Introdução: A insuficiência cardíaca é uma síndrome clínica grave e freqüente. Nos estágios avançados, pode se apresentar em associação com a insuficiência mitral secundária. O quadro clínico piora e a sobrevida diminui quando a insuficiência mitral está presente. A abordagem cirúrgica da insuficiência mitral secundária tem sido motivo de investigação e a tração quádrupla dos músculos papilares com implante de prótese biológica pode ser uma opção. Objetivo: Avaliar, através da ecocardiografia trans-torácica, a geometria e a função do ventrículo esquerdo após a troca da valva mitral com tração e fixação quádrupla dos músculos papilares, nos pacientes portadores de insuficiência cardíaca terminal com insuficiência mitral secundária. Casuística: Foram operados de forma consecutiva 20 pacientes portadores de insuficiência cardíaca terminal por miocardiopatia dilatada com insuficiência mitral secundária. O sexo masculino predominou: 70%. A idade variou entre 27 e 72 anos, com média de 50,2 +- 9 anos. O número de admissões na enfermaria no ano precedente à operação foi em média 5,4 por paciente e 2,4 na unidade de terapia intensiva. Onze (55%) estavam em uso prolongado de drogas vasoativas. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, determinada pelo método de Teicholz, foi menor ou igual a 30% em todos os pacientes. Dezessete (85%) estavam em classe funcional IV (NYHA). Método: Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à troca da valva mitral com tração e fixação quádrupla dos papilares. Dezoito (90%) receberam biopróteses de pericárdio bovino um tamanho menor que a medida calculada no ato operatório e dois (10%) receberam próteses mecânicas. A plástica tricúspide (DeVega) foi realizada em 12 (60%) pacientes. No seguimento, os exames ecocardiográficos foram agrupados em períodos: três, 6, 12 e 18 meses. As variáveis ecocardiográficas estudadas foram o volume sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo, a fração de ejeção, os diâmetros sistólico e diastólico finais e os volumes sistólico e diastólico finais. O estudo estatístico foi estruturado com a análise de variância para dados repetidos e o teste nãoparamétrico de Friedmann, objetivando a avaliação do comportamento das variáveis ao longo do tempo. A sobrevida foi aferida pelo método de Kaplan-Meyer e a classe funcional avaliada pelo método de McNemar. Resultados: Dois (10%) pacientes faleceram no período imediato: broncopneumonia e falência de múltiplos órgãos. A sobrevida ao final do primeiro ano foi de 85%, do segundo 44%, do terceiro 44%, do quarto 44% e do quinto 44%. Aos 48 meses de seguimento, a classe funcional melhorou (p<0,001), bem como aos 54 meses. A comparação entre os momentos pré e 3 meses, empregando-se a análise de variância para dados repetidos, não revelou alteração significativa para o volume sistólico (p=0,086). Houve acréscimo da fração de ejeção (p=0,008) e decréscimo do diâmetro diastólico final (p=0,038); do diâmetro sistólico final (p=0,008); do volume diastólico final (p=0,029) e do volume sistólico final (p=0,009). Para a avaliação dos momentos pré, 3 e 6 meses, empregou-se o teste não-paramétrico de Friedmann e não houve significância para nenhuma das variáveis ecocardiográficas. Na avaliação dos momentos pré, 3 meses e última avaliação (final), empregando-se a análise de variância para dados repetidos, não houve significância para os dados estudados. Conclusão: Há melhora significativa da fração de ejeção, dos volumes sistólico e diastólico finais e diâmetros sistólico e diastólico finais do ventrículo esquerdo; até o terceiro mês de pós-operatório. A partir de então, as variáveis permanecem estáveis. / Background. We aimed to evaluate mitral valve replacement results and a new technique for complete chordae tendineae adjustment for left ventricular remodeling. Methods. Twenty end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy patients with severe functional mitral valve regurgitation underwent mitral valve replacement from July 2000 to December 2003. Three (15%) were in New York Heart Association functional class (FC) III; 17 (85%) were in FC IV. Hospital admissions for congestive heart failure in the 12 months prior to surgery were 5.4 ± 3.1 and 2.4±1.2 in the intensive care. Both anterior and posterior leaflets of the mitral valve were divided to obtain 4 pillars of chordae tendineae. These were displaced with traction toward the left atrium and anchored between the mitral annulus and a valvular prosthesis. To evaluate the left ventricular remodeling doppler echocardiography were performed. The statistical analysis was structured with variance analysis and Friedman´s test. Results. Two (10%) early deaths occurred from bronchopneumonia and multisystem organ failure. Kaplan-Meyer showed survival at one year post-operative was 85%, 2 years was 44%, 3 years was 44%, 4 years was 44% and 5 years was 44%. At 48 and 54 months of follow-up, McNemar test showed improvement in Functional Class (p<0.001). At third month of follow-up, variance analyses showed improvement in ejection fraction (p=0.008) and decreasing in end-diastolic diameter (p=0.038), end-sistolic diameter (p=0.008), end-sistolic volume (p=0.029) and end-diastolic volume (p=0.009). No statistical difference were noted in systolic volume. Comparing pre-operative, third and six months of follow-up, Friedmann test showed no statistical differences for all variables studied. Variance analyses for pre, third and final evaluation showed samething. Conclusion. This new technique of mitral valve replacement, involving the positioning of the chordae tendineae, should improvement in EF and decreasing in DD, SD,SV and DV till third month of follow-up. The variables sustain this changes during follow-up. An improvement in functional class and survival were assignated in this group.

<p>Evaluating respiratory mechanics during dynamic conditions without interrupting ongoing ventilation and flow, adds to the information obtained from the mechanics derived from static (= no flow) conditions, i.e., the flow signal has the potential to provide information on the properties of the respiratory system (including the tubing system). Hence monitoring the changes in the flow signal during ongoing mechanical ventilation would give information about the dynamic mechanics of the respiratory system. Any change in the mechanics of the respiratory system including the endotracheal tube (ETT) and the ventilatory circuit would affect the shape of the flow signal. </p><p>Knowledge of the airway pressure distal to the ETT at the carina level (= tracheal pressure) is required for calculating the extra resistive load exerted by the endotracheal tube in order to compensate for it. In a porcine model, the flow signal was used to non-invasively calculate tracheal pressure. There was good agreement between calculated and measured tracheal pressure with different modes of ventilation. However, calculation of tracheal pressure assumes that the inner diameter of the ETT is known, and this assumption is not met if the inner diameter is narrowed by secretions. Flow that passes a narrowed tube is decelerated and this is most pronounced with the high flow of early expiration, yielding a typical time constant over expiratory volume pattern that is easy to recognize during mechanical ventilation. This pattern reliably detected partial endotracheal obstruction during volume and pressure controlled mechanical ventilation. </p><p>A change in compliance of the respiratory system modifies the elastic recoil and this also affects the rate of the expiratory flow and the shape of its signal. In a porcine model, lung volume gains on the flow signal generated by the heartbeats (cardiogenic oscillations) provided information about the compliance of the respiratory system during ongoing mechanical ventilation</p><p>In conclusion analyzing the flow signal during ongoing ventilation can be a cheap, non-invasive and reliable tool to monitor the elastic and resistive properties of the respiratory system including the endotracheal tube.</p>

Evaluating respiratory mechanics during dynamic conditions without interrupting ongoing ventilation and flow, adds to the information obtained from the mechanics derived from static (= no flow) conditions, i.e., the flow signal has the potential to provide information on the properties of the respiratory system (including the tubing system). Hence monitoring the changes in the flow signal during ongoing mechanical ventilation would give information about the dynamic mechanics of the respiratory system. Any change in the mechanics of the respiratory system including the endotracheal tube (ETT) and the ventilatory circuit would affect the shape of the flow signal. Knowledge of the airway pressure distal to the ETT at the carina level (= tracheal pressure) is required for calculating the extra resistive load exerted by the endotracheal tube in order to compensate for it. In a porcine model, the flow signal was used to non-invasively calculate tracheal pressure. There was good agreement between calculated and measured tracheal pressure with different modes of ventilation. However, calculation of tracheal pressure assumes that the inner diameter of the ETT is known, and this assumption is not met if the inner diameter is narrowed by secretions. Flow that passes a narrowed tube is decelerated and this is most pronounced with the high flow of early expiration, yielding a typical time constant over expiratory volume pattern that is easy to recognize during mechanical ventilation. This pattern reliably detected partial endotracheal obstruction during volume and pressure controlled mechanical ventilation. A change in compliance of the respiratory system modifies the elastic recoil and this also affects the rate of the expiratory flow and the shape of its signal. In a porcine model, lung volume gains on the flow signal generated by the heartbeats (cardiogenic oscillations) provided information about the compliance of the respiratory system during ongoing mechanical ventilation In conclusion analyzing the flow signal during ongoing ventilation can be a cheap, non-invasive and reliable tool to monitor the elastic and resistive properties of the respiratory system including the endotracheal tube.

Introdução: A insuficiência cardíaca é uma síndrome clínica grave e freqüente. Nos estágios avançados, pode se apresentar em associação com a insuficiência mitral secundária. O quadro clínico piora e a sobrevida diminui quando a insuficiência mitral está presente. A abordagem cirúrgica da insuficiência mitral secundária tem sido motivo de investigação e a tração quádrupla dos músculos papilares com implante de prótese biológica pode ser uma opção. Objetivo: Avaliar, através da ecocardiografia trans-torácica, a geometria e a função do ventrículo esquerdo após a troca da valva mitral com tração e fixação quádrupla dos músculos papilares, nos pacientes portadores de insuficiência cardíaca terminal com insuficiência mitral secundária. Casuística: Foram operados de forma consecutiva 20 pacientes portadores de insuficiência cardíaca terminal por miocardiopatia dilatada com insuficiência mitral secundária. O sexo masculino predominou: 70%. A idade variou entre 27 e 72 anos, com média de 50,2 +- 9 anos. O número de admissões na enfermaria no ano precedente à operação foi em média 5,4 por paciente e 2,4 na unidade de terapia intensiva. Onze (55%) estavam em uso prolongado de drogas vasoativas. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, determinada pelo método de Teicholz, foi menor ou igual a 30% em todos os pacientes. Dezessete (85%) estavam em classe funcional IV (NYHA). Método: Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à troca da valva mitral com tração e fixação quádrupla dos papilares. Dezoito (90%) receberam biopróteses de pericárdio bovino um tamanho menor que a medida calculada no ato operatório e dois (10%) receberam próteses mecânicas. A plástica tricúspide (DeVega) foi realizada em 12 (60%) pacientes. No seguimento, os exames ecocardiográficos foram agrupados em períodos: três, 6, 12 e 18 meses. As variáveis ecocardiográficas estudadas foram o volume sistólico do ventrículo esquerdo, a fração de ejeção, os diâmetros sistólico e diastólico finais e os volumes sistólico e diastólico finais. O estudo estatístico foi estruturado com a análise de variância para dados repetidos e o teste nãoparamétrico de Friedmann, objetivando a avaliação do comportamento das variáveis ao longo do tempo. A sobrevida foi aferida pelo método de Kaplan-Meyer e a classe funcional avaliada pelo método de McNemar. Resultados: Dois (10%) pacientes faleceram no período imediato: broncopneumonia e falência de múltiplos órgãos. A sobrevida ao final do primeiro ano foi de 85%, do segundo 44%, do terceiro 44%, do quarto 44% e do quinto 44%. Aos 48 meses de seguimento, a classe funcional melhorou (p<0,001), bem como aos 54 meses. A comparação entre os momentos pré e 3 meses, empregando-se a análise de variância para dados repetidos, não revelou alteração significativa para o volume sistólico (p=0,086). Houve acréscimo da fração de ejeção (p=0,008) e decréscimo do diâmetro diastólico final (p=0,038); do diâmetro sistólico final (p=0,008); do volume diastólico final (p=0,029) e do volume sistólico final (p=0,009). Para a avaliação dos momentos pré, 3 e 6 meses, empregou-se o teste não-paramétrico de Friedmann e não houve significância para nenhuma das variáveis ecocardiográficas. Na avaliação dos momentos pré, 3 meses e última avaliação (final), empregando-se a análise de variância para dados repetidos, não houve significância para os dados estudados. Conclusão: Há melhora significativa da fração de ejeção, dos volumes sistólico e diastólico finais e diâmetros sistólico e diastólico finais do ventrículo esquerdo; até o terceiro mês de pós-operatório. A partir de então, as variáveis permanecem estáveis. / Background. We aimed to evaluate mitral valve replacement results and a new technique for complete chordae tendineae adjustment for left ventricular remodeling. Methods. Twenty end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy patients with severe functional mitral valve regurgitation underwent mitral valve replacement from July 2000 to December 2003. Three (15%) were in New York Heart Association functional class (FC) III; 17 (85%) were in FC IV. Hospital admissions for congestive heart failure in the 12 months prior to surgery were 5.4 ± 3.1 and 2.4±1.2 in the intensive care. Both anterior and posterior leaflets of the mitral valve were divided to obtain 4 pillars of chordae tendineae. These were displaced with traction toward the left atrium and anchored between the mitral annulus and a valvular prosthesis. To evaluate the left ventricular remodeling doppler echocardiography were performed. The statistical analysis was structured with variance analysis and Friedman´s test. Results. Two (10%) early deaths occurred from bronchopneumonia and multisystem organ failure. Kaplan-Meyer showed survival at one year post-operative was 85%, 2 years was 44%, 3 years was 44%, 4 years was 44% and 5 years was 44%. At 48 and 54 months of follow-up, McNemar test showed improvement in Functional Class (p<0.001). At third month of follow-up, variance analyses showed improvement in ejection fraction (p=0.008) and decreasing in end-diastolic diameter (p=0.038), end-sistolic diameter (p=0.008), end-sistolic volume (p=0.029) and end-diastolic volume (p=0.009). No statistical difference were noted in systolic volume. Comparing pre-operative, third and six months of follow-up, Friedmann test showed no statistical differences for all variables studied. Variance analyses for pre, third and final evaluation showed samething. Conclusion. This new technique of mitral valve replacement, involving the positioning of the chordae tendineae, should improvement in EF and decreasing in DD, SD,SV and DV till third month of follow-up. The variables sustain this changes during follow-up. An improvement in functional class and survival were assignated in this group.

Background: The use of percutaneous left ventricular assist devices in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMICS) is evolving. The aim of the study was to assess the long-term outcome of patients with AMICS depending on early initiation of Impella CP® support prior to a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent PCI and Impella CP® support between 2014 and 2016 for AMICS at our institution. We compared survival to discharge between those with support initiation before (pre-PCI) and after (post-PCI) PCI. Results: A total of 73 consecutive patients (69±12 years old, 27.4% female) were supported with Impella CP® and underwent PCI for AMICS (34 pre-PCI vs. 39 post-PCI). All patients were admitted with cardiogenic shock, and 58.9% sustained cardiac arrest. Survival at discharge was 35.6%. Compared with the post-PCI group, patients in the pre-PCI group had more lesions treated (p=0.03), a higher device weaning rate (p=0.005) and higher survival to discharge as well as to 30 and 90 days after device implantation, respectively (50.0% vs. 23.1%, 48.5% vs. 23.1%, 46.9 vs. 20.5%, p < 0.05). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a higher survival at one year (31.3% vs. 17.6%, log-rank p-value=0.03) in the pre-PCI group. Impella support initiation before PCI was an independent predictor of survival up to 180 days after device implantation. Conclusions: In this small, single-centre, non-randomized study Impella CP® initiation prior to PCI was associated with higher survival rates at discharge and up to one year in AMICS patients presenting with high risk for in-hospital mortality.

L’insuffisance cardiaque aigue est une émergence médicale qui nécessite une prise en charge multidisciplinaire. L’Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) peut être envisagé comme option thérapeutique pour les formes d’insuffisance cardiaque aigue réfractaire au traitement conventionnel. L’objectif de ce projet de recherche clinique est de fournir une vue d’ensemble de l’ECLS dans la prise en charge du choc cardiogénique et de l’arrêt cardiaque réfractaire. L’intoxication médicamenteuse et la myocardite sont les meilleures indications à l’implantation de l’ECLS en considération de leur potentiel de récupération myocardique très élevé. La défaillance primaire du greffon après transplantation cardiaque et l’infarctus du myocarde présentent des résultats plus mitigés avec l’ECLS en raison d’une physiopathologie plus complexe. Le choc cardiogénique postcardiotomie après une intervention de chirurgie cardiaque montre des résultats décevants en raison du profile préopératoire des patients. L’arrêt cardiaque aussi exige une prise en charge immédiate et l’ECLS peut être considéré comme une solution thérapeutique de sauvetage. Une meilleure sélection des patients s’impose afin d’améliorer les résultats de l’ECLS pour l’arrêt cardiaque réfractaire intrahospitalier. Les résultats de l’ECLS pour l’arrêt cardiaque réfractaire extrahospitalier sont dictés principalement par le temps de réanimation cardio-pulmonaire et le rythme cardiaque. Les rythmes non choquables pourraient être considérés comme une contre-indication formelle à l’utilisation de l’ECLS autorisant une concentration de nos efforts sur les rythmes choquables où les chances de survie sont plus importantes / Acute heart failure is a clinical situation requiring a prompt multidisciplinary approach. Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) could represent a therapeutic option for acute heart failure refractory to standard maximal treatment. The aim of this report is to offer an overview of ECLS in the management of refractory cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest. Drug intoxication and myocarditis are the best indications of ECLS in consideration of their high potential of myocardial recovery. Primary graft dysfunction after heart transplantation and acute myocardial infarction show reduced survival rates owing to their more complex pathophysiology. Postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock after cardiac surgery operations displays poor outcomes due to the preoperative profile of the patients. ECLS could be also considered as a rescue solution for refractory cardiac arrest. A better selection of in-hospital cardiac arrest patients is mandatory to improve ECLS outcomes. In-hospital cardiac arrest patients with a reversible cause like drug intoxication and acute coronary syndrome should benefit from ECLS whereas end-stage cardiomyopathy and postcardiotomy patients with an unclear cause of cardiac arrest should be contraindicated to avoid futile support. ECLS for refractory out-ofhospital cardiac arrest should be limited in consideration of its poor, especially neurological, outcome and the results are mainly limited by the low-flow duration and cardiac rhythm. Nonshockable rhythms could be considered as a formal contraindication to ECLS for refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest allowing a concentration of our efforts on the shockable rhythms, where the chances of success are substantial

Background: The current goal of treatment after acute ischemic stroke is the increase of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in ischemic brain tissue. Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) counterpulsation in the setting of cardiogenic shock is able to reduce left ventricular afterload and increase coronary blood flow. The effects of an IABP on CBF have not been sufficiently examined. We hypothesize that the use of an IABP especially enhances cerebral blood flow in patients with pre-existing heart failure. Methods: In this pilot study, 36 subjects were examined to investigate the effect of an IABP on middle cerebral artery (MCA) transcranial Doppler (TCD) flow velocity change and relative CBF augmentation by determining velocity time integral changes (ΔVTI) in a constant caliber of the MCA compared to a baseline measurement without an IABP. Subjects were divided into two groups according to their left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): Group 1 LVEF >30% and Group 2 LVEF ≤30%. Results: Both groups showed an increase in CBF using an IABP. Patients with a LVEF ≤30% showed a significantly higher increase of ΔVTI in the MCA under IABP augmentation compared to patients with a LVEF >30% (20.9% ± 3.9% Group 2 vs.10.5% ± 2.2% Group 1, p<0,05). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) increased only marginally in both groups under IABP augmentation. Conclusions: IABP improves cerebral blood flow, particularly in patients with pre-existing heart failure and highly impaired LVEF. Hence, an IABP might be a treatment option to improve cerebral perfusion in selected patients with cerebral misperfusion and simultaneously existing severe heart failure.

Le choc cardiogénique (CC) est un état d’hypoperfusion critique des organes cibles causé par une dysfonction profonde du myocarde. Cette situation dangereuse et dynamique nécessite des interventions rapides de la part d'une équipe multidisciplinaire pour sauver la vie du patient, mais le risque de décès demeure encore très élevé́. Actuellement, l’utilité des dispositifs d’assistance ventriculaire percutanés (DAVp) pour traiter le CC n’est pas suffisamment étudiée. Concevoir un modèle artificiel de CC pourrait faciliter la compréhension du CC ainsi que le développement de nouveaux DAVp. Au cours de ce projet, nous nous sommes premièrement intéressés au sujet en synthétisant les données cliniques sur l’utilisation des DAVp dans un contexte de CC compliquant un infarctus du myocarde (IM-CC) sous forme de revues systématiques. Par la suite, nous avons conçu un projet expérimental visant à démontrer la faisabilité d’un modèle animal stable d’IM-CC en induisant par méthode percutanée un infarctus étendu de la paroi antérieure in vivo chez le porc qui pourrait être utilisé pour fournir des données physiologiques supportant la création d’un modèle artificiel d’haute-fidélité. L’état de CC stable a été confirmé par une combinaison de données hémodynamiques et de laboratoire et l’ampleur de l’infarctus a été validée par des techniques de coloration ex vivo. Ayant atteint notre objectif primaire de ≥50% de survie suite à l’infarctus et l’induction d’un état de CC chez 50% des cochons, nous concluons que notre modèle animal est suffisamment stable pour procéder à la prochaine étape de notre programme. / Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a state of critical end-organ hypoperfusion resulting from profound myocardial dysfunction that is both dangerous and dynamic and requires rapid, coordinated multidisciplinary care in order to prevent mortality. However, despite appropriate medical management, the risk of early mortality remains high. Percutaneous mechanical support devices (pMCS) offer the promise of correcting pump dysfunction, but their clinical utility in CS remains debated and understudied. Developing a reliable synthetic model of CC could both improve our understanding of CS and accelerate the development of the next generation of pMCS devices. In this work, we first present the results of two systematic reviews of the comparative effectiveness of currently available pMCS devices in the setting of post-acute myocardial infarction CS (AMI-CS). We then sought to demonstrate the feasibility of creating a stable animal model of AMI-CS by inducing an anterior myocardial infarction in vivo in a pig in order to generate the physiologic data required to develop a high-fidelity three-dimensional AMI-CS simulator. The CS state was confirmed by a combination of hemodynamic and laboratory data and the size of the infarct was confirmed thereafter by ex vivo staining techniques. We achieved our primary goal of ≥50% short-term survival post-infarction and induction of a CS state in 50% and therefore conclude that our model is sufficiently stable to warrant proceeding with the next phase of our program