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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Captação residencial de água da chuva para fins não potáveis em Porto Alegre : aspectos básicos da viabilidade e benefícios do sistema

Mano, Rafael Simões January 2004 (has links)
A construção civil ocupa uma posição muito importante no contexto da degradação ambiental, a qual o Planeta vem assistindo nas últimas décadas, sendo responsável por uma parcela significativa do consumo total de recursos naturais. Além disso, considerando uma análise do ciclo de vida de edifícios, a fase de uso dos mesmos tem tomado crescente importância no impacto total gerado pela edificação. Alterações no ciclo hidrológico e poluição dos meios hídricos são exemplos de importantes impactos gerados pelo uso de edificações. Em meio urbano são co-responsáveis também pelas cheias e inundações, que com freqüência geram importantes perdas humanas e materiais. Soluções técnicas alternativas têm sido desenvolvidas e apresentadas pelo mundo. Porém mostram-se pouco adaptáveis às condições nacionais, entre outros, por causa do aspecto econômico, muito importante em países subdesenvolvidos como o Brasil. Neste sentido, a pesquisa objetiva uma caracterização dos benefícios diretos e indiretos decorrentes da implantação de sistemas de captação e aproveitamento de água da chuva, para utilização não potável, em meio urbano, principalmente sob o aspecto econômico. Para tanto, revisa alguns aspectos relativos à contextualização e à viabilidade técnica destes sistemas, apresentando desde o tema da água no planeta até suas interações mais objetivas, no meio urbano. Um estudo experimental, sobre a edificação denominada Protótipo Alvorada, é desenvolvido em paralelo, a fim de ilustrar e balizar os estudos das variáveis dimensionais do sistema, dos números de chuva, neste caso para Porto Alegre/RS, e também o levantamento dos principais tipos e componentes de sistemas existentes. Os resultados para os benefícios diretos, sobre o aspecto econômico, demonstram em geral que o custo de implantação do sistema é o maior entrave à sua aplicação. Este fato deve-se, em grande parte à disponibilidade do recurso em Porto Alegre, entregue dentro das residências por um baixo custo. O estudo em torno dos benefícios indiretos revelou o potencial do sistema como auxiliar na drenagem urbana. Dependendo ainda de estudos mais aprofundados, o sistema conta com a possibilidade receber subsídio público para sua implantação, gerando economia para o mesmo e maximizando também o benefício direto. / During the past few decades the building industry was becoming increasingly responsible for a large portion of environmental degradation. In addition, considering the life cycle analysis of buildings, the building utilization phase is gaining importance in building environmental impact. Alterations in the water cycle, often resulting in human and economic loses because of urban flooding, is an example where the building utilization phase plays a significant role in environmental degradation. One answer to these problems is alternative technical solutions that are being developed and presented to environmental forums throughout the world; however, most of the alternative solutions are not economically feasible for sub-developed countries like Brazil. The objective of this research is to characterize the direct and indirect benefits provided by residential urban rainwater catchment systems and the implementation for non-potable use in the urban environment for economic gain. Towards this goal, the dissertation reviews some contexts and technical viability concerns about urban water interactions and drainage systems. A study, developed simultaneously with the research, was conducted on the building Protótipo Alvorada to gain an understanding of the variables of system dimensions, rain water distribution and volume. The study also explores existing systems, principal types of systems and components of existing systems. The results of this study have shown that, from an economic standpoint, the cost of system implementation is generally the main barrior to implemention of rainwater catchment systems. One reason that rainwater catchment systems are not economically feasible choice for the city of Porto Alegre is in large part due to the availability of potable water in the city. Water distribution to residences within the city is very inexpensive and widely available. The study about the indirect benefits of rainwater catchment systems has shown the potential of systems to help alleviate urban drainage problems. Despite the necessity for further studies, the feasibility of system implementation here in Porto Alegre/RS counts on the possibility of initial public funding in order to maximize the direct benefits of catchment systems. Installation of rainwater catchment systems would ultimately save money for the municipal government of Porto Alegre.
182

Simulação da dinâmica de carbono em bacias hidrográficas

Sorribas, Mino Viana January 2011 (has links)
Na maior parte dos ecossistemas aquáticos a respiração excede a produção primária bruta autóctone, acarretando uma produção líquida de ecossistema negativa. Estudos recentes atribuem essa condição a processos de degradação de matéria orgânica alóctone, portanto o ciclo do carbono em corpos de água interiores deve estar pareado com o aporte de carbono orgânico originado na bacia hidrográfica. Este trabalho contribui para a melhor compreensão dos processos atuantes no ciclo de carbono em bacias hidrográficas, por meio de monitoramento de dados de campo, desenvolvimento e aplicação de modelagem matemática e simulação numérica. O estudo foi realizado utilizando dados de monitoramento na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Ijuí localizada no planalto meridional gaúcho. A exportação fluvial de carbono orgânico e inorgânico foi estimada a partir de dados de vazão e concentração. Um modelo baseado em processos para simulação da dinâmica de carbono, MGB-IPH-C, foi desenvolvido e acoplado ao modelo hidrológico MGB-IPH. O modelo hidrológico foi ajustado em diversos pontos de controle na bacia hidrográfica do Ijuí obtendo-se bons resultados, principalmente para as bacias de maior porte (>1000 km2). O modelo de carbono foi avaliado qualitativamente considerando a representação de processos conceituais e, quantitativamente, pela comparação das concentrações e fluxos simulados em relação aos obtidos pelos dados do monitoramento. Não foi possível identificar associações diretas entre as concentrações de carbono inorgânico ou orgânico e vazão, com base nos dados medidos em campo. As cargas médias de carbono nas bacias estudadas apresentaram valores abaixo da média global, na ordem de 25-40 kg.ha-1.ano-1 e 8-10 kg.ha-1.ano-1, para as frações inorgânica e orgânica, respectivamente. O MGB-IPH-C representou processos conceituais esperados, em especial, a acumulação no solo e o efeito da lavagem das águas sobre a concentração dos rios. Foi possível obter bons ajustes em escala anual para as cargas e concentrações médias de carbono na bacia de estudo. A simulação da dinâmica de carbono em ecossistemas aquáticos em pareamento com a bacia hidrográfica utilizando modelos conceituais determinísticos contribui para o entendimento dos processos operantes nesses sistemas e deve ser complementada por meio de análise de dados de monitoramento, em freqüência adequada à escala, com métodos empíricos. / In most aquatic ecosystems respiration exceeds autochtonous gross primary production leading to a negative net ecosystem production. Recent studies attributes this condition to allochtonous organic matter degradation processes, so the inland water carbon cycle should be linked to the input of organic carbon from the catchment. This work contributes to a better comprehension of processes operating in the carbon cycle in river basins, throughout development and application of mathematical modeling and numerical simulation. The study was conducted using data of the Ijuí river watershed, located in the Planalto Meridional Gaúcho. Fluvial exports of organic and inorganic carbon were estimated from data measured in field. A process-based model for carbon dynamics simulation, MGB-IPH-C, was developed and coupled to the hydrological model MGB-IPH. The hydrological model was calibrated to various control points in the Ijui river basin with good results, especially in larger subwatersheds (>1000 km2). The carbon model was evaluated considering the representation of carbon dynamics conceptual processes and by comparison of observed carbon concentrations and export rates obtained by simulation and monitoring data. The estimates of annual export of carbon in the study area were below the global average, in magnitude of 25-40 kg/ha.yr and 8-10 kg/ha.yr for inorganic and organic carbon, respectively. The proposed carbon model, MGB-IPH-C, was able to simulate expected conceptual processes, in particular, the build-up on soil and the effect of wash-off on carbon concentration in river reaches. It was possible to obtain good fits for annual average carbon fluvial export rates and concentrations. The simulation of carbon dynamics in inland waters coupled with the watershed using conceptual deterministic models contributes to the understanding of processes operating on these systems and may be complemented throughout analysis of field data, at frequency appropriated to the scale, with empirical methods.
183

Mapeamento agrícola com imagens de sensores remotos orbitais para apoio ao gerenciamento de recursos hídricos / Agricultural mapping with remotely sensed images to support water resources management

Carmo, Nadyelle Curcino do 11 August 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-03-20T20:31:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nadyelle Curcino do Carmo - 2014.pdf: 11330040 bytes, checksum: d1ddeb18152a6fb46b421bfb97745ad9 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-03-20T20:36:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nadyelle Curcino do Carmo - 2014.pdf: 11330040 bytes, checksum: d1ddeb18152a6fb46b421bfb97745ad9 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-20T20:36:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nadyelle Curcino do Carmo - 2014.pdf: 11330040 bytes, checksum: d1ddeb18152a6fb46b421bfb97745ad9 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-11 / The catchment areas of water are extremely important because they have the function of providing water for public supply, and its occupation should be monitored to avoid damage to its environmental quality. Currently, most of the mappings of use and occupation of land classified as agriculture evenly, not discriminate their crops, which could help more effectively in the planning and management of natural resources. This work aims at mapping the major crops of the state of Goiás, using GIS tools and remote sensing in order to provide support for managing water resources in the region. Vegetation indices produced from data collected by MODIS the years 2007-2013 to map cane sugar, corn and soybeans and winter corn were used. The methodology proved feasible, cost effective and promising for mapping corn and soybeans results, but the similarities obtained in relation to official data, for mapping of cane sugar and winter corn were not satisfactory. In a second step was quantified occupation of catchment basins of water for public supply for corn and soybeans in the state. The results showed that of the 183 catchment basins, 100 have these crops and that the basins of southern Goiás have densified occupation. The main conclusion of the paper is that the use and occupation of land in the catchment should be systematically monitored, which is quite feasible using images from satellite sensors with high temporal resolution, such as the MODIS images. / As bacias de captação de água são extremamente importantes, pois possuem a função de fornecer água para o abastecimento público, e sua ocupação deve ser monitorada para evitar prejuízos à sua qualidade ambiental. Atualmente, a maior parte dos mapeamentos de uso e ocupação do solo classifica a agricultura de maneira homogênea, ou seja, não discrimina seus cultivos, o que poderia auxiliar de maneira mais efetiva no planejamento e gerenciamento dos recursos naturais. Este trabalho tem por objetivo mapear os principais cultivos agrícolas do estado de Goiás, utilizando ferramentas de geoprocessamento e sensoriamento remoto com o intuito de fornecer subsídios para o gerenciamento de recursos hídricos da região. Foram utilizados índices de vegetação produzidos a partir de dados coletados pelo sensor MODIS dos anos de 2007 a 2013 para o mapeamento da cana-de-açúcar, milho e soja e milho safrinha. A metodologia utilizada se mostrou viável, de baixo custo e com resultados promissores para o mapeamento do milho e soja, porém as similaridades obtidas, em relação aos dados oficiais, para o mapeamento da cana-de-açúcar e do milho safrinha não foram satisfatórios. Numa segunda etapa foi quantificada a ocupação das bacias de captação de água para abastecimento público por lavouras de milho e soja no Estado. Os resultados mostraram que das 183 bacias de captação, 100 possuem esses cultivos e que as bacias do sul goiano possuem ocupação densificada. A principal conclusão do trabalho é que o uso e ocupação do solo nas bacias de captação devem ser sistematicamente monitorados, o que é bastante viável utilizando imagens de sensores orbitais com alta resolução temporal, como é o caso das imagens do sensor MODIS.
184

Modelagem da dinâmica do nitrogênio em uma micro-bacia com cobertura florestal no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Santa Virginia / Modeling of nitrogen dynamics in a forest coverage catchment in the Serra do Mar State Park, Santa Virginia Nucleus

Elizabethe de Campos Ravagnani 14 October 2010 (has links)
A Mata Atlântica é um ecossistema reconhecidamente ameaçado, considerado um dos biomas prioritários para execução de políticas de conservação. Sua área florestal, reduzida atualmente a menos de 12% de sua cobertura original, necessita atenção especial em termos de compreensão do seu funcionamento como subsídio para sua melhor conservação. O nitrogênio tem papel fundamental na manutenção da vida. Quando presente em baixas concentrações pode atuar como limitante da produção primária aquática e terrestre. A compreensão da dinâmica do N, no entanto, é complexa, e o uso de modelos pode, além de auxiliar nesta compreensão, tornar mais rápido o entendimento dos mecanismos de transporte, e prever futuros cenários. Assim, este estudo pretendeu parametrizar e validar o modelo INCA (Integrated Nitrogen in CAtchments) em uma microbacia do ribeirão Ipiranga, no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, e investigar a influência dos processos químicos contemplados pelo modelo na dinâmica do N. Esse estudo visou, também, preencher uma lacuna desses tipos de estudo em áreas tropicais. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo simulou relativamente bem os processos hidrológicos, principalmente no que se refere ao escoamento de base, entretanto os picos de vazão foram freqüentemente subestimados. No que se refere ao nitrogênio, foram obtidos resultados médios anuais na mesma ordem de grandeza, entretanto as variações sazonais não foram bem simuladas. Uma das possíveis causas é a inadequação do modelo em regiões tropicais e a pequena quantidade de nitrogênio encontrada em todos os compartimentos estudados, uma vez que a bacia apresenta poucos aportes de nitrogênio de origem antrópica / The Atlantic Forest is recognized as an endangered ecosystem, considered one of the prioritary biomes for the development of conservation policies. Its Forest area, nowadays reduced to less than 12% of its original coverage, needs special attention concerning the understanding of its functioning as a subside to its adequate conservation. Nitrogen plays a fundamental role in life maintenance. When present in low concentrations can act as a refrainer of aquatic and terrestrial primary production. The comprehension of N dynamics, however, is complex, and the use of models can, besides helping this comprehension, turn faster the understanding of transport mechanisms and foresee future scenarios. Thus, the present study parameterized and validated the model INCA (Integrated Nitrogen in CAtchments) in a catchment of the Ipiranga stream, in Serra do Mar State Park, with the aim to investigate the influence of the chemical processes contemplated by the model in N dynamics. The present study also aimed to fulfill a gap in these types of studies in tropical areas. The results show that the model simulated relatively well the hydrological processes, mainly the issues related to baseflow, however the flow peaks were frequently sub estimated. Concerning the nitrogen, average annual values were obtained at the same magnitude order, meanwhile seasonal variations were not well simulated. One of the possible causes is the inadequation of the model in tropical regions and the small quantity of nitrogen found in every studied compartment, considering that the catchment presents few nitrogen sources of anthropogenic origin
185

Avaliação dos impactos ambientais de plantações de eucalipto no Cerrado com base na análise comparativa do ciclo hidrológico e da sustentabilidade da paisagem em duas bacias de segunda ordem / Evaluation of the environmental impacts of eucalyptus plantations in the Cerrado region based on the comparative analyses of the water cycle and landscape sustainability in two small catchments

Andreia Arruda de Oliveira Mosca 16 July 2008 (has links)
Considerando as polêmicas geradas em torno dos possíveis impactos ambientais negativos causados pelo eucalipto fora de seu ambiente de origem (Austrália), as discussões aqui apresentadas também perpassam uma das manifestações da crise sócioeconômica verificada no final do século XX, que é a questão ambiental, pois aborda três temas globais fundamentais e desafiadores, neste início de século para a manutenção da vida, consequentemente, das atuais e futuras gerações: a monocultura, o aumento no consumo de água, e a exploração mineral. Partindo-se dos princípios teóricometodológicos apoiados na Teoria Geral de Sistemas, no monitoramento hidrológico de duas sub-bacias pareadas e na cartografação da fragilidade ambiental, buscou-se compreender os mecanismos relacionados a sustentabilidade da paisagem associada a plantações de eucalipto localizadas no cerrado do sudeste goiano. Os resultados do monitoramento da vazão mostram valores médios mais elevados para a sub-bacia com eucalipto, associada a uma hidrográfa mais rápida e concentrada, embora sua subida seja retardada por conta da interceptação das copas. A análise da qualidade da água do deflúvio apresentou-se ligeiramente superior para a sub-bacia com cerrado, sendo os macroinvertebrados bentônicos expressivos das alterações ambientais processadas. O monitoramento do nível estático nos poços piezométricos instalados nas sub-bacias mostrou-se fundamental para a compreensão dos fatores associados ao secamento da nascente com eucalipto. A integração dos mapas temáticos para a análise da fragilidade da paisagem associada ao mapa da Área Variável de Afluência revelou-se bastante aplicável ao manejo florestal sustentável por oferecer subsídios ao planejamento, quando aliados a indicadores consistentes. Espera-se que as sugestões propostas e os resultados apresentados venham agregar subsídios técnico-científicos para que os tomadores de decisão, as comunidades locais e os diversos atores sociais envolvidos sejam estimulados a compreender, refletir e agir. / The present study aims to contribute to the analysis of the environmental impact of eucalypt plantations in the Cerrado region of the southern part of the State of Goiás, Brazil. The analysis were based on the methodology of the General Theory of the Systems and also on the results of hydrologic monitoring of two experimental catchments, which included groundwater monitoring, and the cartographic analysis of the environmental fragility. The monitoring results show higher average values of streamflow for the eucalypt catchment, associated with a more rapid and concentrated stormflow response, even though the beginning of the rising limb was delayed, probably due to the rainfall interception by the eucalypt canopy. Based on the analyzed water quality parameters, it can be concluded that the Cerrado catchment presented slightly better values, which were confirmed by the comparativy analysis of the benthonic macroinvertebrates. The inclusion of the identification of the riparian areas of the catchments as one of the thematic maps of the integrated analysis of the landscape fragility revealed to be very pertinent for the planning of the sustainable management of forest plantations and for the correct evaluation of the associated environmental impacts.
186

Critérios e indicadores para monitoramento hidrológico de florestas plantadas / Criteria and indicators for hydrological monitoring of planted forests

Carla Daniela Câmara 15 December 2004 (has links)
O presente estudo propôs uma nova leitura dos dados do monitoramento hidrológico de sete microbacias experimentais, considerando que as variáveis que caracterizam os sistemas aquáticos destas microbacias constituem indicadores da qualidade do manejo florestal. Os objetivos do estudo foram: a) selecionar, entre as variáveis já monitoradas, os potenciais indicadores para o monitoramento hidrológico de florestas plantadas; b) testar a viabilidade da utilização da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos como indicador biológico. O estudo foi desenvolvido nas seguintes microbacias: na região do Município de Guaíba, RS, uma com floresta plantada e uma com pastagem; em Itatinga, SP, uma com floresta plantada; em Alagoinhas, BA, uma com floresta plantada e três em Imperatriz, MA, uma com floresta nativa, uma com floresta plantada de eucalipto e uma com pastagem. O estudo consistiu na análise de dados da medição contínua da vazão, da precipitação e de variáveis físicas e químicas da água dos córregos das microbacias durante diferentes períodos e também no estudo da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos por um período de um ano. Como resultado, foram selecionadas, para o início de um programa de monitoramento de florestas plantadas na escala da microbacia hidrográfica, 12 indicadores que atendem a três critérios. São eles: 1 - manutenção dos processos hidrológicos da microbacia e da qualidade das operações florestais com os indicadores balanço hídrico, picos de vazão, sólidos em suspensão, turbidez, condutividade elétrica, fósforo, oxigênio dissolvido, potássio, temperatura da água e macroinvertebrados bentônicos; 2 - manutenção do potencial produtivo do solo com os indicadores fósforo, nitrogênio, cálcio, potássio, magnésio, e sólidos em suspensão, e 3 - manutenção do equilíbrio dinâmico do ecossistema aquático, com os indicadores oxigênio dissolvido, fósforo, nitrogênio, temperatura da água, sólidos em suspensão, pH e macroinvertebrados bentônicos / This study proposes a new analysis of data from hydrological monitoring of seven experimental catchments considering that the monitored hydrological variables can be used as indicators for forest management quality. The objectives of the study were: a) select, among the monitored variables potential indicators for the hydrological monitoring of planted forests; b) investigate weather macroinvertebrate community can be used as biological variable. The study was carried out in catchments covered by Eucalyptus forests located in the Municipalities of Guaíba, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Itatinga, State of São Paulo, Alagoinhas, State of Bahia and Imperatriz, State of Maranhão; catchment covered by native forests in the Municipality of Imperatriz State of Maranhão and catchments used as pastureland in the Municipalities of Guaíba, State of Rio Grande do Sul and Imperatriz, State of Maranhão. The study involved data analysis of precipitation, streamflow and water quality variables measured during different periods and the study of the macroinvertebrate community during one-year period. As a result, 12 variables according to 3 criteria of forest sustainable management were selected. The criteria and indicators are the following: 1 - maintenance of catchment hydrologycal processes and forest management quality, for which the indicators are water balance, peak flow, suspended solids, turbidity, conductivity, phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, potassium, water temperature and benthic macroinvertebrate community; 2 – maintenance of soil productivity, with the indicators phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium, potassium, magnesium, and suspended solids, and the third criteria, maintenance of the dynamic equilibrium of aquatic ecosystem, with the indicators dissolved oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, water temperature, suspended solids, pH, and benthic macroinvertebrate community
187

Utveckling och tillämpning av en GIS-baserad hydrologisk modell / Development and application of a GIS based hydrological model

Westerberg, Ida January 2005 (has links)
A distributed hydrological rainfall-runoff model has been developed using a GIS integrated with a dynamic programming module (PCRaster). The model has been developed within the framework of the EU-project TWINBAS at IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, and is intended for use in WATSHMAN – a tool for watershed management developed at IVL. The model simulates runoff from a catchment based on daily mean values of temperature and precipitation. The GIS input data consist of maps with soil type, land-use, lakes, rivers and a digital elevation model. The model is a hybrid between a conceptual and a physical model. The snow routine uses the degree-day method, the evapotranspiration routine uses the Blainey-Criddle equation, the infiltration routine is based on Green-Ampt, groundwater is modelled assuming a linear reservoir and the flow routing is done with the kinematic wave equation combined with Manning’s equation. The GIS and the hydrologic model are embedded in one another, allowing calculation of each parameter in each grid cell. The output from the model consists of raster maps for each time step for a pre-defined parameter, or a time series for a parameter at a specified grid cell. The flow network is generated from the digital elevation model and determines the water flow on the grid scale. The smallest possible grid size is thus obtained from the resolution of the digital elevation model. In this implementation the grid size was 50 m x 50 m. The raster structure of the model allows for easy use of data from climate models or remotely sensed data. The model was evaluated using the River Kölstaån catchment, a part (110 km2) of the Lake Mälaren catchment, which has its outflow in central Stockholm, Sweden. The integration of the GIS and the hydrologic model worked well, giving significant advantages with respect to taking lakes and land-use into account. The evaluation data consisted of observed run-off for the period 1981 to 1991. The result from the calibration period shows a great variation in Reff (Nash & Sutcliffe) between the years, the three best years having Reff-values of 0.70 – 0.80. The Reff-value for the entire calibration period was 0.55 and 0.48 for the validation period, where again there was great variation between different years. The volume error was 0.1 % for the calibration period and -21 % for the validation period. The evapotranspiration was overestimated during the validation period, which is probably a result of excess rain during the calibration period. The results are promising and the model has many advantages – especially the integrated GIS-system – compared to the present WATSHMAN model. It could be further developed by introducing a second groundwater storage and refining the evapotranspiration and infiltration routine. Given the promising results, the model should be evaluated in other larger and hillier areas and preferably against more distributed data. / En helt distribuerad GIS-baserad hydrologisk modell för modellering i avrinningsområden på lokal/regional skala har byggts upp i PCRaster. Arbetet utfördes på IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet AB inom ramen för EU-projektet TWINBAS, som har som mål att identifiera kunskapsluckor inför implementeringen av EU:s ramdirektiv för vatten. Modellen är tänkt att användas i WATSHMAN (Watershed Management System), IVLs verktyg för vattenplanering i avrinningsområden där bland annat källfördelningsberäkningar och åtgärdsanalyser ingår. Den uppbyggda modellen är en hybrid mellan en fysikalisk och en konceptuell hydrologisk modell och predikterar vattenföring på pixelnivå i avrinningsområden. Simuleringen drivs av dygnsmedelvärden för temperatur och nederbörd och modellen tar hänsyn till markanvändning, jordart, topografi och sjöar. De modellekvationer som används är grad-dagsmetoden för snö, Blainey-Criddle för evapotranspiration, Green-Ampt för infiltration, linjärt magasin för grundvatten och Mannings ekvation för flödesrouting. Det geografiska informationssystemet och den hydrologiska modellen är helt integrerade, vilket gör att alla parametervärden beräknas för varje enskild pixel. Som utdata ger modellen en rasterkarta för varje tidssteg för en i förväg bestämd parameter, eller tidsserier över parametervärden i definierade punkter. Vattnet transporteras i ett utifrån höjdmodellen genererat flödesnätverk och vattnets flödesväg bestäms därmed på pixelnivå. Minsta möjliga pixelstorlek bestäms således utifrån höjdmodellens upplösning, och var vid denna tillämpning 50 m gånger 50 m. Modellens uppbyggnad med raster gör det enkelt att använda data från klimatmodeller eller fjärranalys. Avrinningsområdet för Kölstaån, ett biflöde till Köpingsån i Mälardalen, har använts för att utvärdera modellen. Integreringen av GIS och hydrologisk modell fungerade mycket väl och gav stora fördelar t ex vad gäller att ta hänsyn till sjöar och markanvändning. Modellen kalibrerades med data från åren 1981 till 1986 och det erhållna volymfelet var då 0,1 % och Reff-värdet (Nash & Sutcliffe) 0,55. Stora variationer erhölls dock mellan åren; för de tre bästa åren låg Reff-värdet mellan 0,70 och 0,80. Ett mycket kraftigt nederbördstillfälle samt regleringar i huvudfåran av vattendraget ligger troligtvis bakom de mindre väl beskrivna åren. Även under valideringsperioden (1987 till 1991) fungerade modellen väl, så när som på att avdunstningen överskattades på vårarna (antagligen beroende av det stora regnet under kalibreringen), och Reff-värde och volymfel hamnade på 0,48 respektive -21 %, även här med stora variationer mellan åren. Resultaten är lovande och modellen har många fördelar jämfört med den nuvarande WATSHMAN-modellen. Den skulle kunna förbättras ytterligare genom att dela upp grundvattnet i två magasin samt förfina evapotranspirations- och infiltrationsrutinerna. Den höjdmodellsbaserade modellen bör utvärderas även i andra mer kuperade områden samt mot mer distibuerade data.
188

Nutrients and runoff in a small catchment during spring 2010

Skoog, Peter, Bodin-Sköld, Henrik January 2010 (has links)
Eutrophication is an increasing problem in the Baltic Sea and is caused by an excess of nutrients in the water which are primarily transported with the runoff from cultivated land. The peninsula Vikbolandet in Östergötland is dominated by arable land and has stream outflows to the bays of Bråviken and Slätbaken. In this study five streams of Vikbolandet have been sampled during the spring flood period with the aim of connecting concentrations of nutrients in the streams with turbidity and runoff in the catchment. This analysis has then been related to the land use in the small catchment of Vadsbäcken in order to investigate the impact of land uses with areal losses of phosphorus. The results indicate that there are increasing concentrations of phosphorus downstream in the sites of Vadsbäcken and that the transported amounts of phosphorus increases with the spring flood and at a rainstorm event. It is shown that the distribution of agricultural blocks in the catchment of Vadsbäcken has a major impact on the nutrient leakage. There is a co-variation between turbidity and runoff during a rainstorm event and between particulate-bound phosphorus and runoff over time. A further aim has been to investigate possibilities for use of an easily managed, cost-effective environmental monitoring method for nutrient measurements in watercourses. Within four out of five streams at Vikbolandet there is a significant co-variation between turbidity and total phosphorus. Using field measurements of turbidity for environmental monitoring could provide a viable alternative for environmental monitoring of watercourses but will need further investigations of co-variation before being brought into use. Further, this study shows that the transport of phosphorus is underestimated in environmental monitoring
189

Geographies of risk, uncertainty and ambiguity : a participatory action research project in catchment management

Walker, Timothy William January 2016 (has links)
This PhD thesis was developed in the context of contemporary challenges within water policy and governance; specifically the issue of managing diffuse pollution risk in fresh water catchments. As highlighted in the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) diffuse pollution poses a major risk in many European catchments where the sustainability of the ecosystems and water uses is compromised by intensive agriculture. The challenge for catchment management is the tricky nature of diffuse pollution. It is what you would term a ‘wicked problem’ or ‘Post Normal Science’ wherein the facts are uncertain, values are in dispute, stakes are high and decision-making is urgent (Funtowicz and Ravetz, 1993; Patterson et al., 2013). In response to the WFD the UK Government have proposed the Catchment Based Approach (CaBA) which represents a paradigmatic shift in approaches to water management; from a ‘command and control’ approach (i.e. the historic practice of direct regulation) to a participatory governance approach (i.e. devolution of power and involvement local stakeholders) (Dryzek, 2005; Müller-Grabherr et al., 2014). The project had two aims. The practical aim was to identify the drivers and barriers to delivering the CaBA. The academic aim was to employ the relational concept of ambiguity to explore why and how catchment stakeholders understand, frame and respond to diffuse pollution risk differently. In order to address these aims Timothy embedded himself in Loe Pool Forum (www.loepool.org) for four years. Loe Pool Forum (LPF) are a voluntary catchment partnership, based in West Cornwall, working to address the risk of diffuse pollution through taking a CaBA at the WFD waterbody scale. The methodology was directed by Participatory Action Research (PAR) and underpinned by ethnography. PAR enabled Timothy to work collaboratively to engender positive change within LPF while ethnography generated data upon how partnership and participatory working happens in practice. New insights into the geographies of risk stemmed from the application of ambiguity as the conceptual lever. Ambiguity is a dimension of uncertainty which accounts for the relational properties of risk. Ambiguity is defined as the simultaneous presence of multiple frames of reference about a certain phenomenon (Brugnach et al., 2007). Timothy examined ambiguity from three different directions. Firstly, where the ambiguities are in catchment management and how local partnerships negotiate them. Secondly, how risk frames are produced by both water scientists and the agricultural community. Thirdly, what the drivers and barriers are to delivering the CaBA. By thinking through risk relationally this thesis provides new insights into the practice of catchment management and the socio-cultural geographies around the water-environment.
190

Identification et modélisation des processus à l'origine des transferts de phosphore dissous dans un bassin versant agricole / Identification and modelling of processes controlling dissolved phosphorus transfer in an agricultural catchment

Dupas, Rémi 16 November 2015 (has links)
Le phosphore (P) est un facteur de contrôle de l’eutrophisation. Sa présence dans les masses d’eau est liée en partie à des émissions diffuses agricoles. L'objectif de cette thèse a été d'identifier et de quantifier les mécanismes à l'origine des transferts de P diffus, par une démarche intégrant analyse de données d'observations multi-échelle et modélisation.L'analyse d'une chronique de chimie de l'eau à l'exutoire d'un petit bassin versant agricole a révélé que les formes particulaires et dissoutes du P avaient des origines différentes dans le paysage, et étaient transférées de manière indépendante. Le P particulaire provient des sédiments du cours d'eau, de l'érosion des berges et occasionnellement d'épisodes érosifs dans les versants. Le P dissous provient des sols de la zone riparienne; il est transféré par écoulement de subsurface lorsque les fluctuations de nappe créent une connexion hydrologique avec la rivière.Un suivi multi-site de la concentration en P dans l'eau des sols ripariens a permis de mettre en évidence que la nappe agissait non seulement sur le transfert, mais aussi sur la solubilisation du P. Deux moments importants ont été identifiés : la période de sécheresse estivale est favorable à la constitution d'un pool de P mobile dans les sols, exporté à l'automne; lorsque la nappe stagne dans les sols, la dissolution réductrice des oxydes de Fer provoque un second relargage de P. Un modèle couplé hydrologie-biogéochimie a permis de préciser le rôle de la nappe, de la teneur en P des sols et des variations d'humidité et de température. Une analyse de l' / Phosphorus (P) is a controlling factor of eutrophication. Its presence in water bodies is partly due to agricultural diffuse emissions. The objective of this thesis was to identify and quantify the processes controlling diffuse P transfer, with an approach combining analysis of multi-scale observation data and modelling.Analysis of a water chemistry time series acquired at the outlet of a small agricultural catchment revealed that particulate and dissolved P forms had different spatial origin within the landscape, and were transferred through distinct mechanisms. Particulate P originates from stream bed sediments, bank erosion and occasionally from erosion on hillslopes. Dissolved P originates from riparian soils; it is transferred via subsurface flow when the water table fluctuations create a hydrological connection with the stream.Multi-site monitoring of P concentration in the soil pore water of the riparian zone evidenced that groundwater fluctuations controlled not only P transfer, but also its solubilisation. Two critical moments were identified: the summer dry period is favourable for the build-up of a pool of mobile P forms in soils, which is transferred in the autumn; when groundwater stagnates in soil in anoxic conditions, reductive dissolution of iron oxides causes a second P release. A coupled hydrological-biogeochemical model confirmed the hypotheses regarding the role of groundwater fluctuation, the soil P content and variability in soil temperature and moisture. An assessment of the information content in the data and the propagation of uncertainty enab

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