Visando contribuir para o debate sobre a naturalização e autonomização dos processos sociais, esta dissertação tenta problematizar a reciclagem de materiais, principalmente, de latinhas de alumínio sob a perspectiva da crise de reprodução do capital. A crítica à consciência naturalizante, socialmente necessária à reposição dos pressupostos da produção mercantil, é uma carência que esta pesquisa tenta evidenciar. Nesse sentido, o intuito do texto é tentar revelar como a consciência moderna, portanto, fetichista, se relaciona com teorias e práticas que envolvem a reciclagem, consubstanciada pela assim chamada consciência ambiental e, fundamentalmente, pela afirmação positiva da categoria trabalho, escondendo sua crise e, por isso, repondo-o em níveis cada vez mais profundos da vida cotidiana. Assim, a análise da reciclagem nos ajudaria refletir sobre como uma atividade desempenhada por quase todos os níveis da sociedade, que muitas vezes é reconhecida como uma prática incriticável e que é capaz de repor, de forma intensivamente crítica, as categorias do capital. Para tanto, tentou-se analisar os elementos críticos da realização do capital financeiro no âmbito de uma grande empresa de reciclagem de alumínio e nas relações internas em uma cooperativa de catadores, ambos em Pindamonhangaba-SP, mas não só. Os dados levantados e as análises tentam contribuir, por fim, para o questionamento de uma dada razão que se apresenta como alternativa para a crise do trabalho: o empreendedorismo. Desse modo, esta pesquisa buscou, também, analisar a institucionalização da forma social empreendedora, que esconde a lógica de ficcionalização das relações sociais, ficção esta que põe em prática uma suposta reciclagem do capital produtivo. / In the intent of contributing to the discussion regarding naturalization and autonomization of social processes, this dissertation attempts to analyze recycling, especially recycling of aluminum cans, from the perspective of the capital reproduction crisis. The criticism of the naturalization consciousness socially necessary to allow the replenishment of the mercantile production, is an insufficiency this research aims to emphasize. In this sense, the goal of this paper is to attempt disclosing how modern consciousness, therefore fetishist, relates to theories and practices involving recycling, consolidated by the so called environmental awareness, and ultimately for the positive affirmation of the work category, hiding its crisis, and as a result, replacing it, in ever deeper levels of quotidian life. This way, the analysis of the recycling would help us to reflect on how an activity performed by almost every level of society, and that many times is viewed as a practice above criticism, and that is able to replenish, in an important way, categories of Capital. To do so, we tried to analyze the critical elements of attaining financial capital within a large recycler of aluminum and the internal relations in a cooperative of waste pickers, both in Pindamonhangaba-SP, but not only. The data collected and analyzes try to contribute, ultimately, to the questioning of a given reason that presents itself as an alternative to the crisis of work: entrepreneurship. This way, this research also attempted to analyze the institutionalization of the social entrepreneurship form, that masks the logic of the fictionalization of social relations, fiction that enables an alleged recycling of the productive capital.

This thesis sumarizes in detail general linear regression model, including testing statistics for coefficients, submodels, predictions and mostly tests of outliers and large leverage points. It describes how to include categorial variables into regression model. This model was applied to describe saturation of photographs of bread, where input variables were, type of flour, type of addition and concntration of flour. After identification of outliers it was possible to create mathematical model with high coefficient of determination, which will be usefull for experts in food industry for preliminar identification of possible composition of bread.

Le problème de représentation automatique de la signification logique des énoncés ambigus en langage naturel a suscité l'intérêt des chercheurs dans le domaine de la sémantique computationnelle et de la logique. L'ambiguïté dans le langage naturel peut se manifester au niveau lexical / syntaxique / sémantique de la construction de sens, ou elle peut être causée par d'autres facteurs tels que la grammaticalité et le manque de contexte dans lequel la phrase est effectivement prononcée. L'approche traditionnelle Montagovienne ainsi que ses extensions modernes ont tenté de capturer ce phénomène en fournissant quelques modèles qui permettent la génération automatique de formules logiques. Cependant, il existe un axe de recherche qui n'est pas encore profondément étudié: classer les interprétations d'énoncés ambigus en fonction des préférences réelles des utilisateurs de la langue. Ce manque suggère une nouvelle direction d'étude qui est partiellement explorée dans ce mémoire en modélisant des préférences de sens en alignement avec certaines des théories de performance préférentielles humaines bien étudiées disponibles dans la littérature linguistique et psycholinguistique.Afin d'atteindre cet objectif, nous suggérons d'utiliser / d'étendre les Grammaires catégorielles pour notre analyse syntaxique et les Réseaux catégoriels de preuve comme notre analyse syntaxique. Nous utilisons également le Lexique Génératif Montagovien pour dériver une formule logique multi-triée comme notre représentation de signification sémantique. Cela ouvrirait la voie à nos contributions à cinq volets, à savoir, (i) le classement de la portée du quantificateur multiple au moyen de l'opérateur epsilon de Hilbert sous-spécifié et des réseaux de preuve catégoriels; (ii) modéliser la gradation sémantique dans les phrases qui ont des coercitions implicites dans leurs significations. Nous utilisons un cadre appelé Montagovian Generative Lexicon. Notre tâche est d'introduire une procédure pour incorporer des types et des coercitions en utilisant des données lexicales produites par externalisation ouverte qui sont recueillies par un jeu sérieux appelé JeuxDeMots; (iii) l'introduction de nouvelles métriques sensibles au référent basées sur la localité pour mesurer la complexité linguistique au moyen de réseaux de preuve catégoriels; (iv) l'introduction d'algorithmes pour l'achèvement des phrases avec différentes mesures linguistiquement motivées pour sélectionner les meilleurs candidats; (v)l'intégration de différentes métriques de calcul pour les préférences de classement afin de faire d'elles un modèle unique. / The problem of automatic logical meaning representation for ambiguous natural language utterances has been the subject of interest among the researchers in the domain of computational and logical semantics. Ambiguity in natural language may be caused in lexical/syntactical/semantical level of the meaning construction or it may be caused by other factors such as ungrammaticality and lack of the context in which the sentence is actually uttered. The traditional Montagovian framework and the family of its modern extensions have tried to capture this phenomenon by providing some models that enable the automatic generation of logical formulas as the meaning representation. However, there is a line of research which is not profoundly investigated yet: to rank the interpretations of ambiguous utterances based on the real preferences of the language users. This gap suggests a new direction for study which is partially carried out in this dissertation by modeling meaning preferences in alignment with some of the well-studied human preferential performance theories available in the linguistics and psycholinguistics literature.In order to fulfill this goal, we suggest to use/extend Categorial Grammars for our syntactical analysis and Categorial Proof Nets as our syntactic parse. We also use Montagovian Generative Lexicon for deriving multi-sorted logical formula as our semantical meaning representation. This would pave the way for our five-folded contributions, namely, (i) ranking the multiple-quantifier scoping by means of underspecified Hilbert's epsilon operator and categorial proof nets; (ii) modeling the semantic gradience in sentences that have implicit coercions in their meanings. We use a framework called Montagovian Generative Lexicon. Our task is introducing a procedure for incorporating types and coercions using crowd-sourced lexical data that is gathered by a serious game called JeuxDeMots; (iii) introducing a new locality-based referent-sensitive metrics for measuring linguistic complexity by means of Categorial Proof Nets; (iv) introducing algorithms for sentence completions with different linguistically motivated metrics to select the best candidates; (v) and finally integration of different computational metrics for ranking preferences in order to make them a unique model.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à la modélisation de la syntaxe et de l'interface syntaxe-sémantique de la phrase, et explore la possibilité de contrôler au niveau des structures de dérivation la surgénération que produit le traitement des dépendances à distance par des types d'ordre supérieur. À cet effet, nous étudions la possibilité d'étendre le système de typage des Grammaires Catégorielles Abstraites avec les constructions de la somme disjointe, du produit cartésien et du produit dépendant, permettant d'étiqueter les catégories syntaxiques par des structures de traits. Nous prouvons dans un premier temps que le calcul résultant de cette extension bénéficie des propriétés de confluence et de normalisation, permettant d'identifier les termes beta-équivalents dans le formalisme grammatical. Nous réduisons de plus le même problème pour la beta-eta-équivalence à un ensemble d'hypothèse de départ. Dans un second temps, nous montrons comment cette introduction de structures de traits peut être appliquée au contrôle des dépendances à distances, à travers les exemples des contraintes de cas, des îlots d'extraction pour les mouvements explicites et implicites, et des extractions interrogatives multiples, et nous discutons de la pertinence de placer ces contrôles sur les structures de dérivation / This thesis focuses on the modelisation of syntax and syntax-semantics interface of sentences, and investigate how the control of the surgeneration caused by the treatment of linguistics movements with higher order types can take place at the level of derivation structures. For this purpose, we look at the possibility to extend the type system of Abstract Categorial Grammars with the constructions of disjoint sum, cartesian product and dependent product, which enable syntactic categories to be labeled by feature structures. At first, we demonstrate that the calculus associated with this extension enjoy the properties of confluence and normalization, by which beta-equivalence can be computed in the grammatical formalism. We also reduce the same problem for beta-eta-equivalence to a few hypothesis. Then, we show how this feature structures can be used to control linguistics movements, through the examples of case constraints, extraction islands for overt and covert movements and multiples interrogative extractions, and we discuss the relevancy of operating these controls on the derivation structures

Ces travaux s’intéressent à la modélisation formelle de la sémantique des langues naturelles. Pour cela, nous suivons le principe de compositionnalité qui veut que le sens d’une expression complexe soit une fonction du sens de ses parties. Ces fonctions sont généralement formalisées à l’aide du [lambda]-calcul. Cependant, ce principe est remis en cause par certains usages de la langue, comme les pronoms anaphoriques ou les présuppositions. Ceci oblige à soit abandonner la compositionalité, soit modifier les structures du sens. Dans le premier cas, le sens n’est alors plus obtenu par un calcul qui correspond à des fonctions mathématiques, mais par un calcul dépendant du contexte, ce qui le rapproche des langages de programmation qui manipulent leur contexte avec des effets de bord. Dans le deuxième cas, lorsque les structures de sens sont ajustées, les nouveaux sens ont tendance à avoir une structure de monade. Ces dernières sont elles-mêmes largement utilisées en programmation fonctionnelle pour coder des effets de bord, que nous retrouvons à nouveau. Par ailleurs, s’il est souvent possible de proposer le traitement d’un unique phénomène, composer plusieurs traitements s’avère être une tâche complexe. Nos travaux proposent d’utiliser les résultats récents autour des langages de programmation pour parvenir à combiner ces modélisations par les effets de bord. Pour cela, nous étendons le [lambda]-calcul avec une monade qui implémente les effects et les handlers, une technique récente dans l’étude des effets de bord. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous démontrons les propriétés fondamentales de ce calcul (préservation de type, confluence et terminaison). Dans la seconde partie, nous montrons comment utiliser le calcul pour le traitement de plusieurs phénomènes linguistiques : deixis, quantification, implicature conventionnelle, anaphore et présupposition. Enfin, nous construisons une unique grammaire qui gère ces phénomènes et leurs interactions. / In formal semantics, researchers assign meanings to sentences of a natural language. This work is guided by the principle of compositionality: the meaning of an expression is a function of the meanings of its parts. These functions are often formalized using the [lambda]-calculus. However, there are areas of language which challenge the notion of compositionality, e.g. anaphoric pronouns or presupposition triggers. These force researchers to either abandon compositionality or adjust the structure of meanings. In the first case, meanings are derived by processes that no longer correspond to pure mathematical functions but rather to context-sensitive procedures, much like the functions of a programming language that manipulate their context with side effects. In the second case, when the structure of meanings is adjusted, the new meanings tend to be instances of the same mathematical structure, the monad. Monads themselves being widely used in functional programming to encode side effects, the common theme that emerges in both approaches is the introduction of side effects. Furthermore, different problems in semantics lead to different theories which are challenging to unite. Our thesis claims that by looking at these theories as theories of side effects, we can reuse results from programming language research to combine them.This thesis extends [lambda]-calculus with a monad of computations. The monad implements effects and handlers, a recent technique in the study of programming language side effects. In the first part of the thesis, we prove some of the fundamental properties of this calculus: subject reduction, confluence and termination. Then in the second part, we demonstrate how to use the calculus to implement treatments of several linguistic phenomena: deixis, quantification, conventional implicature, anaphora and presupposition. In the end, we build a grammar that features all of these phenomena and their interactions.

As Zonas de Colaboração observadas a partir do movimento MetaReciclagem, uma rede que nasceu no campo da comunicação já no âmbito de uma cultura digital brasileira, em 2002, a partir da conversação na Internet de um grupo de pessoas sobre o desenvolvimento de blogs, reaproveitamento montagem/desmontagem de computadores, na interrelação entre essas ferramentas e a constituição de projetos colaborativos. O objeto de pesquisa é a relação comunicativa entre os membros do movimento que se contitui no ambiente virtual do MetaReciclagem. O método de pesquisa é a pesquisa-ação por meio de intervenção na lista de discussão do MetaReciclagem propondo uma metareflexão sobre as ações e resultantes do movimento ao longo dos anos. Abordagens quantitativa por meio de coleta de dados no ambiente virtual do MetaReciclagem (http://rede.metareciclagem.org) e qualitativa, coleta de depoimentos e conversações on-line dos membros que esboçaram suas opiniões e trocaram idéias a respeito do problema de pesquisa apresentado. Análise de dados por meio da técnica denominada análise de conteúdo e, dentro dessa, trabalhando com a técnica análise temática categorial. Os resultados demonstram que as Zonas de Colaboração são capazes de promover agenciamentos coletivos e intervenções sociais em políticas públicas de inclusão digital por meio das características da rede e do engajamento das pessoas. Tais transformações só acontecem pelo caráter não-hierárquico e não-institucionalizado do movimento do MetaReciclagem que promove a disseminação e replicação por meio de uma metodologia que privilegia a produção de subjetividade e a apropriação da tecnologia social em diferentes contextos culturais. / The Collaborative Zones observed in the MetaReciclagem (MetaRecycling Network) that arose out of the field of on-line communication, which was already enveloping Brazilian digital culture, in 2002, from a conversation on the internet among a group of people debating the development of blogs, reuse/recycling of computer parts, the interdependence of these tools and the constitution of collaborative projects. The purpose of this study is about the communication between the members of MetaRecycling Network (MetaReciclagem) and it\'s process as constituted in Collaborative Zones, result in actions of intervention in social situations in Brazil. This study proposes a research-action methodology, through intervention in the discussion lists of MetaRecycling, thus proposing a meta-reflection on the actions and results of the movement over the years. It involves quantitative (through the collection of data in the MetaRecycling virtual environment (http://rede.metareciclagem.org) and qualitative approaches, collecting on-line statements and conversations between members that sketch out their opinions and exchanging ideas regarding the issues of the presented research. It also involves data analysis by means of a technique entitled content analysis and, within this, working with categorical thematic technical analysis. The results have shown that Collaborative Zones are capable of leading to collective brokering and social interventions, as well as public policies involving digital inclusion through the characteristics of the network and consequent engagement with people. Such transformations can only happen because of the non-hierarchical and noninstitutionalized nature of the MetaRecycling movement, which promotes the dissemination and replication of methodology that privileges the production of subjectivity and the appropriation of social technology in different cultural contexts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:56:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Maria Labinas Roncon Saud.pdf: 1243916 bytes, checksum: 3c15923a84088c7dafa4237f1eb264a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-11 / Abstract The affective dimension in the process teach-learning was emphasized in the present study which had as objective to know the schoolboys and schoolgirls feelings of the first grade of the elementary school in relation to the experiences lived in this context as well as identifying its provoking situations. The collection of data was made by na interview, prioritizing the schoolchildren s opinions from two classrooms of first grade of a private school, in a city of the state of São Paulo. The selection of the participants was made by choosing them by reffle divided in four groups of four children each one. For analysis and discussion of the data it was used the theoretical referencial of Henri Wallon. The results showed the presence of positive and negative3 feelings in relation to different referring provoking situations: to the teacher, to the test, to the break, to the arrival and departure of the students, to the subjects and to the first grade itself. It was concluded that the participants presented much more positive feelings than negative ones in relation to the experience in the first grade. The negative feelings indicate that it s needed to rethink some provoking situations so that, more and more, to correspond to the necessities, possibilities and characteristics of the children. Listening to them will help the educators in this task to rethink the conditions of education. / A dimensão afetiva no processo ensino-aprendizagem foi enfatizada no presente estudo, que teve como objetivo conhecer os sentimentos de alunos e alunas da primeira série do Ensino Fundamental, em relação às experiências vividas neste contexto, bem como identificar suas situações provocadoras. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de entrevista semi-estruturada, priorizando dar voz aos alunos e alunas de duas classes de primeira série de uma escola particular, em uma cidade do interior de São Paulo. A seleção dos participantes deu-se por meio de sorteio de meninos e meninas, distribuídos em quatro grupos de quatro crianças cada um. Para análise e discussão dos dados, foi utilizado o referencial teórico de Henri Wallon. Os resultados apontaram para a presença de sentimentos positivos e negativos em relação a diferentes situações: à professora, à avaliação, ao recreio, à chegada na escola, à saída da escola, aos conteúdos escolares e à primeira série propriamente dita. Concluiu-se que os alunos e alunas participantes apresentaram sentimentos muito mais positivos do que negativos em relação à experiência na primeira série. Os sentimentos negativos indicam que é preciso repensar algumas situações provocadoras, para que se possa, cada vez mais, corresponder às necessidades, possibilidades e características das crianças. Ouvir o que elas têm a dizer auxiliará os educadores nesta tarefa de repensar as condições de ensino.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dennys Salomao Hid.pdf: 1391895 bytes, checksum: fbb70fbd0bab307aa5cc5c58c6d1c4d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-25 / This research investigated the fight against poverty trought public policy of productive inclusio, model of action that directs public investments for micro entrepeneurs, contributing to the heterogeneity and the reduction of the social difference. Explore the projects of implemented inclusion, in the last six years, in the cities of São Paulo enrolled in the SEBRAE Mayor entrepeneur award, wich held its 7th edition in 2012 and is organized by the brazilian servisse of support for micro and small enterprises (SEBRAE), a non-profit organization whose goal is to encourage the development of micro and small businesses. As na object of study, it was used the Paulista Guide, a publication of SEBRAE, that details the projects implemented by the mayors participants of the award. Brings together the main productive actions of initiatives inclusion, wich were evaluated by the judges and guests, providing and excellent material for a categorical analysis. The reports of these projects allowed to survey data. Trought these inventary was possible to isolate the various elemento focused and sort them by their main characteristics. The reunification of these data in tem pre-defined categories tax incentives, credit and microfinance, cooperatives, market access, formalization, incubators, debureaucrastization, clusters, education and training, and other projects allowed the visualization of the number of projects by category and development of the categories themselves over the past six years. Became evidente that the mayors enrolled seek cancel the steady state of your location trough the development and accumulation of human and economic resources, using endogenous development strategies and local. Each municipality adopts a kind of strategy, either radical or by small steps. It was possible to observe that the inclusion public policies envolve local actors public power, ptivate power and social groups and are being created from regional problems, avoiding the mimetism in implemented projects. It was realized that while municipalities have different characteristics, they have similar problems, as the high volume os workers in the informal market, the bureaucratic slowness and the absence of skilled labor. It was also clear that, the more commom is the problem, higher is the chance to adapt and replicate the project in the other locations seeks fix it or minimize it / Esta pesquisa investigou o combate à pobreza por meio das políticas públicas de inclusão produtiva, modelo de ação que direciona os investimentos públicos para a geração de emprego e renda, contribuindo para a heterogeneidade e a diminuição da diferença social. Explora os projetos de inclusão implementados, nos últimos seis anos, nos municípios do Estado de São Paulo inscritos no Prêmio SEBRAE Prefeito Empreendedor, que realizou a sua 7ª edição em 2012 e é organizado pelo Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas (SEBRAE), uma entidade sem fins lucrativos, cujo objetivo é estimular o desenvolvimento de micro e pequenos negócios. Como objeto de estudo, foi utilizado o Guia Paulista, uma publicação do SEBRAE, que detalha os projetos implementados pelos prefeitos participantes da premiação. Reúne as principais ações de inclusão produtiva, que foram avaliadas pelos jurados e convidados, constituindo um excelente material para uma análise categorial. Os relatos desses projetos possibilitaram realizar um levantamento de dados. Desse inventário foi possível isolar os diversos elementos enfocados e classificá-los por suas principais características. O reagrupamento desses dados em dez categorias pré-definidas incentivo fiscal, crédito e microcrédito, cooperativismo, acesso ao mercado, formalização, incubadoras, desburocratização, aglomerados, educação e capacitação, e outros projetos permitiu a visualização do número de projetos por categoria e o desenvolvimento das próprias categorias ao longo dos últimos seis anos. Ficou evidente que os prefeitos inscritos buscam anular o estado estacionário de sua localidade por meio do fomento e acúmulo de recursos humanos e econômicos, utilizando estratégias de desenvolvimento endógeno e local. Cada município adota um tipo de estratégia, seja ela radical ou por pequenos passos. Foi possível observar que as políticas públicas de inclusão envolvem os atores locais poder público, poder privado e grupos sociais e estão sendo criadas a partir dos problemas regionais, o que evita o mimetismo nos projetos implementados. Percebeu-se que, embora os municípios tenham características distintas, possuem problemas semelhantes, como o alto volume de trabalhadores no mercado informal, a lentidão burocrática e a falta de mão de obra capacitada. Também ficou claro que, quanto mais comum for o problema, maior é a chance de adaptar e replicar em outras localidades o projeto que procura solucioná-lo ou minimizá-lo

linguagem é uma marca da humanidade e da consciência, sendo a conversação (ou diálogo) uma das maneiras de comunicacão mais fundamentais que aprendemos quando crianças. Por isso uma forma de fazer um computador mais atrativo para interação com usuários é usando linguagem natural. Dos sistemas com algum grau de capacidade de linguagem desenvolvidos, o chatterbot Eliza é, provavelmente, o primeiro sistema com foco em diálogo. Com o objetivo de tornar a interação mais interessante e útil para o usuário há outras aplicações alem de chatterbots, como agentes conversacionais. Estes agentes geralmente possuem, em algum grau, propriedades como: corpo (com estados cognitivos, incluindo crenças, desejos e intenções ou objetivos); incorporação interativa no mundo real ou virtual (incluindo percepções de eventos, comunicação, habilidade de manipular o mundo e comunicar com outros agentes); e comportamento similar ao humano (incluindo habilidades afetivas). Este tipo de agente tem sido chamado de diversos nomes como agentes animados ou agentes conversacionais incorporados. Um sistema de diálogo possui seis componentes básicos. (1) O componente de reconhecimento de fala que é responsável por traduzir a fala do usuário em texto. (2) O componente de entendimento de linguagem natural que produz uma representação semântica adequada para diálogos, normalmente utilizando gramáticas e ontologias. (3) O gerenciador de tarefa que escolhe os conceitos a serem expressos ao usuário. (4) O componente de geração de linguagem natural que define como expressar estes conceitos em palavras. (5) O gerenciador de diálogo controla a estrutura do diálogo. (6) O sintetizador de voz é responsável por traduzir a resposta do agente em fala. No entanto, não há consenso sobre os recursos necessários para desenvolver agentes conversacionais e a dificuldade envolvida nisso (especialmente em línguas com poucos recursos disponíveis). Este trabalho foca na influência dos componentes de linguagem natural (entendimento e gerência de diálogo) e analisa em especial o uso de sistemas de análise sintática (parser) como parte do desenvolvimento de agentes conversacionais com habilidades de linguagem mais flexível. Este trabalho analisa quais os recursos do analisador sintático contribuem para agentes conversacionais e aborda como os desenvolver, tendo como língua alvo o português (uma língua com poucos recursos disponíveis). Para isto, analisamos as abordagens de entendimento de linguagem natural e identificamos as abordagens de análise sintática que oferecem um bom desempenho. Baseados nesta análise, desenvolvemos um protótipo para avaliar o impacto do uso de analisador sintático em um agente conversacional. / Language is a mark of humanity and conscience, with the conversation (or dialogue) as one of the most fundamental manners of communication that we learn as children. Therefore one way to make a computer more attractive for interaction with users is through the use of natural language. Among the systems with some degree of language capabilities developed, the Eliza chatterbot is probably the first with a focus on dialogue. In order to make the interaction more interesting and useful to the user there are other approaches besides chatterbots, like conversational agents. These agents generally have, to some degree, properties like: a body (with cognitive states, including beliefs, desires and intentions or objectives); an interactive incorporation in the real or virtual world (including perception of events, communication, ability to manipulate the world and communicate with others); and behavior similar to a human (including affective abilities). This type of agents has been called by several terms, including animated agents or embedded conversational agents (ECA). A dialogue system has six basic components. (1) The speech recognition component is responsible for translating the user’s speech into text. (2) The Natural Language Understanding component produces a semantic representation suitable for dialogues, usually using grammars and ontologies. (3) The Task Manager chooses the concepts to be expressed to the user. (4) The Natural Language Generation component defines how to express these concepts in words. (5) The dialog manager controls the structure of the dialogue. (6) The synthesizer is responsible for translating the agents answer into speech. However, there is no consensus about the necessary resources for developing conversational agents and the difficulties involved (especially in resource-poor languages). This work focuses on the influence of natural language components (dialogue understander and manager) and analyses, in particular the use of parsing systems as part of developing conversational agents with more flexible language capabilities. This work analyses what kind of parsing resources contributes to conversational agents and discusses how to develop them targeting Portuguese, which is a resource-poor language. To do so we analyze approaches to the understanding of natural language, and identify parsing approaches that offer good performance, based on which we develop a prototype to evaluate the impact of using a parser in a conversational agent.

La linguistique informatique a pour objet de construire un modèle formel des connaissances linguistiques, et d’en tirer des algorithmes permettant le traitement automatique des langues. Pour ce faire, elle s’appuie fréquemment sur des grammaires dites génératives, construisant des phrases valides par l’application successive de règles de réécriture. Une approche alternative, basée sur la théorie des modèles, vise à décrire la grammaticalité comme une conjonction de contraintes de bonne formation, en s’appuyant sur des liens profonds entre logique et automates pour produire des analyseurs efficaces. Notre travail se situe dans ce dernier cadre. En s’appuyant sur plusieurs résultats existants en informatique théorique, nous proposons un outil de modélisation linguistique expressif, conçu pour faciliter l’ingénierie grammaticale. Celui-ci considère dans un premier temps la structure abstraite des énoncés, et fournit un langage logique s’appuyant sur les propriétés lexicales des mots pour caractériser avec concision l’ensemble des phrases grammaticalement correctes. Puis, dans un second temps, le lien entre ces structures abstraites et leurs représentations concrètes (en syntaxe et en sémantique) est établi par le biais de règles de linéarisation qui exploitent la logique et le lambda-calcul. Par suite, afin de valider cette approche, nous proposons un ensemble de modélisations portant sur des phénomènes linguistiques divers, avec un intérêt particulier pour le traitement des langages présentant des phénomènes d’ordre libre (c’est-à-dire qui autorisent la permutation de certains mots ou groupes de mots dans une phrase sans affecter sa signification), ainsi que pour leur complexité algorithmique. / The goal of computational linguistics is to provide a formal account linguistical knowledge, and to produce algorithmic tools for natural languageprocessing. Often, this is done in a so-called generative framework, where grammars describe sets of valid sentences by iteratively applying some set of rewrite rules. Another approach, based on model theory, describes instead grammaticality as a set of well-formedness logical constraints, relying on deep links between logic and automata in order to produce efficient parsers. This thesis favors the latter approach. Making use of several existing results in theoretical computer science, we propose a tool for linguistical description that is both expressive and designed to facilitate grammar engineering. It first tackles the abstract structure of sentences, providing a logical language based on lexical properties of words in order to concisely describe the set of grammaticaly valid sentences. It then draws the link between these abstract structures and their representations (both in syntax and semantics), through the use of linearization rules that rely on logic and lambda-calculus. Then in order to validate this proposal, we use it to model various linguistic phenomenas, ending with a specific focus on languages that include free word order phenomenas (that is, sentences which allow the free reordering of some of their words or syntagmas while keeping their meaning), and on their algorithmic complexity.