), seguido pelas amostras de carcaça (8%), calha de evisceração (6,70%); fígado e depenadeira apresentaram percentuais menores de isolamento (4,45%). Em todas as categorias de amostras houve o isolamento do patógeno, o que caracteriza a presença do agente em alimentos e no ambiente de abate e processamento de produtos avícolas. O sorovar de maior freqüência isolado foi Salmonella Schwarzengrund (22,41%), seguido pelos sorovares Salmonella Cerro (20,69%) e Salmonella Typhimurium (20,69%), Salmonella Livingstone (10,34%), Salmonella Infantis (5,17%), Salmonella Enteritidis (3,45%), Salmonella Mbandaka (3,45%), Salmonella Saintpaul (3,45%), Salmonella Anatum (1,72%), Salmonella O:9,15 (1,72%), Salmonella Ohio (1,72%) e 5,17% corresponderam a Salmonella não tipável ou rugosa. Quanto ao perfil de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos, observou-se que 100% das cepas apresentaram resistência a eritromicina, 56,89% ao ácido nalidíxico, 13,79% à enrofloxacina, 6,90% à cefotaxima, 3,45% à cefalotina e à cefoxitina, nenhuma das cepas apresentou resistência ao sulfazotrim e ao cloranfenicol. Observou-se que 35 (60,34%) apresentaram resistência a mais de um princípio, sendo que um dos isolados mostrou-se resistente a seis dos oito princípios antimicrobianos testados. Por estes resultados, obtidos de lotes de frangos avaliados, pode-se concluir que alimentos avícolas pesquisados in natura liberados para consumo continham Salmonella sp., patógeno também presente no ambiente de abate. Esta constatação ampara a necessidade do monitoramento dos alimentos destinados ao consumo e do ambiente de abate das aves. Os isolados denotaram diferentes perfis de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos testados, ocorrendo resistência múltipla e cruzada, informação a ser considerada quando avaliado o risco do patógeno em alimentos.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 956279 bytes, checksum: 97305449b41ca8066362404ec5b8a51d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / With the objective to evaluate levels of available phosphorus in diets with or without ractopamina, were used 112 gilts with high genetic potential for meat deposition with initial weigh of 94.00 ± 2.28 kg distributed in a completely randomized block design, in a 4x2 factorial scheme (0,109; 0,209; 0,309; e 0,409% of available phosphorus and 0 or 10 ppm with ractopamine) with eight treatments, seven replications and two animals per experimental unit. There was not interaction between levels of phosphorus and ractopamina. The levels of available phosphorus have influenced the daily weight gain and the daily phosphorus intake with increase in a linear form. The feed conversion improved in a quadratic form until with the increase of the available phosphorus levels, until the estimated level of 0.33% of available phosphorus. The ractopamina provided increase in the daily weigh gain and decrease in the feed conversion. The alkaline phosphatase decreased in a linear form with the increase of the available phosphorus levels. The levels of available phosphorus have influenced the bone resistence with increased in a quadratic form until the estimated level of 0.32%. The contents of ash, calcium and phosphorus in the bone increased in a quadratic form until the estimated levels, respectively 0.270; 0.277 e 0.295% of available phosphorus. It was concluded that the level of available phosphorus for gilts of high potential for meat deposition, from 94 to 125 kg, is 0.33%, with corresponds to an available phosphorus intake of 8.67 g day, in diets with 10 ppm of ractopamine. / Com o objetivo de avaliar níveis de fósforo disponível em dietas suplementadas ou não com ractopamina, foram usadas 112 leitoas de alto potencial genético para deposição de carne magra com peso inicial de 94,0 ± 2,28 kg, em um experimento com delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4x2 (0,109; 0,209; 0,309; e 0,409% de fósforo disponível e com 0 ou 10 ppm de ractopamina), perfazendo oito tratamentos, com sete repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Não foi observada interação entre os níveis de fósforo disponível e ractopamina para nenhum dos parâmetros estudados. Os níveis de fósforo disponível influenciaram o consumo de fósforo disponível e o ganho de peso diário que aumentaram de forma linear. A conversão alimentar melhorou de forma quadrática com o aumento dos níveis de fósforo disponível na dieta, até o nível estimado de 0,33% de fósforo disponível. A ractopamina proporcionou aumento no ganho de peso e diminuição da conversão alimentar. A atividade da fosfatase alcalina no soro diminuiu de forma linear com o aumento dos níveis de fósforo disponível na dieta. Os níveis de fósforo disponível influenciaram a resistência óssea que aumentou de forma quadrática, até o nível estimado de 0,32%. Os teores de cinza cálcio e fósforo no osso foram influenciados de forma quadrática até os níveis estimados, respectivamente de 0,270; 0,277 e 0,295% de fósforo disponível. Concluiu-se que o nível de fósforo disponível para fêmeas suínas de alto potencial para deposição de carne, dos 94 aos 125 kg, é de 0,33%, correspondente a um consumo diário de 8,67 g em dietas com até 10 ppm de ractopamina.

Selon les nouvelles orientations agroécologiques qui s’imposent largement, il convient d’élaborer des systèmes d’élevage adaptés aux contraintes environnementales, efficients et pourvoyeurs de services écosystémiques bénéfiques pour l’environnement et la société. La question se pose singulièrement dans nos territoires antillais et ceci dans le cadre d’une demande pressante en produits carnés de qualité et à forte valeur patrimoniale comme l’est la viande caprine en Guadeloupe. Les petits ruminants, principalement élevés au pâturage, sont exposés aux infestations par les nématodes gastro-intestinaux (NGI) qui constituent une cause majeure de morbidité et de mortalité. Le déploiement de techniques adaptées et applicables sur le terrain s’avère nécessaire. Aussi des méthodes de gestion intégrée du parasitisme sont préconisées parmi lesquelles sont étudiées les stratégies d’alimentation des animaux. Il convient d’améliorer la capacité de l’animal hôte à tolérer les effets négatifs (résilience) ou à contrôler les infestations par les NGI (résistance) par la complémentation alimentaire. L’objectif de cette thèse était de définir des stratégies de complémentations des chevreaux en croissance, stade physiologique le plus touché par les NGI et dont les performances zootechniques conditionnent directement le revenu des producteurs (la production de viande).L’apport de la complémentation a été combinée à une série de recommandations de la gestion intégrée du parasitisme (voie génétique, méthode Famacha ®) et singulièrement à une stratégie de gestion du pâturage mixte avec des génisses. Ont été obtenus, un accroissement des résultats zootechniques (croissance et carcasse), de la note d’état corporel ainsi qu’une amélioration de la réponse physiologique (taux d’hématocrite). Une diminution du nombre de traitements anthelmintiques est observée aussi. Cet essai a abordé l’opérationnalité de la complémentation pour un éleveur. D’une façon générale, ce travail a ouvert aussi des questionnements scientifiques sur l’interaction nutrition*parasitisme avec un focus sur la nutrition azotée à déconnecter de l’alimentation énergétique. / New agroecological guidelines are needed around the world to develop livestock systems that are adapted to the environmental, efficient and environmentally and socially beneficial ecosystem services requirements. The question arises singularly in our Caribbean territories and this in the context of an urgent demand in meat products of quality and ofhigh patrimonial value as is the goat meat in Guadeloupe. Small ruminants, mainly grazed, are exposed to gastrointestinal nematode (NGI) infestations, which are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The deployment of adapted and applicable techniques in the field is necessary. Therefore, methods of integrated management of parasitism are recommended among which are studied the strategies of feeding of the animals. The ability of the host animal to tolerate adverse effects (resilience) or to control infestations by NGI (resistance) should be enhanced by food supplementation. The objective of this thesis was to define supplementation strategies for growing kidneys, the physiological stage most affected by NGI and whose zootechnical performances directly affect the incarne of producers (meat production).Discussions focus on the development of targeted complementing strategies and attempt to answer questions: how to complement? (ln energy, nitrogen or both); When to complement? (Delay effects or effects during an established infestation). lt was also a question oftesting the life-size recommendations and on several variables (physio­pathological responses and zootechnical responses including carcass characteristics). In this sense this work has presented a certain originality. There was no statistically significant effect on carcass quality, however, in carcass­infected animals the carcasses were more degraded, especially with a low-protein diet. The complementation contribution was combined with a series of recommendations of integrated management of parasitism (genetic pathway, famacha method) and particularly a management strategy of mixed grazing with heifers. An increase in the zootechnical results (growth and carcass), body condition score and an improvement in physiological response, hematocrit) were obtained. A decrease in the number of anthelmintic treatments is also observed. This trial addressed the operationality of complementation for a breeder. In general, this work also opened up scientific questions about the interaction nutrition * parasitism with a focus on nitrogen nutrition to disconnect from the energy suooly