Orientadores: Antonio José de Almeida Meirelles, Christianne Elisabete da Costa Rodrigues / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T22:30:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cuevas_MaiteSarria_D.pdf: 2717993 bytes, checksum: 17efa4cb37bc6b620f40df08cfdf5c06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Os óleos de palma e farelo de arroz apresentam em sua composição carotenóides e gama-orizanol, respectivamente. Estes compostos minoritários representativos apresentam propriedades nutracêuticas, sendo desejável a sua preservação no óleo disponível para consumo. No entanto, as etapas de extração e refino de óleos vegetais apresentam grande impacto na perda ou preservação dos componentes minoritários. O objetivo desta tese foi priorizar a preservação dos componentes nutracêuticos nos óleos de farelo de arroz e de palma desacidificados por resina aniônica forte. Para atingir tal objetivo, inicialmente realizaram-se estudos de solubilidade do gama-orizanol, sendo desenvolvida uma metodologia para determinação da composição em esteril ferulatos em UPLC-MS, possibilitando a obtenção de dados de solubilidade dos esteril ferulatos que compõem o gama-orizanol. Os dados de solubilidade foram obtidos utilizando três solventes (hexano, n-propanol e metiletilcetona) a 30 e 50 ºC. Os resultados mostraram que tanto a temperatura, quanto o tipo de solvente influenciaram a composição de esteril ferulatos do gama-orizanol após o estabelecimento do equilíbrio de fases. Em adição, a solubilidade do gama-orizanol em misturas de solventes hexano:hexanol com diferentes composições (1:2; 2:1; 1:3 e 3:1) também foi estudada, sendo maximizada a solubilidade nas misturas contendo maior teor de hexanol. Os ensaios de solubilidade permitiram selecionar o solvente n-propanol para ser utilizado na etapa de desacidificação, uma vez que este apresenta solubilidade do gama-orizanol superior quando comparada ao hexano, além de permitir uma fácil remoção após o processo, por ser um solvente alcóolico puro com cadeia carbônica curta. Este mesmo solvente foi posteriormente utilizado na desacidificação do óleo de palma branqueado. A desacidificação de óleos vegetais por resina aniônica forte (Amberlyst A26 OH) permite a utilização de condições brandas de temperatura. Para aplicação desta técnica, inicialmente foram obtidas isotermas de adsorção de ácidos graxos em soluções de n-propanol e resina. Os resultados mostraram maiores concentrações de ácido na resina preferencialmente com o ácido oleico, seguido dos ácidos linoleico e palmítico. Para avaliar o processo de desacidificação foram obtidas curvas de ruptura de óleo de palma branqueado ou óleo de farelo de arroz degomado + n-propanol + resina aniônica forte. Os óleos desacidificados mostraram redução de pelo menos 91 % da acidez livre e preservação de seus componentes nutracêuticos: gama-orizanol (83 %), carotenóides (95 %), tocoferóis e tocotrienóis (100%), indicando que o processo de desacidificação proposto apresenta potencial para substituição dos processos convencionais, sendo possível a preservação dos componentes minoritários. Todavia, é necessário o estudo aprofundado da formação de ésteres durante o processo, como forma de avaliar o impacto na qualidade do óleo obtido / Abstract: The palm and rice bran oils present in its composition carotenoids and gamma-oryzanol, respectively. These representative minor compounds have nutraceutical properties, being important to preserve them in the oil available for consumption. The steps of extraction and refining have a great impact on the loss or preservation of minor components. The objective of this thesis was to prioritize the preservation of nutraceutical components in rice bran and palm oils deacidified by strong anionic resin. To achieve this goal, gamma-oryzanol solubility studies were performed, being developed an UPLC-MS methodology for the determination of steryl ferulates composition, which allow obtain solubility of gamma-oryzanol steryl ferulates. The solubility data were obtained using three solvents (hexane, n-propanol and methyl ethyl ketone) at 30 and 50 ° C. The results showed that both the temperature and the type of solvent influenced the gamma-oryzanol steryl ferulates composition after the establishment of the equilibrium phases. In addition, gamma-oryzanol solubility in mixtures of solvents hexane:hexanol with different compositions (1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1) was also studied. The solubility was maximized in mixtures containing higher levels of hexanol. Solubility tests allowed to select the n-propanol solvent for the deacidification step, since it presents greater solubility of gamma-oryzanol than hexane, and allow easy removal after the process, being an alcoholic pure solvent with short carbon chain. The same solvent was used in subsequent bleached palm oil deacidification. The deacidification of oils using strong anionic resin (Amberlyst A26 OH) allows the use of milder temperature conditions. For application of this technique adsorption isotherms of fatty acids in n-propanol and resin solutions were obtained. The results showed higher concentrations of the resin preferably with oleic acid, followed by linoleic and palmitic acids. To evaluate the process of deacidification breakthrough curves of bleached palm oil or degummed rice bran oil + n-propanol + strong anionic resin were obtained. The deacidified oils showed a reduction of at least 91% of the free acidity and preservation of their nutraceutical ingredients: gamma-oryzanol (83%), carotenoids (95%), tocopherols and tocotrienols (100%), indicating that the proposed deacidification process has potential to replace conventional processes, being possible the preservation of minor components. However, a deeper study of ester formation during the process is necessary, in order to assess the impact on the quality of the oil obtained / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutora em Engenharia de Alimentos

Orientadores: Maria Angela de Almeida Meireles Petenate, Tânia Forster Carneiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T17:37:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CardenasToro_FiorellaPatricia_D.pdf: 20104541 bytes, checksum: 3c5867a10520478debcff56ff3a375e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A fibra de palma prensada (Elaes guineensis) é um resíduo procedente da indústria de extração de óleo de palma que possui na sua composição compostos bioativos tais como alfa- e beta-caroteno, assim como os polissacarídeos (celulose e hemicelulose). Estes compostos podem ser recuperados mediante processos de extração e hidrólise com a finalidade de produzir de forma sustentável, extratos enriquecidos com carotenoides e produtos hidrolisados com aplicação na indústria química, de alimentos e farmacêutica. Entre as tecnologias que utilizam solventes limpos a altas e baixas pressões, temos a extração por Soxhlet (LPSE-SOX), extração por percolação (LPSE-PE), extração por líquido pressurizado (PLE), extração com fluído supercrítico (SFE) e hidrólise subcrítica com água (SubWH). Neste trabalho, um processo integrado utilizando SFE e SubWH foi proposto como modelo de aproveitamento integral da fibra de palma prensada. O estudo incluiu a avaliação dos efeitos dos parâmetros operacionais de extração: temperatura e pressão empregando uma razão mássica de solvente por massa de matéria-prima (S/F) de 30 na obtenção de um extrato rico em carotenoides; e dos parâmetros operacionais de hidrólise: temperatura, pressão, S/F e tempo de residência na produção de monossacarídeos e oligossacarídeos nos produtos hidrolisados. Após esse primeiro estudo, um segundo estudo dos processos de extração LPSE-SOX, LPSE-PE e PLE utilizando etanol como solvente limpo foi realizado com o objetivo de explorar as condições de operação: temperatura, pressão e vazão na razão S/F de 20, que favorecessem a produção de um extrato rico em carotenoides (alfa e beta-caroteno) incluindo a avaliação econômica de cada processo. Os resultados do primeiro estudo para o SFE utilizando dióxido de carbono como solvente indicaram que o maior rendimento de carotenoides totais no extrato foi 800 ± 200 ug beta-caroteno/g extrato na condição de 318 K (45°C) e 15 MPa. Posteriormente, os experimentos de hidrólise subcrítica da fibra de palma desengordurada obtiveram uma mistura de produtos hidrolisados e produtos de degradação de açúcares, sendo a condição de 523 K (250°C), 15 MPa, tempo de residência de 2,5 min e S/F de 120 aquela com maiores rendimentos de açúcares redutores totais (22,9 g glicose/100 g carboidrato). Este estudo mostrou a viabilidade de integração de processos para o melhor aproveitamento da fibra de palma prensada. Na segunda parte do estudo, os processos de extração com etanol à baixa e alta pressão com melhores rendimentos de carotenoides foram: 305 ± 18 ug alfa-caroteno/g extrato e 713 ± 46 ug beta-caroteno/g extrato para o processo PLE na condição de 308 K (35°C), 4 MPa, 2,4 g/min e 37 min; 142 ± 13 ug alfa-caroteno/g extrato e 317 ± 46 ug beta-caroteno/g extrato para o processo LPSE-SOX num tempo de 6 h; 79 ± 9 ug alfa-caroteno/g extrato e 195 ± 20 ug beta-caroteno/g extrato para o processo LPSE-PE na condição de 308 K (35°C), 2,4 g/min e 37 min. Os custos de manufatura (COM) na escala industrial de 0,5 m3 utilizando 2 extratores em modo contínuo foram de US$98,1/g carotenoide para o processo LPSE-SOX; US$48,9/g carotenoide para o processo LPSE-PE e US$28,7/g carotenoide para o processo PLE. Diante dos resultados obtidos no primeiro e segundo estudo, um estudo cinético dos processos de extração a altas pressões PLE e SFE foi realizado nas condições operacionais que obtiveram altos rendimentos de carotenoides no extrato. O rendimento de extração na razão S/F de 7 e 10 resultou em 90% do total do extrato obtido no final da extração para o processo PLE e SFE, respectivamente. Para o processo PLE e SFE os menores valores de COM foram encontrados para as capacidades de extratores industriais de 0,05 m3 e 0,5 m3. Para o processo PLE, na razão S/F de 8 obtiveram-se os menores valores de COM e COM* específico: US$30,4/kg extrato e US$0,02/g carotenoide para 0,5 m3. Uma tendência similar foi observada para o processo SFE com valores de COM de US$30,8/kg extrato e US$0.08/g carotenoide para 0,5 m3. Baseados nestes resultados, o processo PLE apresenta uma melhor vantagem econômica que o processo SFE e pode ser considerado como a primeira etapa do processo integrado de obtenção de extrato rico em carotenoides seguido do processo SubWH para a obtenção de produtos hidrolisados / Abstract: Pressed palm fiber (Elaes guineensis) is a residue obtained from the palm oil extraction industry that is a source of bioactive compounds such as alpha- and beta-carotene present in the residual oil and polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose), which can be recovered by extraction and hydrolysis processes in order to produce in a sustainable manner extracts enriched with carotenoid for direct application in food industry as additives and/or formation of hydrolysate products with high yields of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides with application in the chemical food and pharmaceutical industry. Technologies that use clean solvents at high and low pressures include Soxhlet extraction (LPSE-SOX), extraction by percolation (LPSE-PE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and subcritical hydrolysis (SubWH). In this work, an integrated process using SFE and SubWH was proposed as the model of completely utilization of pressed palm fiber. The study included the evaluation of the effects of operating parameters of extraction: temperature and pressure at the ratio of solvent mass to feed mass (S/F) of 30 in the obtaining of extracts rich in carotenoids and the study of operational parameters of hydrolysis: temperature, pressure, S/F and residence time on the production of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides in the hydrolyzed products. After this first study, a second study of the extraction processes LPSE-SOX, LPSE-PE and PLE using ethanol as a clean solvent was conducted in order to explore the operational conditions: temperature, pressure and flow rate at S/F ratio of 20, which promotes the production of an extract rich in carotenoids (alpha- and beta-carotene) including the economic evaluation of each process. Results of the first study for SFE using carbon dioxide as a solvent indicated that the highest yield of total carotenoids in the extract was 800 ± 200 ug alpha-carotene/g extract at the condition of 318 K (45°C) and 15 MPa. Thereafter, the experiments of subcritical hydrolysis of defatted pressed palm fiber resulted in a mixture of hydrolysate products and sugar degradation products, where the condition of 523 K (250°C), 15 MPa, residence time of 2.5 min and S/F 120 presented the highest yield of total reducing sugars (glucose 22.9 g/100 g carbohydrate). In the second part of this study, the extraction processes with ethanol at low and high pressure with highest yields of carotenoids in extracts were: 305 ± 18 ug alpha-carotene/g extract and 713 ± 46 ug beta-carotene/g extract for the PLE process at the condition of 308 K (35°C), 4 MPa, 2.4 g/min and 37 min; 142 ± 13 ug alpha-carotene/g extract and 317 ± 46 ug beta-carotene/g extract for LPSE-SOX process at 6 h; and 79 ± 9 ug alpha-carotene/g extract and 195 ± 20 ug beta-carotene/g extract for LPSE-PE process at condition of 308 K (35°C), 2.4 g/min and 37 min. The cost of manufacturing (COM) for the industrial scale of 2 extractors in continuous mode with capacity of 0.5 m3 were US$98.1/g carotenoid for the LPSE-SOX process, US$48.9/g carotenoid for the LPSE-PE process and US$28.7/g carotenoid for the PLE process. From the results obtained in the first and second study, a kinetic study of the PLE and SFE processes at the operating conditions which obtained the highest carotenoid yields from pressed palm fiber was carried out in order to find the adequate processing time and manufacturing cost. The results showed that the extraction at the S/F ratio of 7 and 10 resulted in extract yields higher than 90% for the PLE and SFE process. On the other hand, the carotenoid yield of carotenoids in the extract increased with the S/F ratio. For PLE and SFE processes, the lowest COM values were found for the industrial scale of extractors of 0.05 and 0.5 m3. For PLE process, the S/F ratio of 8 resulted in the lowest COM and specific COM* value: US$30.4/kg extract and US$0.02/g carotenoid for 0.5 m3. A similar trend was observed for the SFE process with values of US$30.8/kg extract and US$0.08/g carotenoid for capacity of 0.5 m3. Based on these results, the PLE process is economically more advantageous than the SFE process and PLE can be considered as the first step of the integrated process for obtaining of extract rich in carotenoids followed by SubWH for obtaining of hydrolysate products / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutora em Engenharia de Alimentos

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2017-12-12T17:47:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_aline_alves_barbosa_silveira.pdf: 50745741 bytes, checksum: aca9664b68b1c810cbf96b667327ac96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-12T17:47:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_aline_alves_barbosa_silveira.pdf: 50745741 bytes, checksum: aca9664b68b1c810cbf96b667327ac96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES# / #2075167498588264571# / #600 / With the recent substitution of synthetic pigments for the natural carotenoids, research has been effected in the direction to make possible the production of these substances through alternative considered biological sources. In this work was studied the production of astaxanthin for the sample of Mucor javanicus (CPU - 69), using the media definite Hesseltine and Anderson (1957) modified by Andrade (2000) and using different corn waste media (corn steep liquor .CSL and .quirera.) in three different concentrations (4, 7 and 10%), pH 6,5, 120 rpm, 25ºC. It was analyzed, also, the influence of the time of culture of the sample (48h, 72h and 96 h) and the presence and absence of blue Light. To the ending of the fermentative process, the astaxanthin, was extracted in solution of Hexano/methanol (1: 1, v/v), centrifuged in 2000 rpm/10 minutes and analyzed by UV-visible spectrophotometry (470 nm). All the parameters studied in the experiments had been combined through a factorial design 33 and analyzed in Software Statistica 5,0. With Hesseltine and Anderson the condition that more favored the increase of the income of the astaxanthin was with in the time of 96h (26,7 g/g) in the absence of light and with the presence of light (37,7 g/g) increase almost 41%. With CSL the best condition for the production of the astaxanthin was with in the time of 96h (55,8 g/g) in the absence of light and with the presence of light (28,0 g/g) increase almost 100%. The .quirera. in the concentration of 7%, presented astaxanthin income better, in the time of 96h, with light (18,4 g/g) increase 37%, when compared with the cultures growth in the absence of light (13,4 g/g). The best income of astaxanthin with CLS and .quirera. was in the concentration of 7%, 96h, with light (33,8 g/g), increase almost 47% in when compared with the cultures growth in the absence of light (22,9 g/g). The concentrations that more favored the income of astaxanthin was: CSL 4%, .quirera. 7% and CSL with .quirera. 7%, both in the presence of blue light, demonstrate the blue light intervenes directly with the astaxanthin synthesis. Also, the wastes utilizes have been potential for the astaxanthin production. The analyses in Statistica 5,0, demonstrate that other studies are necessary for attainment of the maximum productivity of astaxanthin for M. javanicus, in alternative means. / Com a recente substituição dos pigmentos sintéticos pelos carotenóides naturais, pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas para viabilizar uma maior produção destas substâncias, através de fontes biológicas alternativas. Neste trabalho foi estudada a produção de astaxantina por uma amostra de Mucor javanicus utilizando o meio definido Hesseltine e Anderson (1957) modificado por Andrade (2000) e meios utilizando resíduos de milho (milhocina e quirera), em concentrações distintas (4%, 7% e 10%), pH 6,5, 120 rpm, 25ºC. Foram analisada também a influência do tempo de cultivo da amostra durante 48h, 72h e 96h, na presença e ausência de luz azul. Ao término do processo fermentativo, a astaxantina foi extraída em solução de Hexano/metanol e analisada por espectroscopia UV- visível (470 nm). Todos os parâmetros estudados nos experimentos foram combinados através de um planejamento fatorial 33 e analisados no Software Statistica 5.0. No meio Hesseltine e Anderson o melhor rendimento de astaxantina foi verificado no tempo de 96h (26,7 g/g), na ausência de luz e quando se utilizou luz azul (37,7 g/g), obteve-se um aumento de 41%. A melhor condição para a produção da astaxantina com a milhocina deu-se na concentração de 4%, 96h, com luz (55,8 g/g), aumentando em quase 100%, quando comparada com as culturas crescidas na ausência de luz (28,0 g/g). A quirera na concentração de 7% apresentou melhor rendimento de astaxantina, no tempo de 96h, com luz (18,4 g/g), aumentando 37%, quando comparada com as culturas crescidas na ausência de luz (13,4 g/g). O melhor rendimento de astaxantina com milhocina e quirera deu-se na concentração de 7%, 96h, com luz (33,8 g/g), aumentando em quase 47%, quando comparada com as culturas crescidas na ausência de luz (22,9 g/g). As concentrações que mais favoreceram ao aumento do rendimento da astaxantina foram: milhocina 4%, quirera 4% e milhocina com quirera 7%, todos na presença de luz azul, demonstrando que a luz azul interfere diretamente na síntese de astaxantina. Bem como que os resíduos utilizados possuem potencial para a produção de astaxantina. As análises no Statistica 5.0, demonstram a necessidade da realização de outros estudos para obtenção da produtividade máxima de astaxantina por M. javanicus, nos meios alternativos.

A ervilha é um dos alimentos mais produzidos no mundo e, conseqüentemente, tem uma grande importância para a nutrição humana, sendo comercializada sob várias formas: fresca, seca, congelada e enlatada, necessitando de cozimento antes de ser consumida. Sendo assim, podem ocorrer alterações em sua composição durante esses processamentos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar as mudanças ocorridas devido ao processamento na composição centesimal e no perfil de carotenóides em ervilhas frescas (tortas - com vagem comestível - e em grão), secas e enlatadas e relacionar esses dados com sua origem e safra. Foram analisados seis lotes de ervilhas tortas provenientes de duas regiões produtoras (cruas e cozidas por 5 minutos), três lotes de ervilhas frescas (cruas e cozidas por 7 minutos), dois lotes de ervilhas enlatadas (processadas e sua matéria-prima) e três lotes de ervilhas secas (cruas e cozidas por 35 minutos). A umidade em ervilhas tortas diferiu entre safras e regiões produtoras e em ervilhas em grão, aumentou após o cozimento em duas amostras e variou entre safras. O cozimento ocasionou perdas nos teores de Resíduo Mineral Fixo (RMF) em ervilhas em grão e secas. Em ervilhas enlatadas, o processamento causou aumento da umidade e RMF, devido à incorporação de água e sais. Os carotenóides encontrados foram a luteína, o β-caroteno e traços de violaxantina. O perfil de carotenóides em ervilhas tortas, em grão e secas não se alterou após o cozimento, já o enlatamento revelou um aumento aparente no teor de luteína em apenas um dos lotes estudados. Os teores de luteína e β-caroteno variaram entre as diferentes épocas de coleta de ervilhas tortas, em grão e secas, porém não foi observada variação entre as duas regiões produtoras de ervilhas tortas. Os teores de luteína variaram entre as matérias-primas dos diferentes fornecedores de ervilhas enlatadas. Apenas o β-caroteno possui atividade pró-vitamínica A, porém está presente em quantidade insuficiente para fazer das ervilhas fontes desse nutriente. / Pea is one of the world\'s most produced foods and therefore has great importance for human nutrition, being commercialized under different conditions: fresh, dried, frozen and canned, and further cooking is needed before being consumed. As a result, processing can cause some changes in its composition. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the changes in the centesimal composition and carotenoids profile of garden peas, snow peas, dry peas and canned peas due to processing and to compare these data according to geographic origin and crop. Six batches of snow peas from two different regions (raw and cooked for 5 min), three batches of garden peas (raw and cooked for 7 min), two batches of canned peas (processed and raw material) and three batches of dry peas (raw and cooked for 35 min) were analyzed. Water content in snow peas differed between crops and region and, in garden peas, it increased after cooking and varied between crops. Cooking caused losses in the ash content of garden and dry peas. In canned peas, processing increased water and ash contents due to absorption of water and salt. Lutein, β-carotene and traces of violaxanthin were identified in all samples. Carotenoids profile of snow, garden and dry peas did not change after cooking while canning caused an apparent increase in lutein contents only in one batch. Snow, garden and dry peas showed differences in lutein and β-carotene amount due to crops, though different regions revealed not to influence snow peas carotenoids content. The raw material from two suppliers of canned peas differed in their content of lutein. Only β-carotene is a pro-vitamin A carotenoid, however it was found in such small quantities that peas can not be considered source of this nutrient.

O buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) é um fruto rico em carotenoides, ácidos graxos e compostos fenólicos com grande potencial de industrialização. Entretanto, sua vida útil reduzida dificulta a comercialização e um maior aproveitamento. Dessa forma, tecnologias de processamento podem ser empregadas para que haja maior utilização e expansão do buriti. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar polpa de buriti congelada, liofilizada e atomizada, quantificando os compostos bioativos (carotenoides e ácidos graxos), a composição centesimal e mineral, além de avaliar a estabilidade química e funcional da polpa submetida a esses tratamentos ao longo do tempo de armazenamento. Polpas de buriti oriunda da Comunidade Boa Vista, zona rural do município de Arinos, MG, foram submetidas a três processamentos: congelamento (eleito como controle), liofilização e atomização (com adição de maltodextrina como coadjuvante de tecnologia). Após o processamento, as polpas foram acondicionadas em embalagens laminadas compostas por poliéster, alumínio e polietileno (25 x 25 cm), com capacidade para 100 g cada, e armazenadas a -23 °C para o congelamento e a temperatura ambiente para as polpas desidratadas. As análises físicas, químicas, nutricionais e funcionais foram realizadas logo após o processamento, para caracterização das polpas e nos períodos: 1, 14, 28, 42 e 56 dias, para avaliação da estabilidade. O delineamento experimental empregado constituiu-se de dois fatores (processamento e período) e a interação entre eles. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio da Análise de Variância Univariada (ANOVA) com nível de significância de 5 %. Constatou-se que durante a estocagem a polpa liofilizada apresentou maior brilho, menor opacidade, valores inferiores para o pH, menor variação da atividade de água e maior acidez titulável. Esses parâmetros são importantes indicadores de qualidade da polpa durante a sua estocagem, visto que dificultam o desenvolvimento microbiano. A adição da maltodextrina no processo de atomização acarretou maiores teores de sólidos solúveis em relação aos demais tratamentos. Os resultados demonstraram que, ao longo do armazenamento, a liofilização contribuiu para a melhor preservação dos carotenoides totais. A quantificação dos carotenoides e dos ácidos graxos na polpa congelada demonstrou que houve melhor preservação de carotenoides do tipo alfa e beta caroteno, dos ácidos graxos oleico, indicando maior valor nutricional para a alimentação humana. Apesar dos resultados satisfatórios para a polpa congelada, durante o tempo analisado a polpa congelada apresentou maiores perdas em relação à polpa liofilizada. Para a classe dos compostos fenólicos, a liofilização apresentou melhores resultados ao longo da estocagem. O uso de baixas temperaturas foi mais efetivo para a preservação dos compostos bioativos analisados. Portanto, pode-se concluir que o emprego da liofilização é a alternativa mais adequada entre as avaliadas, para o aproveitamento da polpa de buriti na indústria de alimentos, uma vez que esse tratamento preservou todos os constituintes avaliados durante a estocagem. / The Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) is a fruit rich in carotenoids, fatty acids and phenolic compounds with great potential for industrialization. However, its limited life difficults commercialization and better use. Thus, processing technologies can be employed for greater use and expansion of Buriti. This study aimed to characterize frozen, lyophilized and atomized pulp of Buriti, quantifying the bioactive compounds (carotenoids and fatty acids), the centesimal and mineral composition, as well as evaluating the chemical and functional stability of the pulp subjected to these treatments over the time of storage. Pulps of Buriti coming from the Community of Boa Vista, countryside of Arinos, MG, were subjected to three processing: freezing (chosen as a control), lyophilization and atomization (with the addition of maltodextrin as a supporting technology). After processing, the pulps were stored in laminated packages composed of polyester, aluminum and polyethylene (25 x 25 cm) with a capacity of 100 grams each, and stored at -23 ° C for freezing and at room temperature for dehydrated pulps.The effects of the treatments of frozen pulp (control), lyophilized and atomized obtained from fruits of buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa L.), associated with temperature and storage periods were analysed in order to evaluate the effect of atomization and lyophilization, comparing them to the effects of the freezing process, elected as control and quantify bioactive compounds (carotenoids and fatty acids), the chemical composition, mineral, presence of phenolic compounds and their variations over time. The physical, chemical, nutritional and functional analysis were performed in the periods: 1, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days. The experimental design consisted of two factors (processing and period of storage) and the interaction between them. Data were statistically analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with 5% of significance level. During storage of the freeze-dried pulp the results showed higher brightness, lower opacity, lower values for pH, smaller variation of aw and higher titratable acidity. These parameters are important indicators of pulp quality during storage. The addition of maltodextrin in the atomization process led to higher soluble solids compared to other treatments. The results showed that, during storage, lyophilization contribute to the better preservation of carotenoids. The quantification of carotenoids and fatty acids in frozen pulp showed that there were better preservation of alpha carotenoids, beta carotene, and oleic fatty acids, indicating a higher nutritional value for human consumption. Although the results for the frozen pulp were satisfactory, during the time, examined frozen pulp showed greater losses compared to the lyophilized pulp. For the group of phenolic compounds, lyophilization showed better results over storage. The use of low temperatures was more effective for the preservation of bioactive compounds that were analysed. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of lyophilization is the most appropriate alternative among the other ones for the use of burity pulp in the food industry, since this treatment preserved all constituents evaluated during storage.

Western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don; redcedar), an indeterminate conifer in the Cupressaceae family, is vulnerable to maladaptation in the face of climate change. Assisted gene flow is one mitigation strategy and involves human-mediated migration of populations, where the projected climate of the area of deployment matches the source climate of the population. Despite the overall projections of warmer temperatures globally, in British Columbia (B.C.), the risk of seasonal frost events will remain and therefore the potential for cold damage and mortality of redcedar exists if the newly migrated populations cannot withstand these freezing events. Knowledge of redcedar's ability to withstand freezing temperatures (cold hardiness) is therefore crucial. Redcedar, like many Cupressaceae species, produces and accumulates the purple-coloured carotenoid rhodoxanthin during the winter. This was hypothesized to be correlated with cold hardiness. Assessment of variation in overall, fall and spring cold hardiness and associated rhodoxanthin concentrations were done through repeated, seasonal freeze testing of clonal grafts originating from across the range of redcedar, and seedling progeny from a subset of these clones. Cold damage was quantified using electrolyte leakage and rhodoxanthin concentrations were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. Cold hardiness and rhodoxanthin were individually modelled using univariate and bivariate mixed effect models with clone/family as a random effect. Model outputs were compared to climatic variables associated with clonal origin to test for climatic relationships. This study found genetic variation in cold hardiness of redcedar with weak climatic clines. This indicates that assisted gene flow of redcedar should be done on a case-by-case basis, with no need for a climatic threshold. Overall heritability of cold hardiness was 0.17 ± 0.03. Novel findings included the positive genetic correlation between fall and spring cold hardiness (0.55 ± 0.33); lack of reciprocal or parental effect for overall cold hardiness; and weak climatic relationships between cold hardiness and predominantly temperature, with the strongest correlation between number of frost-free days in January (0.38, p < 0.01) in the location of origin and cold hardiness. All findings related to rhodoxanthin were novel. Rhodoxanthin varied with family/provenance and season with heritabilities of 0.30 ± 0.09 in fall, 0.42 ± 0.09 in winter and 0.28 ± 0.09 in spring. Winter and spring rhodoxanthin concentrations were phenotypically correlated (0.50, p < 0.01) and genetically correlated (0.76 ± 0.14). Surprisingly, rhodoxanthin was not detected in clonal grafts of redcedar in any season. Results also indicate that rhodoxanthin cannot be used to estimate cold hardiness. The absence of rhodoxanthin in the clonal grafts compared to the seedlings suggests that plant age impacts rhodoxanthin accumulation. / Graduate / 2021-12-14

The presented work was focused on the comparison between the production of selected metabolites by carotenogenic yeasts and microalgae cultivated under conditions of external stress. The main metabolites of interest were carotenoids, further lipophilic substances and lipids. Biotechnological overproduction of these metabolites could serve as a source of potentially beneficial substances not only for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, but also for the production of third generation biofuels. Recently, there has been a growing interest in biofuels primarily from microalgae, which have a high potential in biofuel production and seem to be a promising source. The theoretical part deals with the description of individual genera of carotenogenic yeasts, microalgae, cyanobacteria, chemical composition of produced metabolites and brief biosynthesis. In addition, individual methods for analyzing the production of the metabolites of interest were described. The experimental part is focused on the comparison of production of carotenoids, coenzyme Q, ergosterols (phytosterols) and lipids by yeasts, microalgae and cyanobacteria. As a source of external stress, temperature, salt and light stress were chosen. The strains of Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Sporidiobolus pararoseus and Cystofilobasidium macerans were studied from the yeast strains. Microalgae and cyanobacteria were Scenedesmus obliqus, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Chlorella sorokiniana, Chlorella saccharophila, Botryococcus brauni, Synechococcus nidulans and Arthrospira maxima. The yeast and algal strains were optimized for growth, carotenoid and lipid production. Applied salt stress showed a significant liquidation effect on algal and cyanobacterial strains. The thesis also monitored the biological stress, so-called co-cultivation of microalgae and yeasts. Further experiments will be the subject of future work.

The presented diploma thesis deals with the extraction and storage stability of lipophilic pigments produced by selected strains of yeasts and algae. In this thesis, there was studied the influence of the selected solvents on the efficiency of extraction, as well as the effect of ambient temperature on the stability of the pigments during storage. The work is divided into two main parts, theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part knowledge about algae, yeasts and their cultivation parameters is summarized. Furthermore, some information regarding the selected lipid metabolites, their properties and possibilities of application in various branches of industry is mentioned. The practical part deals with the preparation of extracts and stability tests. Extracts were prepared from selected biomass samples in solvents suitable for applications in food industry or cosmetics (ethanol and hexane). Subsequently, the long-term stability tests lasting 4 months and short-term stability tests lasting a total of 28 days were performed on these extracts. The pigments were determined by HPLC and spectrophotometrically, the fatty acid content was determined by GC. For the extraction of pigments from biomass, in the most cases ethanol appears to be the optimal solvent. However, for lipid extraction from biomass, hexane appears to be the optimal solvent for a significant number of samples. In most samples, storage in the freezer showed the most favourable effect on pigment stability, but some samples showed comparable stability even when stored in the refrigerator.

Orientador: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima / Resumo: As plantas alimentícias negligenciadas como a Pereskia grandifolia Hawer e Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn são definidas por possuírem uma ou mais partes, ou produtos, que podem ser utilizados na alimentação. Entretanto, o consumo destas espécies não é comum e tão pouco são divulgadas informações sobre o preparo e a importância nutricional. O cozimento, além de facilitar a palatabilidade dos vegetais, pode aumentar a biodisponibilidade dos compostos bioativos. Essas hortaliças são consumidas, geralmente, após o processamento térmico, que diminuem os fatores antinutricionais presentes quando in natura. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do cozimento em fervura, vapor e micro-ondas em diferentes tempos, com relação ao conteúdo de poli(fenois) e carotenoides, bem como a atividade antioxidante total em P. grandifolia e T. paniculatum. Os resultados contribuíram para a caracterização de compostos fenólicos e carotenoides em folhas de P. grandifolia e T. paniculatum, os quais possuem uma série de benefícios para a saúde humana. Estes compostos variam conforme a espécie analisada e o processamento térmico empregado, podendo aumentar o valor nutricional e funcional do alimento, sendo essas espécies importantes fontes de compostos bioativos, que podem auxiliar o organismo humano a combater os radicais livres. / Abstract: Neglected food plants such as a Pereskia grandifolia Hawer and Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn are defined by contain one or more parts, or products, that can be used in feeding. However, the consumption of these species is not common and there is few information about the culinary preparation and nutritional importance. Besides, cooking, can to facilitated the palatability of the vegetables, may increase the bioavailability of the bioactive compounds. These vegetables are usually consumed after thermal processing because there is a decrease in antinutritional factors. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of boiling, microwave and steam cooking at different times, about the content of polyphenols and carotenoids, as well as a total antioxidant activity in P. grandifolia and T. paniculatum. The results contributed to the characterization of phenolic compounds and carotenoids in P. grandifolia and T. paniculatum leaves, which have a series of benefits for human health. These compounds vary according to the species analyzed and the thermal processing employed, and may increase the nutritional and functional value of the food. These species are an important sources of these bioactive compounds, which can help the human organism fight against the free radicals. / Mestre

The phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis predicts that both, male carotenoid-based sexual ornamentation and their spermatozoa are phenotypically plastic and may be co-affected by the environment. One of the factors affecting their phenotype may be oxidative stress and the ability of organism to eliminate its effect. Oxidative stress may reduce sperm quality because sperm lack the ability to repair DNA, but it can also affect spermatogenesis itself. However, some substances may function as antioxidants, and thus eliminate effect of reactive oxygen species (oxidative stress) in the body. In this study, adult zebra finch males (Taeniopygia guttata) originating from the domesticated and recently wild-derived populations were exposed to the diquat (D), which enhances the oxidative stress, and carotenoid lutein (L), which could have an antioxidant function. Experimental design had factorial character 2x2 with a control (group L, D, LD, control). Neither oxidative stress, carotenoids, nor their interactions affected sperm morphology or velocity and it also did not increase abnormal sperm proportion in the ejaculate. However, the differences were observed at the molecular level, where by inducing the oxidative stress, the sperm had reduced signal intensity of acetylated α-tubulin in the sperm tails....