O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a influência de 8 compostos fenólicos de baixa massa molar, oriundos da degradação da lignina, sobre a fermentação de glicose a etanol, em meio semidefinido, utilizando-se as leveduras Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE-2 e de panificação. Esses compostos são formados quando o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar é pré-tratado, por explosão a vapor. Assim, p-hidroxibenzaldeído, vanilina, siringaldeído, ácido p-hidroxibenzoico, ácido vanílico, ácido siríngico, ácido cumárico e ácido ferúlico foram adicionados individualmente aos meios de fermentação. Objetivou-se, também, identificar e quantificar os produtos da bioconversão desses compostos pela S. cerevisiae PE-2, por cromatografia líquida seguida de espectrometria de massas. Os resultados mostraram que o p-hidroxibenzaldeído e o ácido p-hidroxibenzoico não foram tóxicos para ambas as cepas. Para a cepa PE-2, o siringaldeído e os ácidos cumárico e ferúlico também não apresentaram toxicidade. No caso da S. cerevisiae de panificação, a vanilina, o siringaldeído e o ácido vanílico (1,0 g.L-1) dificultaram o consumo de glicose, diminuíram a produtividade volumétrica (Qp) e aumentaram o desvio de glicose para ácido acético. Vanilina (1,0 g.L-1) aumentou o fator de conversão de glicose em células (YX/S). Os ácidos siríngico e ferúlico (1,0 g.L-1) e o ácido cumárico (0,6 e 1,0 g.L-1) diminuíram YX/S (~50%), aumentaram o desvio de glicose para glicerol, dificultaram o consumo de glicose e diminuíram Qp, tendo os ácidos cumárico e ferúlico apresentado o maior efeito inibitório. Para a S. cerevisiae PE-2, a presença da vanilina provocou a queda de Qp, devido à dificuldade inicial em consumir o substrato. Já os ácidos vanílico e siríngico foram bastante inibitórios, dificultando o consumo da glicose, diminuindo Qp e aumentando os desvios de glicose para a produção de glicerol e ácido acético. Os ácidos cumárico e ferúlico aumentaram o YX/S (~ 45 e 80%). Quanto à bioconversão dos compostos fenólicos pela levedura S. cerevisiae PE-2, apenas os ácidos que apresentam carboxila benzílica (ácidos p-hidroxibenzoico, vanílico e siríngico) não foram transformados. A cepa PE-2 transformou rapidamente os aldeídos, formando os respectivos ácidos e alcoóis (esses últimos, provavelmente, formados em maior extensão). Esta levedura também foi capaz de converter os ácidos cumárico e ferúlico, mas neste trabalho não foram identificados os produtos dessa transformação. Concluiu-se que os compostos afetaram mais a Qp do que YX/S. O fator de conversão de glicose em etanol não foi afetado por nenhum dos compostos. Alguns provocaram um maior desvio de glicose para a formação de glicerol. O desvio de glicose para ácido acético, nos meios aos quais se adicionou os aldeídos, acompanhou a bioconversão dos mesmos em seu produto de redução, preferencialmente. Este trabalho confirmou os dados da literatura de que a inibição dos processos fermentativos não depende apenas da natureza do composto, mas também de sua concentração e do tipo de micro-organismo. / The main objective of the present work was to investigate the influence of eight low molecular weight phenolic compounds, obtained from lignin degradation, in the fermentation of glucose to ethanol using S. cerevisiae PE-2 and the baker\'s yeast S. cerevisiae in a semi-defined medium. These compounds are originated from the pretreated sugarcane bagasse by steam explosion. Thus, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, syringaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, coumaric acid and ferulic acid were added separately in the fermentative media. Moreover, the bioconversion products of these molecules by S. cerevisiae were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. These results indicated that 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were not toxic for both strain. Additionally, syringaldehyde and coumaric and ferulic acids were also not toxic for PE-2 strain. Vanillin, syringaldehyde and vanillic acid (at 1.0g.L-1) made the glucose consumption slower, reduced the volumetric productivity (Qp), increased the deviation of glucose to produce acetic acid for the baker\'s yeast S. cerevisiae system. Vanillin (at 1.0 g.L-1) increased the cellular mass yield. Syringic and ferulic acids (at 1.0g.L-1) and coumaric acid (at 0.6 and 1.0 g.L-1) highly inhibited the microbial growth (about 50 %), increased the deviation of glucose to produce the glycerol and made slower the glucose consumption, reducing Qp. Coumaric and ferulic acids were the greatest inhibitors compounds for the baker\'s yeast S. cerevisiae. For Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE-2, the presence of vanillin led to a Qp reduction, based on the initial difficult in substrate consumption. Vanillic and syringic acids were extremely inhibitory, making difficult the glucose consumption, reducing Qp and increasing both, glycerol and acetic acid production by deviation of glucose. Coumaric and ferulic acids increased the cellular yield (about 48 and 80 %). Concerning the bioconvertion of the phenolic acids by S. cerevisiae PE-2, only those molecules presenting the benzilic carboxyl group (4-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic and syringic acids) did not reacted. In contrast, aldehydes were rapidly transformed into their respective acids and alcohols (being this last one probably formed in greater amount). S. cerevisiae PE-2 was also capable to convert coumaric and ferulic acids, however, herein none products were identified. Thus, the compounds most affect ethanol productivity than the cellular mass yield. The ethanol yield was not affected by any of the compounds. Some of them led to a greater glucose deviation to produce glycerol and acetic acid. This work confirmed previously data published in the literature indicating that the inhibition of fermentative process did not depend exclusively on the compounds, but also its concentration and microorganism type.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a influência de 8 compostos fenólicos de baixa massa molar, oriundos da degradação da lignina, sobre a fermentação de glicose a etanol, em meio semidefinido, utilizando-se as leveduras Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE-2 e de panificação. Esses compostos são formados quando o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar é pré-tratado, por explosão a vapor. Assim, p-hidroxibenzaldeído, vanilina, siringaldeído, ácido p-hidroxibenzoico, ácido vanílico, ácido siríngico, ácido cumárico e ácido ferúlico foram adicionados individualmente aos meios de fermentação. Objetivou-se, também, identificar e quantificar os produtos da bioconversão desses compostos pela S. cerevisiae PE-2, por cromatografia líquida seguida de espectrometria de massas. Os resultados mostraram que o p-hidroxibenzaldeído e o ácido p-hidroxibenzoico não foram tóxicos para ambas as cepas. Para a cepa PE-2, o siringaldeído e os ácidos cumárico e ferúlico também não apresentaram toxicidade. No caso da S. cerevisiae de panificação, a vanilina, o siringaldeído e o ácido vanílico (1,0 g.L-1) dificultaram o consumo de glicose, diminuíram a produtividade volumétrica (Qp) e aumentaram o desvio de glicose para ácido acético. Vanilina (1,0 g.L-1) aumentou o fator de conversão de glicose em células (YX/S). Os ácidos siríngico e ferúlico (1,0 g.L-1) e o ácido cumárico (0,6 e 1,0 g.L-1) diminuíram YX/S (~50%), aumentaram o desvio de glicose para glicerol, dificultaram o consumo de glicose e diminuíram Qp, tendo os ácidos cumárico e ferúlico apresentado o maior efeito inibitório. Para a S. cerevisiae PE-2, a presença da vanilina provocou a queda de Qp, devido à dificuldade inicial em consumir o substrato. Já os ácidos vanílico e siríngico foram bastante inibitórios, dificultando o consumo da glicose, diminuindo Qp e aumentando os desvios de glicose para a produção de glicerol e ácido acético. Os ácidos cumárico e ferúlico aumentaram o YX/S (~ 45 e 80%). Quanto à bioconversão dos compostos fenólicos pela levedura S. cerevisiae PE-2, apenas os ácidos que apresentam carboxila benzílica (ácidos p-hidroxibenzoico, vanílico e siríngico) não foram transformados. A cepa PE-2 transformou rapidamente os aldeídos, formando os respectivos ácidos e alcoóis (esses últimos, provavelmente, formados em maior extensão). Esta levedura também foi capaz de converter os ácidos cumárico e ferúlico, mas neste trabalho não foram identificados os produtos dessa transformação. Concluiu-se que os compostos afetaram mais a Qp do que YX/S. O fator de conversão de glicose em etanol não foi afetado por nenhum dos compostos. Alguns provocaram um maior desvio de glicose para a formação de glicerol. O desvio de glicose para ácido acético, nos meios aos quais se adicionou os aldeídos, acompanhou a bioconversão dos mesmos em seu produto de redução, preferencialmente. Este trabalho confirmou os dados da literatura de que a inibição dos processos fermentativos não depende apenas da natureza do composto, mas também de sua concentração e do tipo de micro-organismo. / The main objective of the present work was to investigate the influence of eight low molecular weight phenolic compounds, obtained from lignin degradation, in the fermentation of glucose to ethanol using S. cerevisiae PE-2 and the baker\'s yeast S. cerevisiae in a semi-defined medium. These compounds are originated from the pretreated sugarcane bagasse by steam explosion. Thus, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, syringaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, coumaric acid and ferulic acid were added separately in the fermentative media. Moreover, the bioconversion products of these molecules by S. cerevisiae were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. These results indicated that 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were not toxic for both strain. Additionally, syringaldehyde and coumaric and ferulic acids were also not toxic for PE-2 strain. Vanillin, syringaldehyde and vanillic acid (at 1.0g.L-1) made the glucose consumption slower, reduced the volumetric productivity (Qp), increased the deviation of glucose to produce acetic acid for the baker\'s yeast S. cerevisiae system. Vanillin (at 1.0 g.L-1) increased the cellular mass yield. Syringic and ferulic acids (at 1.0g.L-1) and coumaric acid (at 0.6 and 1.0 g.L-1) highly inhibited the microbial growth (about 50 %), increased the deviation of glucose to produce the glycerol and made slower the glucose consumption, reducing Qp. Coumaric and ferulic acids were the greatest inhibitors compounds for the baker\'s yeast S. cerevisiae. For Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE-2, the presence of vanillin led to a Qp reduction, based on the initial difficult in substrate consumption. Vanillic and syringic acids were extremely inhibitory, making difficult the glucose consumption, reducing Qp and increasing both, glycerol and acetic acid production by deviation of glucose. Coumaric and ferulic acids increased the cellular yield (about 48 and 80 %). Concerning the bioconvertion of the phenolic acids by S. cerevisiae PE-2, only those molecules presenting the benzilic carboxyl group (4-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic and syringic acids) did not reacted. In contrast, aldehydes were rapidly transformed into their respective acids and alcohols (being this last one probably formed in greater amount). S. cerevisiae PE-2 was also capable to convert coumaric and ferulic acids, however, herein none products were identified. Thus, the compounds most affect ethanol productivity than the cellular mass yield. The ethanol yield was not affected by any of the compounds. Some of them led to a greater glucose deviation to produce glycerol and acetic acid. This work confirmed previously data published in the literature indicating that the inhibition of fermentative process did not depend exclusively on the compounds, but also its concentration and microorganism type.

The project has focused on the preparation of several series of compounds designed as potential HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Various 2-nitrobenzaldehydes have been reacted with two activated alkenes, methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methyl acrylate, under Baylis-Hillman conditions to afford α-methylene-β-hydroxylalkyl derivatives in moderate to excellent yields. The reactions were conducted using the tertiary amine catalysts, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane(DABCO) or 3-hydroxyquinuclidine (3-HQ) with chloroform as solvent, and yields were optimised by varying the catalyst, reagent concentrations and the reaction time. Reductive cyclization of the Baylis-Hillman adducts via catalytic hydrogenation, using 10% palladiumon-carbon catalyst in ethanol, afforded quinoline and quinoline N-oxide derivatives. In some cases “acyclic” reduction products were also isolated. Reaction of the Baylis-Hillman MVK adducts with HCl, has resulted in effective nucleophilic (SN’) displacement of the hydroxyl group to afford allylic chloride derivatives. Direct substitution of these chloro derivatives by secondary or primary amines, followed by catalytic hydrogenation gave quinoline derivatives containing a 3-aminomethyl substituent. The Baylis-Hillman ester adducts obtained from reaction with methyl acrylate were treated directly with various amines to give diastereomeric conjugate addition products. Reactions with piperazine gave N,N’-disubstituted piperazine products. The piperidine derivatives have been dehydrated to give cinnamate esters in moderate yields. The products, which have all been satisfactorily characterised by elemental (HRMS) and spectroscopic (1- and 2-D NMR) analysis, constitute a “library” of compounds for in silico and in vitro studies as potential HIV integrase inhibitors.

Waxy crude oils (1/3 of oil produced worldwide), pumping through pipelines considered risky operation due to the crude wax content (15-40 wt.%) and to the temperature at which wax supersaturates and precipitates, leading to the danger of pipe blockage, eventually resulting, in multimillion dollars loss in production and maintenance. This research undertaken to develop operational strategy of waxy crude pipelines, considering the crude and crude gel properties and flow conditions. The research problem was approached by characterizing the crude gel with and without additives using chromatography (GC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), cross polarised microscopy (CPM), controlled stress and oscillatory shear rheology (CSR and OSR), the principal parameters being the crude temperature and the rate at which the crude was cooled. GC and DSC were useful in establishing wax composition, content and wax appearance temperature (WAT). Control stress rheometer proved to be the most appropriate as it measured the reduction in apparent viscosity at full production (10-50 s-1 shear rate), near shutdown (1 s-1 ) and yielding when the oil was statically cooled. On this basis, it was established that the wax inhibitor was the most effective. CPM revealed that only the wax inhibitor changed the structure of the gel, disrupting its otherwise knitted crystal network. Dilution with the light crude oil merely reduced the wax content and the pour point depressant reduced the gelling temperature. OSR provided a check on CSR and confirmed the gelation temperature measured. CSR provided the yield stress measured, it also provided comprehensive data that can be used for theoretical modelling of this complex flow. / Libyan Petroleum Institute, Libya

L’incidence du cancer du rein et sa mortalité associée se sont accrues au cours des dernières années. Le type de cancer rénal le plus fréquent est celui nommé Cancer Rénal à Cellules Claires (CRCC) où le plus souvent, le gène suppresseur de tumeur Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) est inactivé. Malgré une détection plus précoce, l’évolution de la pathologie demeure incertaine, en particulier quand les patients développent des métastases ou acquièrent une résistance au traitement (25-30% des patients). De nouvelles thérapies ciblant des kinases (Sunitinib, Sorafenib ou Temsirolimus) bien que très prometteuses conduisent très souvent à l’acquisition de résistance. Dans ce contexte, il est urgent de développer de nouveaux modèles prédictifs de la réponse des patients aux traitements et d'identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques.Ma thèse de science visait trois objectifs complémentaires : 1) Identifier par criblage chimio-génomique des kinases comme cibles thérapeutiques combinées. 2) Etablir deux modèles de culture 3D de cancer du rein qui intègrent le microenvironnement d’une tumeur: les sphéroïdes et la culture organotypique de coupe de tissus. 3) Etudier la chimio-sensibilité de ces modèles à une combinaison de molécules identifiées dans le criblage.Un criblage cellulaire a été réalisé sur la plateforme de Criblage de Molécules BioActives (CEA- Grenoble). Il a consisté à tester 80 molécules inhibitrices de protéine-kinases en combinaison avec l’extinction génique par interférence ARN (shRNAs lentiviraux) de 36 cibles potentielles connues pour leur implication dans divers cancers. La lignée cellulaire choisie (786-O) est dérivée d’une tumeur rénale à cellules claires radio et chimio-résistante et dépourvue de VHL. Parmi les touches qui compromettent la viabilité des cellules 786-O, la combinaison choisie pour son efficacité cible deux kinases importantes dans le contrôle de la survie cellulaire et de la réparation de l’ADN CK2 et ATM. Le statut VHL des cellules module de façon dramatique leur sensibilité à cette combinaison, l’association de ces deux inhibiteurs étant plus efficace sur les cellules 786-O (VHL -) que sur les mêmes cellules dans lesquelles VHL a été réintroduit (VHL+). Au sein d’une tumeur, les différents niveaux d’oxygénation constituent une variation environnementale supplémentaire créant des susceptibilités ou des résistances aux traitements thérapeutiques. Pour déterminer l’impact de nos molécules dans ce contexte, nous avons testé la viabilité des cellules 786-O VHL+ et VHL- dans des conditions normoxiques (21% O2) ou hypoxiques (1,5% O2), en présence des molécules seules ou en combinaison. En normoxie, une diminution synergique de la viabilité des cellules 786-O VHL- est observée en présence de la combinaison, alors que cet effet n’a pas lieu sur les cellules 786-O VHL+. Cette synergie est potentialisée en condition hypoxique. Au niveau mécanistique, les voies de signalisation de stress cellulaires sont d’avantage activées dans les cellules VHL- en présence de la combinaison de molécules comparé au traitement avec chacune des molécules seules. Dans les sphéroïdes tumoraux multicellulaires reproduisant l’organisation d’une micro-tumeur, nos résultats montrent que notre combinaison de molécules induit d’avantage l’apoptose des cellules VHL- que les molécules seules, alors que les cellules VHL+ ne sont sensibles à aucun des traitements.Ces résultats montrent que l’action de nos molécules combinées est clairement plus efficace dans un modèle 3-D. Ils démontrent également qu’il est possible d’objectiver une pharmaco-modulation de la viabilité de cultures organotypiques de tumeur du rein par des combinaisons d’inhibiteurs chimiques de protéine-kinases. Les perspectives de ce travail sont la validation de cette combinaison sur des tumeurs humaines et l’exploitation des cultures organotypiques comme test personnalisé de réponse aux traitements. / Renal cell carcinoma accounts for 3% of all malignant diseases in adults making it the 10th most common cancer in France. The most frequent type of Kidney cancer is Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (CCRCC). Almost all CCRCC show an inactivation of the Von Hippel Lindau tumour suppressor gene (VHL). Between 25-30% of the patients will develop metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) by the time they are diagnose or become unresponsive to all treatments and in these cases, the disease has a rapid progression. Over the past years, kinase-targeted therapies (Sunitinib, Sorafenib, Temsirolimus) have become the mainstay of treatment for mRCC, however, most, if not all, patients acquire resistance to these approaches over time.In this context my PhD had 3 goals: a) to find a new combinatory targeted therapy through a High Throughput Screening; b) to establish 3D models mimicking the real environment of the tumours (spheroids, Tissue Slice Culture); c) to validate the Hits through different molecular and cellular biology studies.We conducted a synthetic lethal screen on the CMBA platform (CEA-Grenoble), choosing 36 potential genes targets and 80 kinases inhibitors drugs. Each of the target gene was silenced by a transduction with shRNA Lentivirus into the 786-O cell line derived from ccRCC that lacks the tumour suppressor VHL, is radio- and chemo-therapy resistant, has increased mobility and is highly metastatic. Among the hit combinations that affect cell viability, one of them was chosen because it targets two important kinases involved in cell survival and DNA repair: CK2 and ATM. Moreover, this combination is specifically more active in the 786-O VHL- cells than in 786-O VHL+ cell line. We evaluated the effect of our drugs on the viability of our 786-O VHL+ and VHL- cells in normoxic (21% O2) or hypoxic (1.5% O2) conditions that reflect different environments that are present in a tumour. Surprisingly, in normoxia, we found a synergetic effect of the drug mix only on the 786-O VHL- cells but not on 786-O VHL+ cells. Furthermore, this effect was even stronger in conditions of Hypoxia (up to 20% of synergism).Mechanistically, an up-regulation of the stress pathways was much stronger in the VHL- cells in the presence of the combination than with the drugs alone. No apoptosis was detected in this 2D models. In Multi-Cellular Tumour Spheroid (MCTS) where the organization of a micro-tumour is reproduced, our drugs are even more effective in inducing cell apoptosis than in 2D monolayers of 786-O VHL- cells. These results also demonstrate that pharmaco-modulation of viability of renal tumour organotypic culture by chemical combination targeting protein kinases can be studied. Perspectives of this work are the validation of this drug combination on human renal tumours and the use of organotypic culture as a test for personalized treatment response.

The overall approach in the present investigation has been to explore applications of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction in asymmetric synthesis and in the continuation of systems with medicinal potential. To this end, a series of varied camphor-derived acrylate esters was prepared to serve as chiral substrates in asymmetric Morita-Baylis- Hillman reactions. Reduction of N-substituted camphor-10-sulfonamides afforded the 3- exo-hydroxy derivatives as the major products. Acylation of the corresponding sodium alkoxides gave the desired 3-exo-acrylate esters, isolation of which was complicated by concomitant formation of hydrochlorinated and diastereomeric competition products. Bulky camphorsulfonamides containing alkyl, dialkyl, aromatic and adamantyl groups were selected as N-substituents with the view of achieving stereoselective outcome in subsequent MBH reactions. The synthesis of novel camphor-derived Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts using various pyridine-carboxaldehydes proceeded with exceptionally high yields with diastereoselectivities ranging from 7-33 % d.e. Both 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS techniques were employed to confirm the structures and an extensive study of the electropositive fragmentation patterns of a number of camphor-derived chiral acrylate esters was conducted. Attention has also been given to the application of MBH methodology in the construction of heterocyclic ‘cinnamate-like’ AZT conjugates which were designed to serve as dualaction HIV-1 integrase-reverse transcriptase (IN-RT) inhibitors. A number of pyridine carboxaldehyde-derived MBH adducts were synthesized using methyl, ethyl and t-butyl acrylates in the presence of 3-hydroxyquinuclidine (3-HQ) as catalyst. The yields for these reactions were excellent. The resulting MBH adducts were acetylated and subjected to aza-Michael addition using propargylamine. The resulting alkylamino compounds were then used in ‘Click reactions’ to form the targeted AZT-conjugates in moderate to excellent yield. In silico docking of computer modelled AZT-conjugates into the HIV-1 integrase and reverse transcriptase enzyme-active sites and potential hydrogen-bonding interaction with active-site amino acid residues were identified. The electrospray MS fragmentations of the AZT and the novel AZT-conjugates were also investigated and common fragmentation pathways were identified.

CNPq / Hidratos de gás são sólidos cristalinos formados através de uma rede de moléculas de água, mantidas coesas por ligações de hidrogênio. Os hidratos são estabilizados por moléculas não-polarizadas de baixo diâmetro molecular (molécula hóspede) que se encontram ocluídas em cavidades (rede hospedeira) da estrutura cristalina formada pelas moléculas de água. A interação entre a rede hospedeira e a molécula hóspede ocorre através de forças de van der Waals. A formação dos hidratos de gás é dependente da temperatura, pressão e da composição do gás. Para a indústria de Petróleo e Gás, a ocorrência de hidratos pode causar problemas em tubulações, danos aos equipamentos e comprometimento da segurança operacional. Por isso, conhecer sob quais condições operacionais ocorre a formação de hidratos é extremamente importante para a indústria. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a investigação do poder de inibição, na formação de hidratos, de soluções aquosas de inibidores (etanol ou cloreto de sódio) para sistemas constituídos por dióxido de carbono, através das curvas de equilíbrio de fases (líquido-hidrato-vapor) para pressões entre 10,3 e 52,4 bar e temperaturas entre 272,15 e 281,65 K. Foram avaliadas diferentes concentrações de inibidores (etanol: 5%, 10% e 15% e cloreto de sódio: 5%, 10% e 15%) de modo a estabelecer o poder de inibição de cada um deles sobre o equilíbrio líquido-hidrato-vapor. As medições experimentais para a obtenção dessas curvas de equilíbrio de hidratos (curvas P versus T) foram obtidas pelo método estático sintético, através do procedimento isotérmico, no módulo de equilíbrio de fases construído no NUEM/UTFPR. Dados da literatura foram selecionados para comparação com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho. A entalpia de dissociação para estes hidratos foi estimada a partir dos dados de equilíbrio obtidos experimentalmente através da equação de ClausiusClapeyron. Adicionalmente, os softwares comerciais CSMGem (Ballard, 2002) e Multiflash® foram usados para estabelecer os desvios médios absolutos entre os dados experimentais obtidos e os dados de predição de dissociação de hidratos. Verificou-se o maior poder de inibição do cloreto de sódio sobre o equilíbrio de fases de dióxido de carbono e água (LH2O-H-V), quando comparado ao etanol. / Gas hydrates are crystalline compounds formed by hydrogen-bonded water frameworks. Hydrates are stabilized by non-polar molecules of low molecular diameters (guest molecules), which are occluded in cavities (host lattice) of the crystalline structure formed by water molecules. The interaction between the host and guest molecules occurs by van der Waals forces. The formation of gas hydrates depends on temperature, pressure and gas composition. In the oil and gas industry, the occurrence of hydrates can cause problems in pipelines, damage to equipments, production interruption or impairment and operational safety issues. Therefore, the knowledge of the conditions under which hydrates occur is of extreme importance to that industry. This study intends to investigate the hydrate phase equilibrium curves for systems of carbon dioxide + inhibitors aqueous solutions, in order to establish the strength of hydrate inhibition at different inhibitor mass concentrations (ethanol: 5%, 10% e 15% and sodium chloride: 5%, 10% e 15%). The experimental temperature ranged from 272.15 to 281.65 K for pressures up 52.4 bar. Experimental measurements were made to obtain hydrate equilibrium curves (P vs T curves) by means of the synthetic static method using an isothermal procedure. The phase equilibrium apparatus was built in the NUEM/UTFPR lab. Literature data were selected and compared with the results obtained in this work. From the phase equilibrium data, the enthalpy of dissociation for these hydrates were estimated by applying the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. In addition, the experimental data are compared to prediction tools (CSMGem and Multiflash®) and the absolute average deviation between the measured and predicted data are reported. It was observed that the sodium chloride provides the strongest inhibition on the LH2O-H-V phase equilibrium when compared to ethanol.

CNPq / Hidratos de gás são sólidos cristalinos formados através de uma rede de moléculas de água, mantidas coesas por ligações de hidrogênio. Os hidratos são estabilizados por moléculas não-polarizadas de baixo diâmetro molecular (molécula hóspede) que se encontram ocluídas em cavidades (rede hospedeira) da estrutura cristalina formada pelas moléculas de água. A interação entre a rede hospedeira e a molécula hóspede ocorre através de forças de van der Waals. A formação dos hidratos de gás é dependente da temperatura, pressão e da composição do gás. Para a indústria de Petróleo e Gás, a ocorrência de hidratos pode causar problemas em tubulações, danos aos equipamentos e comprometimento da segurança operacional. Por isso, conhecer sob quais condições operacionais ocorre a formação de hidratos é extremamente importante para a indústria. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a investigação do poder de inibição, na formação de hidratos, de soluções aquosas de inibidores (etanol ou cloreto de sódio) para sistemas constituídos por dióxido de carbono, através das curvas de equilíbrio de fases (líquido-hidrato-vapor) para pressões entre 10,3 e 52,4 bar e temperaturas entre 272,15 e 281,65 K. Foram avaliadas diferentes concentrações de inibidores (etanol: 5%, 10% e 15% e cloreto de sódio: 5%, 10% e 15%) de modo a estabelecer o poder de inibição de cada um deles sobre o equilíbrio líquido-hidrato-vapor. As medições experimentais para a obtenção dessas curvas de equilíbrio de hidratos (curvas P versus T) foram obtidas pelo método estático sintético, através do procedimento isotérmico, no módulo de equilíbrio de fases construído no NUEM/UTFPR. Dados da literatura foram selecionados para comparação com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho. A entalpia de dissociação para estes hidratos foi estimada a partir dos dados de equilíbrio obtidos experimentalmente através da equação de ClausiusClapeyron. Adicionalmente, os softwares comerciais CSMGem (Ballard, 2002) e Multiflash® foram usados para estabelecer os desvios médios absolutos entre os dados experimentais obtidos e os dados de predição de dissociação de hidratos. Verificou-se o maior poder de inibição do cloreto de sódio sobre o equilíbrio de fases de dióxido de carbono e água (LH2O-H-V), quando comparado ao etanol. / Gas hydrates are crystalline compounds formed by hydrogen-bonded water frameworks. Hydrates are stabilized by non-polar molecules of low molecular diameters (guest molecules), which are occluded in cavities (host lattice) of the crystalline structure formed by water molecules. The interaction between the host and guest molecules occurs by van der Waals forces. The formation of gas hydrates depends on temperature, pressure and gas composition. In the oil and gas industry, the occurrence of hydrates can cause problems in pipelines, damage to equipments, production interruption or impairment and operational safety issues. Therefore, the knowledge of the conditions under which hydrates occur is of extreme importance to that industry. This study intends to investigate the hydrate phase equilibrium curves for systems of carbon dioxide + inhibitors aqueous solutions, in order to establish the strength of hydrate inhibition at different inhibitor mass concentrations (ethanol: 5%, 10% e 15% and sodium chloride: 5%, 10% e 15%). The experimental temperature ranged from 272.15 to 281.65 K for pressures up 52.4 bar. Experimental measurements were made to obtain hydrate equilibrium curves (P vs T curves) by means of the synthetic static method using an isothermal procedure. The phase equilibrium apparatus was built in the NUEM/UTFPR lab. Literature data were selected and compared with the results obtained in this work. From the phase equilibrium data, the enthalpy of dissociation for these hydrates were estimated by applying the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. In addition, the experimental data are compared to prediction tools (CSMGem and Multiflash®) and the absolute average deviation between the measured and predicted data are reported. It was observed that the sodium chloride provides the strongest inhibition on the LH2O-H-V phase equilibrium when compared to ethanol.

The deleterious effects of MPO make it a new target for medicinal research. The aim of our study is to find promising inhibitors of MPO for using them as starting point of new anti-inflammatory drugs. Depending on previous researches on MPO inhibitors, we selected 5-fluorotryptamine as starting compounds. Using docking experiments, we designed a series of compounds derived from 5-fluorotryptamine. Two modifications were proposed: <p>& / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished