O projeto de bombas centrífugas verticais de poço úmido tem forte dependência do arranjo de cada planta. Cada situação torna-se assim um projeto particular e exige uma mútua cooperação entre os fabricantes do equipamento, responsáveis pelo projeto e testes das bombas, e os proprietários e montadores das plantas, responsáveis pela montagem e instalações das bombas verticais e respectivas tubulações no campo. Após uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica, evidenciou-se a ausência de uma metodologia de projeto estrutural que contemple de forma integrada o projeto estrutural de todas as partes envolvidas, isto é, as bombas, as estruturas e os edifícios onde elas são instaladas. Para o desenvolvimento da dissertação, as bombas verticais foram divididas em três partes: corpo de sucção, coluna e corpo superior. Foram analisados três casos de estudo por meio de modelagem por elementos finitos. Ficou evidenciada a necessidade de uma metodologia de projeto estrutural, baseada na identificação dos problemas e das suas causas e de alternativas estruturais mais adequadas para eliminá-los ou reduzi-los. Considerando a dificuldade de testar estas bombas numa bancada de testes do fabricante, montadas de modo similar ao que trabalharão no campo e o fato de que resolver problemas destas bombas no campo é muito difícil e em certos casos até mesmo impossível, ficou evidenciado que a metodologia de projeto estrutural proposta constitui um conjunto de recomendações de grande importância nas aplicações de bombas centrífugas verticais de poço úmido. O desenvolvimento foi feito de modo geral, mas esta metodologia pode e deve ser utilizada em centrais nucleares de potência. / In the structural design of wet sump vertical centrifugal pumps, there is a strong dependence on the arrangement of each plant. Therefore, for each plant there is a particular design that requires mutual cooperation between equipment manufacturers, responsible for the design and testing of the pumps, and the plants and facilities owners and builders involved in the installation of vertical pumps and connected pipes in field. After an extensive literature search, it has been concluded that there was a lack of a structural design methodology that addresses in an integrated structural design of all parts involved, ie, pumps, structures and buildings where they are installed. To develop the dissertation, vertical pumps were divided into three parts: the suction body, column and discharge body. Three study cases were analyzed using finite element modeling. It has been clear out it is necessary a structural design methodology based on identification of problems and their causes and structural alternatives more appropriate to eliminate or reduce them. Considering the difficulty of testing these pumps in the factory test bed, assembled similarly to that in field, and the fact that to solve problems on the field is very difficult and, in some cases, even impossible, it became evident that the structural design methodology proposed is a set of recommendations of great importance in applications of wet sump vertical centrifugal pumps. The development was done in general, but this methodology can and should be used in nuclear power plants.

Este trabalho avalia a aplicação de inversores de freqüência realizada em estações elevatórias de água tratada da cidade de São José dos Campos que são monitoradas pelo Centro de Controle Operacional da Sabesp. Foram estudadas as características técnicas de quatro sistemas de bombeamento que operam com velocidade variável. O trabalho apresenta uma proposta de metodologia para a seleção de inversores de freqüência, com base na metodologia recomendada pelo EUROPUMP e HYDRAULIC INSTITUTE (2004) aplicada em quatro sistemas da cidade de São José dos Campos. Essa proposta de metodologia foi executada através da avaliação seqüencial de um fluxograma e da análise gráfica das informações instantâneas e históricas dos parâmetros de vazão, pressão e freqüência de rotação, existentes no banco de dados dos servidores de supervisão e controle do Centro de Controle Operacional de São José dos Campos. Após a aplicação dessa metodologia, conclui-se que, a aplicação de inversores de freqüência nos sistemas estudados estava adequada e recomenda-se a sua aplicação em sistemas de bombeamento semelhantes. / The main purpose of this work is to evaluate the application of Variable Frequency Drives ? VFD, carried out in water pumping stations managed by SABESP ? Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo, located in the city of Sâo José dos Campos that are monitored by the Operational Control Center ? O.C.C. Technical characteristics of four pumping systems were studied, mainly those operating with fixed or changeable speed. It proposes a new methodology for VFD selection, based on the methodology recommended by EUROPUMP and HYDRAULIC INSTITUTE (2004), used on the systems mentioned before. This proposal of methodology were done using instantaneous and historical information of flow, pressure and rotation frequency parameters stored on data base installed on supervision and control servers installed. After this application, we also concluded that the use of VFD on the evaluated systems was correct and through this we recommend its use on similar pumping systems.

O projeto de bombas centrífugas verticais de poço úmido tem forte dependência do arranjo de cada planta. Cada situação torna-se assim um projeto particular e exige uma mútua cooperação entre os fabricantes do equipamento, responsáveis pelo projeto e testes das bombas, e os proprietários e montadores das plantas, responsáveis pela montagem e instalações das bombas verticais e respectivas tubulações no campo. Após uma ampla pesquisa bibliográfica, evidenciou-se a ausência de uma metodologia de projeto estrutural que contemple de forma integrada o projeto estrutural de todas as partes envolvidas, isto é, as bombas, as estruturas e os edifícios onde elas são instaladas. Para o desenvolvimento da dissertação, as bombas verticais foram divididas em três partes: corpo de sucção, coluna e corpo superior. Foram analisados três casos de estudo por meio de modelagem por elementos finitos. Ficou evidenciada a necessidade de uma metodologia de projeto estrutural, baseada na identificação dos problemas e das suas causas e de alternativas estruturais mais adequadas para eliminá-los ou reduzi-los. Considerando a dificuldade de testar estas bombas numa bancada de testes do fabricante, montadas de modo similar ao que trabalharão no campo e o fato de que resolver problemas destas bombas no campo é muito difícil e em certos casos até mesmo impossível, ficou evidenciado que a metodologia de projeto estrutural proposta constitui um conjunto de recomendações de grande importância nas aplicações de bombas centrífugas verticais de poço úmido. O desenvolvimento foi feito de modo geral, mas esta metodologia pode e deve ser utilizada em centrais nucleares de potência. / In the structural design of wet sump vertical centrifugal pumps, there is a strong dependence on the arrangement of each plant. Therefore, for each plant there is a particular design that requires mutual cooperation between equipment manufacturers, responsible for the design and testing of the pumps, and the plants and facilities owners and builders involved in the installation of vertical pumps and connected pipes in field. After an extensive literature search, it has been concluded that there was a lack of a structural design methodology that addresses in an integrated structural design of all parts involved, ie, pumps, structures and buildings where they are installed. To develop the dissertation, vertical pumps were divided into three parts: the suction body, column and discharge body. Three study cases were analyzed using finite element modeling. It has been clear out it is necessary a structural design methodology based on identification of problems and their causes and structural alternatives more appropriate to eliminate or reduce them. Considering the difficulty of testing these pumps in the factory test bed, assembled similarly to that in field, and the fact that to solve problems on the field is very difficult and, in some cases, even impossible, it became evident that the structural design methodology proposed is a set of recommendations of great importance in applications of wet sump vertical centrifugal pumps. The development was done in general, but this methodology can and should be used in nuclear power plants.

A fundição centrífuga é um importante processo de produção de tubos de ligas metálicas e de cilindros de laminação. A transferência de calor no metal durante a fundição centrífuga de tubos foi modelada matematicamente e o coeficiente de transferência de calor na interface metal-molde determinado em função do tempo utilizando a técnica da solução inversa. A solução inversa foi obtida a partir das curvas de resfriamento experimentais disponíveis na literatura para a fundição centrífuga de um tubo de ferro-fundido. O resultado da solução inversa mostrou, pela primeira vez, que o comportamento do coeficiente de transferência de calor na interface metal-molde durante a fundição centrífuga é semelhante ao da fundição estática: tem-se um valor elevado logo após o vazamento, apresentando um decréscimo exponencial com o tempo. Um modelo matemático da transferência de calor na interface metal-molde foi desenvolvido com base nos mecanismos fundamentais de transferência de calor, como a transferência por condução e radiação através do vão formado nesta interface. Para a previsão deste vão, foram considerados os efeitos da contração térmica e da deformação plástica da casca metálica solidificada. A utilização deste modelo matemático para a transferência de calor na interface metal-molde permitiu o cálculo de curvas de resfriamento em excelente aderência às curvas experimentais reportadas na literatura. / Centrifugal casting is an important process to produce metallic pipes in general and cylinders for steel rolling mills. A mathematical model was proposed for the heat transfer during solidification of centrifugally cast pipes. The heat transfer coefficient at the metal-mold interface was determined as a function of time by the inverse solution technique. The inverse solution was obtained using experimental cooling curves available in the literature for a centrifugally cast-iron pipe. The inverse solution showed, for the first time, that the behavior with time of the heat transfer coefficient at the metal-mold interface is analogous to that observed in traditional static casting processes: an initial relatively large value decreases exponentially with time. A mathematical model for the heat transfer at the metal-mold interface based on fundamental heat transfer principles was proposed. In this model, the heat conduction and radiation in the gap formed at the metal-mold interface, as well as the thermal and plastic deformation of the solid shell, were taken into account. This model, applied to predict the solidification of a cast-iron tube in the centrifugal casting process, enabled the calculation of cooling curves that are in excellent agreement with experimentally measured curves.

In the field of regenerative medicine, regeneration of cartilage defects (caused either by injury or age-related degeneration) has become a widely discussed topic. Nanofibrous scaffolds provide a suitable environment for cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and also for the local involvement of bioactive substances. Nanofibrous scaffolds mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) of hyaline cartilage. These scaffolds are seeded with autologous chondrocytes. After having been isolated from the patient, the cells must be cultivated in vitro in order to obtain a sufficient amount of chondrocytes. Scaffolds with cultivated chondrocytes are later implanted back into the pacient. Chondrocytes, however, when grown on a 2D tissue culture plastic rapidly de-differentiate and thus lose the ability to synthesize ECM molecules. The aim of the work was modulation of chondrogenic differentiation medium through finding the ideal concentration of chondrogenic supplements, composed of L-ascorbate-2-phosphate (A2P) and dexamethasone (DEX), in the culture of primary chondrocytes seeded on a nanofibrous polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold. The effect of different concentrations of the chondrogenic supplements on chondrocyte adhesion to the scaffold and their proliferation and differentiation was studied. The influence...

In this thesis, experiments and simulations are performed to study the deployment dynamics of space webs and space booms, focusing on the deployment and stabilization phases of the space web and the behavior of the bi-stable tape spring booms after long-term stowage. The space web, Suaineadh, was launched onboard the sounding rocket REXUS-12 from the Swedish launch base Esrange in Kiruna on 19 March 2012. It served as a technology demonstrator for a space web. A reaction wheel was used to actively control the deployment and stabilization states of the 2×2 m2 space web. After ejection from the rocket, the web was deployed but entanglements occurred since the web did not start to deploy at the specified angular velocity. The deployment dynamics was reconstructed by simulations from the information recorded by inertial measurement units and cameras. Simulations show that if the web would have started to deploy at the specified angular velocity, the web would most likely have been deployed and stabilized in space by the motor, reaction wheel and controller used in the experiment. A modified control method was developed to stabilize the out-of-plane motions before or during deployment. New web arms with tape springs were proposed to avoid entanglements. A deployable booms assembly composed of four 1-m long bi-stable glass fiber tape springs was designed for the electromagnetically clean 3U CubeSat Small Explorer for Advanced Missions (SEAM). The deployment dynamics and reliability of the SEAM boom design after long-term stowage were tested by on-ground experiments. A simple analytical model was developed to predict the deployment dynamics and to assess the effects of the GOLS and the combined effects of friction, viscoelastic strain energy relaxation, and other factors that act to decrease the deployment force. In order to mitigate the viscoelastic effects and thus ensure self-deployment, different tape springs were designed, manufactured and tested. A numerical model was used to assess the long-term stowage effects on the deployment capability of bi-stable tape springs including the friction, nonlinear-elastic and viscoelastic effects. A finite element method was used to model a meter-class fully coiled bi-stable tape spring boom and verified by analytical models. / <p>QC 20170508</p> / SEAM

As ligas de alumínio hipereutéticas fundidas por centrifugação apresentam a possibilidade de obtenção de um gradiente funcional de propriedades no material (Functionally Graded Material - FGM). Na fundição por centrifugação, os compostos menos densos tenderão a se concentrar no diâmetro interno de um tubo centrifugado. Como a massa específica do silício e do Mg2Si são menores do que a do alumínio, as partículas dessas fases tendem a concentrar-se na parede interna de tubos centrifugados. Em função disto, este estudo tem como objetivo dar uma contribuição ao entendimento dos mecanismos de migração das partículas de silício e de Mg2Si numa liga de alumínio hipereutética com 19% de silício e com adições de cobre e magnésio fundidas por centrifugação. Diante disto, foram obtidos tubos da liga Al-19%Si com adições de até 5% de cobre e 5% de magnésio por meio da fundição centrífuga numa rotação de 1700 rpm. A caracterização microestrutural em diversas regiões dos tubos centrifugados foi feita utilizando-se a microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura com sistema de análise de imagens. A fração das fases presentes e a dureza Vickers foram determinadas ao longo da parede do tubo em diversas posições de vazamento. A fundição centrífuga promove a segregação de partículas de silício primário e de Mg2Si, com massas específicas menores para a parede interna do tubo. Esta segregação é mais acentuada na região final de vazamento devido ao maior tempo de centrifugação até a solidificação. Uma retenção de partículas junto à parede externa do tubo ocorre em decorrência da mais elevada taxa de resfriamento da liga fundida em contato com a parede do molde mais frio. Esta retenção também foi maior na região do tubo de início de vazamento em relação à de final de vazamento. A adição de cobre intensificou a migração das partículas devido ao aumento da densidade do líquido. O aumento do teor de cobre na liga também inibiu a presença de dendritas de alumínio primário que ocorrem em grandes quantidades nas regiões centrais das paredes dos tubos centrifugados. O perfil de dureza ao longo da parede do tubo indicou um aumento de dureza relacionado diretamente à quantidade de partículas de silício (&beta;) e Mg2Si. / A functionally gradient material, in terms of its properties, can be obtained with centrifugally cast hypereutectic aluminum alloys. In centrifugal casting, the less dense compounds tend to concentrate close to the inner wall of a centrifugally cast tube. Since the specific mass of silicon and Mg2Si are less than that of aluminum, particles of these phases tend to concentrate at the inner walls of centrifugally cast tubes. On the basis of this, the aim of this study was to contribute towards increased understanding of the mechanism of segregation of silicon and Mg2Si particles in a centrifugally cast hypereutectic aluminum - 19% silicon alloy to which copper and magnesium were added. Hence, tubes of Al-19%Si alloy with up to 5% copper and up to 5% magnesium were centrifugally cast at rotational speed of 1700 rpm. Microstructural examination of various regions of the centrifugally cast tubes was carried out using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope coupled to an image analyzer. The amount of phases that formed and the Vickers hardness were determined across the thickness of the tube at different positions. Centrifugal casting promotes segregation of primary silicon and Mg2Si particles, (with lower specific weights) towards the inner walls of the tube. This segregation was higher at regions that were last to be cast, and due to longer centrifugation until solidification. Retention of particles close to the outer wall of the tube took place due to higher cooling rate of the cast alloy in contact with the cold walls of the mold. This retention was also higher at regions of the tube that were cast first compared with those that were cast last. The addition of copper increased particle migration due to increase in density of the liquid. Increase in the amount of copper in the alloy also inhibited the presence of primary aluminum dendrites that form in large quantities at the central regions of centrifugally cast tube walls. The hardness profile along the tube wall indicated an increase in hardness and this is directly related to the quantity of (&beta;) silicon and Mg2Si particles.

Protein PEGylation is the covalent bonding of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers to amino acid residues of the protein and it is one of the most promising techniques for improving the therapeutic effect of biopharmaceuticals and long-term stability of protein-based biosensors. This chemical modification brings advantages to biopharmaceuticals, such as an increased half-life, enhanced stability, and reduced immunogenicity. Moreover, in the analytical field, PEGylation improves the multiple properties of protein-based biosensors including biocompatibility, thermal and long-term stability, and solubility in organic solvents. However, the use of PEGylated conjugates in the analytical and therapeutic fields has not been widely explored. The limited industrial application of PEGylated bioconjugates can be attributed to the fact that the reaction and separation steps are currently a challenge. The correct selection of the PEGylation reaction design and the purification process are important challenges in the field of bioconjugation. In this sense, the design and optimization of site-specific PEGylation reactions and application of aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) as purification platforms for PEGylated conjugates are the two main objectives of this thesis. Regarding the purification step, the efficient fractionation (i) of the PEGylated conjugates from the native protein and (ii) of the PEGylated conjugates based on their degree of PEGylation was studied. Centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) was applied as a continuous regime platform based on ABS technology to efficiently purify the PEGylated proteins. The two proteins under study are L-asparaginase, an important biopharmaceutical applied in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and cytochrome c, a promising biosensor. The current work developed in this thesis demonstrates the great potential of ABS in the fractionation of PEGylated proteins, under batch and continuous regime. In addition, in situ recovery of the PEGylated products through one-pot bioconjugation and ABS purification was successfully demonstrated for both enzymes studied. Although further research on scale-up is still required, the results presented show the relevance of ABS platforms for the development of separation processes of PEGylated proteins. / A PEGuilação de proteínas é a ligação covalente de polímeros de polietilenoglicol (PEG) a resíduos de aminoácidos da proteína e é uma das técnicas mais promissoras para melhorar o efeito terapêutico dos biofármacos e a estabilidade a longo prazo de biossensores proteícos. Esta modificação química traz vantagens aos produtos biofarmacêuticos, como um aumento da meia-vida, maior estabilidade e imunogenicidade reduzida. Além disso, no campo analítico, a PEGuilação melhora as múltiplas propriedades dos biossensores baseados em proteínas, incluindo biocompatibilidade, estabilidade térmica e a longo prazo, e solubilidade em solventes orgânicos. No entanto, o uso de conjugados PEGuilados em campos analíticos e terapêuticos não tem sido amplamente explorado. A aplicação industrial limitada dos bioconjugados PEGuilados pode ser atribuída ao facto de as etapas de reacção e separação serem atualmente um desafio. A seleção correcta do design da reacção de PEGuilação e do processo de purificação são importantes desafios no campo da bioconjugação. Neste sentido, a concepção e otimização de reações de PEGuilação sítio-específicas e aplicação de sistemas aquosos bifásicos (ABS) como plataformas de purificação de conjugados PEGuilados são os dois principais objetivos desta tese. No que concerne à etapa de purificação foi estudado o eficiente fracionamento (i) dos conjugados PEGuilados, da proteína nativa e (ii) dos conjugados PEGuilados baseados no seu grau de PEGuilação. A cromatografia por partição centrífuga (CPC) foi aplicada como uma plataforma de regime contínuo baseada na tecnologia de ABS para purificar eficientemente as proteínas PEGuiladas. As duas proteínas em estudo são a L-asparaginase, importante biofármaco aplicado no tratamento da leucemia linfoblástica aguda e o citocromo c, um potencial biossensor. A partir dos trabalhos desenvolvidos, é possível confirmar o grande potencial dos ABS no fracionamento de proteínas PEGuiladas, em regime contínuo e descontínuo. Além disso, a recuperação in situ dos produtos PEGuilados através da integração em uma única etapa de bioconjugação e purificação por ABS foi comprovada com sucesso para ambas as enzimas estudadas. Embora ainda sejam necessários estudos adicionais sobre a viabilidade destes sistemas em larga escala, os resultados aqui apresentados demonstram a relevância dos ABS para o desenvolvimento de processos de separação de proteínas PEGuiladas.

Poles are used as an important constituent of transmission, distribution and communication structures / highway and street lighting systems and other various structural applications. Concrete is the main production material of the pole industry. Concrete is preferred to steel and wood due not only to environmental and economic reasons but also because of its high durability to environmental effects and relatively less frequent maintenance requirements. Centrifugal casting is the most preferred way of manufacturing concrete poles. However, misapplication of the method may lead to a significant reduction in strength and durability of the poles. Segregation of concrete mixture is a frequent problem of centrifugal casting. The segregated concrete within the pole cross-section possesses different physical properties. In particular, the shrinkage tendency of the inner concrete, where the cement paste is accumulated, becomes significantly larger. Differential shrinkage of hardened concrete across the pole section gives rise to the development of internal tensile stresses, which, in turn, results in longitudinal cracking along the poles. There is a vast literature on experimental studies of parameters affecting differential shrinkage of centrifugally cast poles. This research aims to computationally investigate the differential shrinkage-induced internal stress development and cracking of concrete poles. To this end, two and three-dimensional mathematical models of the poles are constructed and finite element analyses of these models are carried out for different scenarios. The computationally obtained results that favorably agree with the existing experimental data open the possibility to improve the centrifugal manufacturing technique by using computational tools.

No description available.