Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity International University, 2004. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 235-237).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity International University, 2004. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 235-237).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity International University, 2004. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 235-237).

No description available.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Logos Evangelical Seminary, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-134).

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of Chinese Language and Literature

本文分為〈緒論〉、〈結論〉及正文四章。第一章〈禮教與反禮教〉。「禮教」一詞住住因為使用者不同而帶有不同的意涵，有時指的是三綱制度，有時是指禮法制度，有時又可以說是生活中的禮俗。本章試圖從文獻中釐清禮的層次，並從禮的層次來說明禮教的涵意。在說明禮教的定義之後，我們所想了解的是清末的反禮教思潮之演進，及其發生的社會歷史背景。第二章〈周作人之生平與思想淵源〉。由於政治因素的封殺，所以周作人一生的事蹟就顯得暗淡模糊。本章第一節〈周作人的生平〉的目地即在於利用周作人與當時幾個重要刊物的關係做為經線來貫穿周作人在五四時期的事蹟。第二節〈周作人思想的淵源〉及第三節〈周作人之文學觀〉的主旨是闡明周作人反禮教思想之由來及其反禮教思想在文學活動中的表現。周作人常稱自己是雜定，因為他的興趣廣泛，對於許多的知識都有非常濃厚的興味，是以他的思想外貌就顯得紛亂，使人有眼花撩亂的感覺。然而在紛亂的外表之下，卻是秩序井然，層次分明。第二、三節的主旨即在於撥開紛亂的思路，呈現周作人的思想理路。並且做為本文繼續研究周作人反禮教思想之基礎。第三章〈周作人對禮教內容之剖析〉。本章旨在說明周作人在五四時期反三綱制度、反薩滿教的禮教、反性迷信及其相關問題的言論。在本章中也說明周作人在攻擊禮教之後，是否有建設性的想法。在五四時期，知識份子破壞太多，建設太少，因而整個社會呈現出無所適從的亂像。周作人一方面破壞禮教，一方面也提出他的新「禮」做為新行為規範的參考，希望能為中國盡自己的一分心力。第四章〈新道德觀與人的「發現」〉。本章的主旨在延續上一章最後一節的討論，即周作人對於新「禮」的討論的深化。對於婦女問題、兒童問題、新村運動及當時正在迅速發展的民間文學及民俗學問題，他都曾積極參與討論，並提出新的見解。他希望藉著他從西方引進的新知識能夠推動建立新的道德觀。並且希望新的道德觀─「禮」是中國新文化的基石。

近年來台灣受過高等教育的知識份子，熱中參與新興宗教及擬似宗教的修煉團體。本研究的目的是希望瞭解受世俗理性教育下的知識份子，為何會投入民間教派的靜坐修煉活動，並討論當初學習靜坐的動機與需求，以及對宗教是否有另一套科學－理性的理解模式。 本研究採質性研究取向，以天帝教中知識份子為個案，透過參與觀察、非結構式訪談及文獻分析等方法，試圖瞭解天帝教知識份子參與靜坐修煉的歷程，包括學習靜坐的動機，在修煉過程中的神秘經驗、社會關係的轉變，以及參與信仰論述合理化的行動。 研究發現學習靜坐的動機可分為「解決問題取向」及「非解決問題取向」，前者是被迫要解決具危機感的問題與麻煩；後者為了滿足生命更高的需求層次。靜坐改變以小我為中心世界觀，轉向注重大我，因此家庭關係跟人際關係都趨向和諧，人生觀也從追求個人成就轉向謀求眾人福祉。至於從單純靜坐學習者到成為融入組織的虔信者，中間轉換過程是經由突然跳躍的意識。 最後，本文也指出三項天帝教知識份子對於自我角色的定位模式，藉此凸顯他們在不同知識系統間如何加自我調適，乃至於說明當代知識份子跟宗教團體間的關係及其角色。 關鍵詞：新興宗教、天帝教、知識份子、靜坐、宗教經驗 / Recent years in Taiwan, new religions and religion-like spiritual practice cults appeal to higher educated intellectuals. The main purpose of this study is to realize why these science-ration educated intellectuals were enthusiastic in sectarian religious practice. In this study we discussed their motivation and need for learning meditation. Further more, we'd also like to know whether they have some kind of science-ration patterns of cognition on their religion belief and practice. By case study on The Lord of Universe Church (T'ienti Chiao), a qualitative aspect, such as participant observation, non-structed interview and literature analysis is employed by this study, which tries to understand the process of the intellectuals among the Lord of Universe Church participating in meditation practice, including their motivation of learning meditation, mystical experience of“CHI”, changing of relationships, and the construction of rationalizing belief discourse. Key Words: new religions/ The Lord of Universe Church (The T'ientVs Teachings/ T'ienti Chiao)/ intellectuals/ meditation practice (Quiet Sitting)/ religious experience

Field and laboratory studies were used to elucidate the factors affecting temporal and spatial variations of species abundance and structure of macroalgal assemblage and environmental variables between fish farming (FFA) and non-fish farming (NFFA) areas in Hsiao-Lu-Chiao island, a coral island in southwestern Taiwan. Four experiments have been approached: 1. field surveys of macroalgal assemblage structure on 5-m and 10-m depth at 3 sampling sites at FFA (FFA1, FFA2 and FFA3) and 1 sampling site at NFFA from September 2004, January 2005 and April 2005; 2.the relationship between abiotic (monthly maximum air temperature, monthly minimum air temperature, monthly mean air temperature, monthly cumulative precipitation, monthly cumulative irradiance, seawater temperature, light extinction coefficient, water motion, and nutrient (NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, SRP, DON, and DOP) and biotic (seaurchin density) factors and spatio-temporal variations in macroalgal structures analyzed by non-parametric multivariate model; 3. Factors affecting macroalgal abundance and structure: (1). Comparison of growth temperature ranges in different species to field temperature fluctuation; (2).Comparison of growth irradiance ranges in different species to field irradiance fluctuation; 4.Herbivore pressure: (1). Spatio-temporal variations of sea urchin abundance and structure of assemblage; (2). Gut contents and food preference of sea urchin experiment; (3). Herbivore exclusion experiment. Macroalgal %cover, biomass, species richness, diversity (H¡¦) and evenness (J¡¦) showed temporal and spatial variations, low values in January 2005 and also low values in the 5 m- and 10 m-depth areas of FFA1 and the 10 m-depth areas of FFA2. The data of k-dominance curve, hierarchical cluster and ANOSIM tests indicate that macroalgal assemblage is different between 4 sampling sites, between 2 depths and between 3 seasons. Ceratodictyon spongiosum is the most important species that separates September and January assemblages from April assemblage and separates the FFA1 and FFA2 assemblages from the FFA3 and NFFA assemblages. BVSTEP analysis shows that nutrients (NO3-, DON, DOP), temperature, monthly cumulative precipitation, and sea urchin density are the factors corresponding to variations of macroalgal assemblages, this correlation is more significant for 5 m-depth assemblage. Fish farming area FFA1and FFA2 assemblage are affect by sea urchin density, temperature and DON. Sea urchin influnces macroalgal abundance and assemblage structure in FFA1 and FFA2. Macroalgal %cover in 5 m-depth area shows a reversal relationship with sea urchin density; however, this relationship is not observed for 10 m-depth area. FFA1 and FFA2 are belong to high grazing pressure sites as indicated by high sea urchin density and exclusion experiment. Sea urchin gut contents and feeding preference test show that sea urchin has strong food selectivity with Hypnea charoides and Gracilaria coronopifolia as the most preferred species. Herbivore exclusion experiment shows that Hypnea charoides and Gracilaria coronopifolia are the species recruited in the cages. Ceratodictyon spongiosum had high biomass in FFA1 and FFA2 in January, which was ¡¥low DOP/high DON¡¦. The coindicence of temporal variations in FFA3 assemblage structure with a change from ¡¦Halimeda opuntia and Boodlea compostia¡¦ ¡÷ ¡¦Amphiroa fragilissima, Corallina phhulifera and Galaxaura oblongata¡¦ ¡÷¡¦Halimeda opuntia and Boodlea compostia¡¦ with low nitrogen/ high phosphorous¡¦ ¡÷¡¦ high nitrogen/ low phosphorous¡¦ ¡÷ ¡¦low nitrogen/ high phosphorous¡¦ suggest a role of ¡¦low nitrogen (NO3-)/high phosphorous (DOP)¡¦ for FFA3 structure modification. NFFA assemblage is controlled by temperature and monthly cumulative precipitation. Monthly cumulative precipitation in September was higher than January and April, in which Boodlea compostia and Gracilaria coronopifolia were dominant algae in September. The temperature growth responses of algae using the continuous-flow outdoor laboratory tank culture system fit their seasonal growth, reflecting the temperature-dependent manner of seasonal variations in abundance. It could be concluded from the present investigation that the structure of benthic macroalgal assemblage in Hsiao-Lu-Chiao island in southwestern Taiwan is affected by predicted natural and pulse disturbances. Temperature fluctuations involve in overall temporal variations in structure. Sea urchin herbivory and nutrient as pulse nutrient modulate the structure in fish farming area while monthly cumulative precipitation is associated with algal structure in non-fish farming area.