CFC lagstiftningen har i syfte att förhindra eller försvåra skatteplanering genom transaktioner med lågbeskattade utländska juridiska personer som leder till att skattebasen i Sverige minskar. Lagstiftningen innebär att en delägare i ett lågbe-skattat utländskt bolag kan beskattas löpande för sin andel av det överskott som uppkommer. Efter EU- domstolens dom i Cadbury Schweppes målet 2006 , införde regeringen en ny undantagsregel i 39a kap. 7a § IL för att harmonisera de svenska CFC reglerna med EU rätten. Undantagsregeln gav delägaren i CFC bolaget en möjlighet att undvika CFC beskattning om denne kunde bevisa att bolaget hade en ”verklig etablering från vilken en affärsmässigt motiverad verksamhet bedrivs.” Den ordalydelsen som införlivades i svensk rätt skiljde sig från den som angavs av EU domstolens i Cadbury Schweppes målet. Det har sedan dess diskuterats om den svenska formuleringen har samma betydelse som den som angavs av EU domsto-len.Uppsatsen utreder innebörden av verklig etablering och vad som krävs för att en sådan ska föreligga. Begreppet affärsmässigt motiverad har inte definierats i inkomstskattelagen. Därför görs en analogi med andra paragrafer i inkomstskattelagen för att utreda begreppet. Ledning tas även från Cadbury Schweppes-målet vid utredningen då paragrafen har sitt ursprung i målet och EU rätt är överordnad svensk rätt. I 39a kap 7a§ IL anges tre omständigheter som särskilt ska beaktas vid bedömning. Detta för att de ansetts indikera på när en verklig etablering föreligger. Dessa undersöks i avsikt att förstå vad som krävs för att en verklig etablering ska föreligga.Av utredningen framkom att ordet affärsmässigt motiverat enligt paragrafen, krävde att delägarens syfte med transaktionerna till CFC bolaget var huvudsakligen affärsmässiga, med vilket menas att huvudsyftet eller ett av huvudsyftena inte var att undvika skatt. Vidare innebar ordet ett krav på att det utländska juridiska bolaget bedrev någon form av reell ekonomisk verksamhet och inte endast etablerats i utlandet av skatteskäl. Det framkom att det var troligt att begreppet enligt den svenska formuleringen krävde att verksamheten som bedrevs i utlandet var vinstdrivande. Enligt min mening bör dock genom en EU konform tolkning, även verksamheter som är huvudsakligen affärmässig men innehåller inslag av ideell verksamhet kunna ses som verkligt etablerade.Omständigheterna som särskilt ska beaktas krävs endast i den mån de är nödvändiga för verksamheten. Detta innebar att om dessa inte var nödvändiga för verksamheten behövdes hänsyn inte tas till dem alls. Detta gjorde att de i slutändan blev lika viktiga som alla andra relevanta omständigheter i fallet. Då andra relevanta omständigheter inte definierats i paragrafen och hänsyn inte alltid behövdes tas till dem blev beviskravet oförutsägbart. / The purpose of the CFC legislation is to prevent transactions with low taxed foreign le-gal entities that lead to tax losses in Sweden. The legislation allows partners in a low taxed foreign corporation to be taxed for their share of the surplus arising. Following the European Courts judgment in the Cadbury Schweppes case in 2006, the Swedish government implemented a new exception rule in 39a cap. 7a § IL to harmonize the Swedish CFC rules with EU law. The exemption gave a partner of a CFC company an opportunity to avoid CFC taxation if he could prove that the company had an “actual establishment from which commercially motivated activities were carried out.” The wording that was incorporated into Swedish law differed from the one provided by the European Court in the Cadbury Schweppes case. It has since been discussed if the Swedish phrasing has the same meaning as that set by the European Court.The essay investigates the meaning of an actual establishment and what it takes to meet the requirements. The words commercially motivated have not been defined in the Swedish Income tax law. Therefore, an analogy will be made with other laws in the Income tax law to clarify the concept. Guidance is also taken from Cadbury Schweppes case, because the new exception rule has its origin in the case and because EU law is superior to Swedish law. 39a cap. 7 a § IL provides three circumstances that in particular should be consid-ered when judging if the low taxed foreign legal company has an actual establishment. These circumstances indicate when an actual establishment exists. The circumstances’ are examined in the essay in order to understand what it takes for a low taxed foreign legal company to have an actual establishment.The investigation revealed that the words commercially motivated in 39a cap. 7a § IL demanded that the shareholders purpose for the transactions related to CFC company was mainly commercial, which means that the main purpose or one of the main aims was not to avoid tax. Furthermore, the word meant a requirement for the low taxed foreign legal company to engage in real economic activity and not only to be established abroad for tax reasons. It also appeared that it was likely that the meaning of the Swedish wording demanded that the business conducted abroad had to be aiming to make a profit. In my opinion however, by an EU compatible interpretation even businesses’ that are primarily commercial but contain elements of nonprofit could be seen as an actual established.The circumstances that in particular were to be considered when judging if an actual estab-lishment exists are only necessary to the extent that they are needed for the business. This meant that if these were not necessary for the business, they should be disregarded. This ultimately made them became equally as important as any other relevant circum-stances of the case. Since other relevant factors were not defined in 39a cap. 7a§ IL and accounts should not always be taken to the circumstances’ that in particular were to be considered, the requirements for an actual establishment became unpredictable

Det har sedan lång tid tillbaka förekommit att svenska skattskyldiga försökt att undkomma beskattning i Sverige genom att gömma undan tillgångar utomlands i lågbeskattade länder, där sekretessen av information har varit stor. Lagstiftarna i Sverige har försökt att förhindra detta genom att tidigare infört den s.k. CFC-lagstiftningen. Syftet med lagstiftningen är att förhindra eller åtminstone försvåra att svenska skattskyldiga företar transaktioner med ut-ländska juridiska personer och genom det urholkar den svenska skattebasen. Lagstiftningen möjliggör att svenska skattskyldiga beskattas löpande för sin andel av det överskott som uppstår i utländska juridiska personer, oavsett om delägaren erhåller någon utdelning eller inte. De senaste åren har skatteavtal angående utbyte av information mellan Sverige och lågbe-skattade länder haft hög prioritet i regeringens arbete för att med denna metod säkerställa den svenska skattebasen. Sedan 2007 har över trettio avtal ingåtts med bl.a. länder som Schweiz, Luxemburg och Brittiska Jungfruöarna. Avtalen har till syfte att ge Skatteverket möjligheter att få tillgång till exempelvis bankinformation i utlandet och avtalen är även viktiga för att myndigheten ska kunna kontrollera svenskars inkomster och förmögenheter utomlands. Denna uppsats behandlar hur CFC-lagstiftningen bör komma att påverkas av de nya avta-len angående utbyte av information. I analysen fastställs att avtalen gällande informations-utbyte torde innebära att Sveriges CFC-lagstiftning blir effektivare till viss del, men att lag-stiftningens syfte skulle få ännu större inverkan med bättre avtal. Likväl fastställs att vid ett närmare samarbete mellan Sverige och de lågbeskattade länderna avseende flertalet förbätt-ringar torde CFC-lagstiftningen slutligen kunna bli överflödig. / There has since a long time occurred that Swedish taxpayers have tried to escape taxation in Sweden by concealing assets abroad in low tax countries, where the confidentiality of information has been large. Legislators in Sweden have tried to prevent this by earlier introduced the so-called CFC legislation. This legislation aims to prevent or at least make it more difficult for Swedish taxpayers to undertake transactions with foreign legal persons and by then eroding the Swedish tax base. The law allows the Swedish taxpayers to be taxed currently for their share of the surplus that arises in foreign legal persons, regardless of whether the shareholder receives dividend or not. In recent years tax treaties concerning exchange of information between Sweden and low tax countries have had high priority in the Government's work in order to secure the Swedish tax base by this method. Since 2007, over thirty agreements have been concluded with countries like Switzerland, Luxembourg and the British Virgin Islands. The agreements are intended to give The Swedish Tax Agency access to for example information from the bank abroad and the agreements are also important for the authority to monitor Swedes' incomes and assets abroad. This essay considers how the CFC legislation should be affected by the new agreements concerning exchange of information. The analysis determines that the agreements on exchange of information would probably mean that the Swedish CFC-legislation becomes more effective to some extent, but that the purpose of the legislation would have even greater impact with better agreements. Nevertheless it establishes that a closer cooperation between Sweden and the low taxed countries regarding improvements should mean that the CFC legislation would eventually become redundant.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda konsekvensen av att det finns distinktioner i de rättfärdigade inskränkningarna inom etableringsfriheten mellan bolagsrätt och skatterätt samt att undersöka hur de svenska CFC-reglerna kan anses utgöra en rättfärdigad inskränkning i den grundläggande principen om rätten till fri etablering. Etableringsfriheten stadgar medborgare och bolags rätt att fritt etablera sig och bilda bolag inom Europeiska unionen. För att en medlemsstats nationella regler ska kunna inskränka den grundläggande etableringsfriheten krävs att inskränkningen kan rättfärdigas. De rättfärdigade inskränkningarna ser olika ut beroende på inom vilket rättsområde de tilllämpas. Etableringsfriheten är mer långtgående på bolagsrättens område som enbart innefattar en rättfärdigad inskränkning. Inskränkningen kan motiveras av bristen på en unionsrättslig reglering på området. På skatteområdet ser rättsläget dock annorlunda ut. Inom etableringsfriheten finns det ett flertal rättfärdigade inskränkningar på skatteområdet. Att skatterättsområdet är mer reglerat är bolagsrättsområdet har motiverats av att en medlemsstats skatteintäkter är en väsentlig del för en medlemsstats existens. Dessutom skiljer sig de olika medlemsstaternas skattelagstiftningar åt på grund av politiska, historiska och ekonomiska skäl. Konsekvensen av att CFC-beskattas innebär att en delägare löpande blir beskattad för vins-terna i hans utländska dotterbolag som är etablerat i ett lågbeskattat land. CFC-lagstiftningen syftar till att förhindra och försvåra skatteflykt. Efter Cadbury Schweppes-domen har de svenska CFC-reglerna omarbetats. Den nya svenska regleringen harmoniserar mer förenligt med EU och etableringsfriheten. Utfallet från Cadbury Schweppes-domen har även minskat distinktionerna i de rättfärdigade inskränkningarna mellan skatterättens och bolagsrättens område. Effekten av domslutet är ett stort steg framåt i strävan för en enhetlig inre marknad och en mer harmoniserad etableringsfrihet. / The purpose of this paper is to investigate the consequence of that there are distinctions in the justified restrictions in freedom of Establishment between company law and tax law and to investigate how the Swedish CFC-legislation could be considered a justified restriction on the fundamental principle of freedom of Establishment. Freedom of Establishment statutes citizens and companies rights to establish and to set up companies within the European Union. In order for a Member State's national legislation to restrict the fundamental freedom of Establishment a justification is required. The justified restrictions various depending on which area of law they apply to. Freedom of Establishment is more comprising on company law, which only includes one justified restrictive. The restriction can be justified by the lack of a common Unity regulation in the company law. The fiscal situation looks quite different. Within the establishment there are several justifications restrictions on tax matters. The tax law is more regulated then the company law. The tax law has been motivated by the fact that a Member State tax revenue is an essential part of a Member of existence. In addition, differences between the various Member States tax regulations are based on account of political, historical and economic reasons. The consequence of being CFC-taxed is that a shareholder continuously will be taxed for his subsidiary established in a low-tax country. CFC-legislation seeks to bar and hinder tax evasion. After the Cadbury Schweppes-case, the Swedish CFC-legislation was revised. This new Swedish legislation is better harmonized with the EU and the freedom of Establishment. The outcome of the Cadbury Schweppes-judgement has also reduced the distinctions in the justification restrictions between tax law and company law. The effect of the judgement is a major step forward in the ambition for a unified internal market and a more harmonized freedom of Establishment.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera ändamålsenligheten med de svenska CFC-reglerna samt att problematisera det nuvarande CFC-regelverket utifrån de åtgärder och nyckel-överväganden som lyfts fram ur OECDs två rapporter om BEPS. BEPS är ett omfattande problem, vilket har presenterats i två rapporter framförda av OECD. Syftet med rapporterna är att de ska mynna ut i åtgärder på det mellanstatliga beskattningsområdet för att motverka BEPS. Många länder har inkorporerat CFC-regler i sina skattesystem. Några av de åtgärder som presenteras i rapporterna avser att förbättra just dessa regler. För att kunna tyda dessa åtgärder har nyckelöverväganden från OECD lyfts fram. Dessa är; ökad transparens och utbyte av information, heltäckande åtgärder och nytänkande samt gemensam ansats och samspel mellan regler. De flesta länder har vissa grundkomponenter gemensamt när det kommer till strukturen av deras CFC-regler. Dessa gäller bl.a. definitionen av ett CFC-bolag, vad för slags infly-tande eller kontroll det ska finnas mellan det inhemska bolaget och CFC-bolaget, vad som utgör låg beskattning samt vilken typ av inkomst som är hänförlig till ett CFC-bolag. I Sverige återfinns CFC-reglerna i 39a kap. IL. De svenska CFC-reglerna är ändamålsenliga såtillvida att deras strukturella utformning ger dem ett brett tillämpningsområde. Däremot kan reglerna kritiseras för att vara oupp-daterade på två punkter. Samspelet mellan skatterättsliga regelverk, dels inhemska och dels mellanstatliga, är nyckeln till att lösa BEPS. En uppdatering av det svenska CFC-regelverkets ändamålsenlighet kan därför vara en liten pusselbit i det komplexa BEPS-pusslet. / The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the effectiveness of the Swedish CFC rules and to problematize the current CFC rules against the actions and key considerations highlighted by the OECD's two reports on BEPS. BEPS is a widespread problem, which has been presented in two reports carried out by the OECD. The purpose of these reports is to lead to actions in the cross-border taxation area that are aimed at counteracting BEPS. Many countries have incorporated CFC rules into their tax systems. Some of the actions presented in the reports are designed to improve these rules. To be able to interpret these actions, some key considerations have therefore been highlighted. These are; increased transparency and exchange of information, comprehensive actions and innovative thinking and common approach and coherent rules. Most countries have some basic elements in common, when it comes to the structure of their CFC rules. These relate inter alia to the definition of a CFC, what kind of influence or control there should be between the resident company and the CFC company, what constitutes low taxation and what type of income that is attributable to a CFC company. In Sweden, the CFC rules are found in the 39a Ch. IL. The Swedish CFC rules are effective in the sense that their structural design gives them a wide scope. However, the rules can be criticised on two grounds for being outdated. The interaction between tax regimes, partly domestic and partly cross-border, is the key to solve BEPS. An update of the Swedish CFC rules’ effectiveness may therefore be a small piece in the complex BEPS puzzle.

Tesis (Magíster en derecho con mención derecho tributario) / El presente trabajo tiene por finalidad analizar y resolver distintos problemas de carácter interpretativo que surgen en torno a la aplicación del artículo 41 G de la Ley sobre Impuesto a la Renta, que establece el régimen de tributación de las rentas pasivas obtenidas por entidades extranjeras controladas por contribuyentes domiciliados o residentes en Chile, específicamente en materia de reglas de control y reconocimiento de las rentas pasivas de tales entidades. Los problemas son planteados desde una perspectiva práctica y resueltos a partir del análisis y debida interpretación de la legislación chilena actualmente vigente. Por su parte, a fin de evitar que surjan las problemáticas interpretativas analizadas, se proponen mejoras o modificaciones a la disposición referida sobre la base de un análisis de Derecho Comparado y del Proyecto BEPS de la OCDE, es decir, considerando la experiencia, recomendaciones y lineamientos que existen sobre la materia en el ámbito internacional.

The purpose of this report was to investigate why insulation containing chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is not always recycled correctly and examine if the supervision carried out by municipalities is enough to discourage erroneous handling. Additionally the purpose was to propose actions leading to that more insulation containing CFC is recycled and that municipalities can improve their supervision. The method used was a qualitative study where one questionnaire survey was sent to Swedish municipalities and one to demolition contractors. The results from the survey shows that 70 % of municipalities rarely carry out inspections on known demolition sites. This is mainly due to lack of resources but also due to not being aware of current demolition objects. Awareness is a primary condition for inspections. Often smaller municipalities are better informed which can be a consequence of better local knowledge. The survey shows that the material inventory, which is to take place before the application for demolition is filed, often is of a poor standard and lacks sampling for CFC. Lack of knowledge is pointed out as the main reason for incorrect handling of the material. Another reason is economy since identifying and taking care of hazardous waste is expensive. The level of knowledge needs to be increased among all affected parts and one way of doing so is to improve the cooperation and communication between different parts of the municipality so that more inspections can be conducted.

No description available.

Based on Construal Level Theory (Trope & Liberman, 2010), the present study examines the impact of temporal distance on moral concern. A manipulation on individuals’ mind-set has been made in to abstract (High level) versus concrete (Low level) mentality to inspect the ability to effect peoples’ moral concern. Our first hypothesis is that future-oriented people should show more moral concern than present-oriented individuals. Present-oriented people should, however, after an abstract manipulation show a higher moral concern, correspondent with future-oriented individual’s moral concern. 176 undergraduates from a Swedish university participated in the study. The respondents were asked to answer a questionnaire, and a scale was used to measure the individual temporal perspective (Consideration of Future Consequences scale, CFC) and then a manipulation was made. Half of the participants were allotted an abstract (high level) manipulation, and the other half were given a concrete (low level) manipulation. The manipulation was followed by a questionnaire that measured the moral concern, in the form of blame, attributed to morally questionable actions. We found a positive correlation between temporal focus and moral concern. The manipulation however showed no effect of abstraction on peoples’ moral concern. Nor did a two-way between subjects ANOVA show a significant interaction between temporal perspective and abstraction, providing no support for our second and third hypotheses. An environmental impact on the respondents is discussed as a possible reason for the results not being fully consistent with previous studies. For future research we suggest similar longitudinal studies, which would supply researchers with the opportunity to study the long-term effect on different types of moral.

EU law is superior to Swedish domestic law, and it is on Sweden's responsibility to implement the COJ judgments so that it becomes compatible with EU law. The advantage of the Union being superior is the internal market given the member states. However, problems arise when the Swedish legislature goes further in its interpretation of EU law. Restrictions can be imposed but it must be considered to be strongly motivated so the restriction outweighs the need to maintain the freedoms granted by EU law. In Cadbury Schweppes, the court states that restrictions on freedom of establishment may be done to counter artificial arrangements whose sole purpose is to evade the national tax. Its further stated that an artificial arrangement does not exist in those cases there is a real business, even through the establishment in the low-taxing country is economically justified.  The Swedish CFC rules states that the general rule is that if an establishment in a country within the EEA, which have lower corporate tax than 55% of the Swedish tax, the shareholder of this company is taxed on its current share in Sweden. The outcome of Cadbury Schweppes has not been made into a general rule, it became the exception. In addition to that in Sweden it is presumed that the company is an artificial arrangement that expressly are prohibited by the EUD, as well been implemented to supplement the rule, where the Swedish legislature changes the meaning of the term granted by the appeal. The Swedish legislature has amended the original economically motivated establishment, to be commercially motivated. The term is undefined, but applicable elsewhere in the Incometaxlaw and from this one can find that, for an establishment to be considered as commercially motivated the decisions to establish should be taken to promote normal profit-making enterprises based upon commercially motivated decisions.

Lorsque leurs dimensions deviennent nanométriques, les matériaux présentent généralement des propriétés bien différentes de celles mesurées aux échelles supérieures. Ainsi, concernant les propriétés mécaniques, il est, par exemple, souvent fait état d’une résistance accrue à la déformation plastique. Toutefois, une majorité des travaux dans ce domaine concerne des systèmes à une dimension, tels que les nanofils et les nanopiliers. Nos connaissances des propriétés mécaniques d’un autre type de système ’nano’, à savoir les nanoparticules, restent actuellement limitées, ce qui est surprenant en regard de leur immense champ d’applications.Les travaux ici présentés portent sur les propriétés mécaniques de nanoparticules sphériques de matériaux métalliques de structure cubique à faces centrées (aluminium, nickel, cuivre). Ils ont été conduits à l’aide de simulations de dynamique moléculaire de compression uniaxiale.Ces dernières permettent d’analyser finement les mécanismes de plasticité à l’échelle atomique.Deux axes principaux d’étude ont été retenus : l’influence de la taille des nanoparticules et géométrie de la surface de contact dans la gamme de taille étudiée (4-80 nm) lors des premiers stades de déformation plastique. Nous montrons ainsi que cette dernière influe sur la limite d’élasticité, ainsi que sur le mode de déformation plastique, tel que le maclage. / When characteristic dimensions decrease to nanometer, materials often exhibit different properties than those measured at higher scales. So, in terms of mechanical properties,increased resistance to plastic deformation is often reported. However, most research works in this domain focused on one dimensional systems like nanowires and nanopilars. Our knowledge concerning mechanical properties for another type of ’nano’ system, nanoparticles, are in fact much more limited. This is surprising, since they can be used in immense field of applications.The work presented here deals with the mechanical properties of spherical nanoparticles of face centered cubic metallic materials (aluminium, nickel, copper). They were conducted using molecular dynamics simulations under uniaxial compression. These last ones allow to analyze finely the mechanisms of plasticity at the atomic scale. Two main areas of study were selected :the influence of nanoparticle size and the orientation of the compression axis. Our results highlight the predominant role of contact surface geometry in the size range studied (4-80 nm) during the early stages of plastic deformation. We thus show that the latter influences the yield strength, as well as the plastic deformation mode, such as smearing.