本研究的目的為探究中文母子對話中，母親的互動風格與話題延續的關係。 研究問題為: (a)本研究中兩位母親的互動風格為何? (b)兩位孩童的話題延續表現有何不同? (c)母親的互動風格與話題延續有怎樣的互動關係? 研究語料為兩組親子互動的自然語料，各取三個小時，孩童的年紀約為三歲。研究結果顯示兩位母親的互動風格有所不同，分別屬於命令型和引誘型。 而小孩的在話題延續上表現則是相近，大多用回應母親問題的方式來延續話題並且能在不同的情境中提供新資訊。對兩組親子互動的探究顯示命令型的母親比較不會延續對話而經常改變話題，造成較短的話題片斷。引誘型的母親則較注重對話的延續且較少改變話題，造成較長的話題片斷。 / The purpose of the study is to investigate the interaction of the maternal interactional styles and topic maintenance in Mandarin mother-child conversational interaction. There are three research questions: (a) What are the mothers’ interactional styles in the current case? (b) What are the differences among children’s competences of topic maintenance? (c) How do the maternal interaction styles interact with topic maintenance in the conversational interactions? Naturally occurring conversations of two dyads' conversational interactions were adopted as the data and analyzed. Results suggested that while the two mothers differed in terms of their interactional styles, the two children showed nearly equal sophistication in terms of their topic-maintaining competences. Examinations of the two dyads' interactions also revealed that the directive mother was less interested in maintaining the conversations, changed topics more frequently, and maintained discourse topics for less turns. The conversation-eliciting mother paid more attention on maintaining of the conversations, change topics less frequently, and maintained discourse topics for much more turns.

This study investigates whether it is possible and necessary to acquire a second and third language simultaneously in our present multicultural, multilingual South Africa with its eleven official languages. The qualitative, descriptive empirical research was executed for the duration of the first school term within a multiracial grade four class at Richmond Primary School in KwaZulu Natal. Afrikaans and Zulu were taught in separate periods, simultaneously, for the exact number oflessons per week, with the exact same content, method and teacher. The success ofthe research, rested on maintaining absolute reality within the normal daily routine of the school day, in order to see if it is possible to acquire two languages simultaneously. The very positive outcomes of this research cannot be generalized, but rather indicate possible tendencies that it is indeed possible to acquire two languages simultaneously. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (with specialisation in Guidance and Counselling)

Prepositions are acquired at earliest during the second year of life. This thesis investigates 16 children acquiring Swedish spatial prepositions, i.e. på ‘on/at’, i ‘in/at’, under ‘under’, bredvid ‘beside/next to’, bakom ‘behind/back’ and framför ‘in front’. This thesis aimed toinvestigate how preposition acquisition relates to language acquisition. The thesis used three different methods: eight sessions of free parent-child interaction, one structured experiment at 2;9 years and parental reports on child passive/active vocabulary from when the children were 0;9 years until they were 3;0 years old. The data gathered was correlated to scores in the parental reports at 4;0 years, which was used as a measure of communicative level, and used as a base when dividing the children into three groups: lower, average and higher score. The results showed that both parental and child preposition production, comprehension at 2;9 years, and comprehension and production predicted communicative level at 4;0 years. The results of the thesis varied depending on the method used. This highlights the importance if using several methods when investigating child language acquisition. / Prepositioner tillägnas som tidigast under barnets andra levnadsår. I denna masteruppsats undersöks utvecklingen av spatiala prepositioner hos 16 barn under deras 4 första levnadsår. På, i, under, bredvid, bakom och framför var prepositionerna som undersöktes. Ett av uppsatsens mål var att undersöka om och/eller hur prepositionsutveckling är kopplat till språkutveckling. För att nå målet användes tre olika metoder: åtta sessioner av förälder-barn interaktion, ett semi-strukturerat test då barnen var 2;9 år gamla och aktivt/passivt ordförråd från när barnen var 0;9 år till att de var 3;0 år gamla. Detta korrelerades sedan till barnens poäng från en föräldraenkät om barnets språkförmåga vid 4;0 års ålder. Poängen vid 4-års ålder låg till grund för uppdelning av barnen i tre grupper: lägre, medel och högre språklig nivå. Resultaten från uppsatsen var bland annat att såväl föräldrars som barns produktion av prepositioner, barnens förståelse av prepositionerna vid 2;9 år, och förståelse såväl som produktion av prepositioner förutsäger barnens kommunikationsnivå vid 4;0-års ålder.  Resultaten skiljer sig beroende på vilken metod som använts, vilket understryker vikten av att använda flera metoder när barns språkutveckling undersöks. / MINT - moduling infant language acquisition from parent-child interaction

Introdução: O presente estudo comparou o desempenho de crianças brasileiras com distúrbio específico de linguagem (DEL), transtorno fonológico (TF) e desenvolvimento típico de linguagem (DTL) em memória de curto prazo e operacional nas modalidades verbal e visuoespacial. A hipótese central do estudo era de que o grupo com distúrbio específico de linguagem teria um desempenho aquém do observado nos demais grupos, nos dois tipos de memória e nas duas modalidades, enquanto o grupo com transtorno fonológico teria prejuízos apenas na modalidade verbal. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 60 crianças de ambos os gêneros e com faixa etária entre 5 anos e 6 anos e 11 meses, divididas igualmente em três grupos, com base em seu desenvolvimento de fala e linguagem. Todas apresentavam audição normal e rendimento intelectual não verbal adequado. Para a caracterização dos sujeitos, foram avaliados vocabulário expressivo, fonologia, discriminação auditiva para fonemas e nível socioeconômico. A avaliação experimental foi composta pelo teste de memória de curto prazo fonológica e por oito tarefas do Automated Working Memory Assessment, que avalia a combinação dos dois tipos de memória e suas duas modalidades (curto prazo verbal, operacional verbal, curto prazo visuoespacial e operacional visuoespacial). Resultados: A comparação entre os tipos e as modalidades de memória revelou que os três grupos apresentaram o mesmo padrão. Na modalidade verbal, o melhor desempenho ocorreu na memória de curto prazo, enquanto na modalidade visuoespacial, ocorreu na memória operacional. Já na memória de curto prazo, o melhor desempenho ocorreu nas tarefas verbais, enquanto na memória operacional, ocorreu nas tarefas visuoespaciais. A comparação entre os grupos revelou que os sujeitos com DEL tiveram desempenho inferior aos dois outros grupos em todas as combinações de tipos e modalidades de memória, com exceção da memória de curto prazo verbal e operacional visuoespacial, nas quais obtiveram desempenho similar ao grupo com TF. Já os sujeitos com TF tiveram desempenho inferior ao grupo com DTL apenas na modalidade verbal. A idade e o nível socioeconômico não demonstraram influenciar tal desempenho, porém, o rendimento intelectual não verbal, o vocabulário expressivo, a fonologia e a discriminação auditiva foram identificados como variáveis mediadoras. Por fim, a análise discriminante evidenciou que essas medidas foram capazes de discriminar corretamente 78,3% dos sujeitos, sendo que 75% foram corretamente classificados como DEL, 65% como TF e 95% como DTL. Conclusões: Ainda que os três grupos tenham demonstrado padrão semelhante de desempenho quanto ao tipo e modalidade de memória, o grupo com DEL apresentou um prejuízo que não se restringe à modalidade verbal, enquanto o grupo com TF demonstrou prejuízo exclusivamente na modalidade verbal. Tais achados confirmam a hipótese central formulada e contribuem para a compreensão da extensão e dos possíveis mediadores do comprometimento da memória de indivíduos com DEL. Descritores: memória; memória de curto prazo; linguagem infantil; linguagem; desenvolvimento da linguagem; transtornos do desenvolvimento da linguagem; transtornos da linguagem; fonoaudiologia; distúrbios da fala / Introduction: The present study compared the performances of Brazilian children with specific language impairment (SLI), speech sound disorder (SSD) and typical language development (TLD) on verbal and visuospatial measures of short-term (STM) and working memory (WM). The central hypothesis of the study was that children with SLI would present poorer performances on both types and domains of memory when compared to the other groups, while children with SSD would present deficits restricted to the verbal domain. Methods: Participants were sixty children aged 5- to 6-years of both genders. Participants were divided into three groups based on their speech and language development. All children presented hearing thresholds within normal limits and presented appropriate nonverbal intellectual performance. In order to characterize the children, we assessed expressive vocabulary, phonology, auditory phoneme discrimination and socioeconomic status. The experimental assessment was composed by a phonological short-term memory test and by eight tasks based on the Automated Working Memory Assessment. This battery assesses both types and domains of memory (verbal STM, verbal WM, visuospatial STM and visuospatial WM). Results: The comparison between types and domains of memory revealed that groups exhibited the same pattern: on verbal domain they performed better on STM while on visuospatial domain they performed better on WM; on STM they performed better on verbal tasks while on WM they performed better on visuospatial tasks. Intergroup comparison revealed that children with SLI performed worse than their peers on both types and domains of memory, except on verbal STM and visuospatial WM in which they performed similarly to children with SSD. In contrast, children with SSD performed worse than children with TLD only on verbal domain. Age and socioeconomic status showed no influence on children`s performance, but nonverbal intellectual performance, expressive vocabulary, phonology and auditory phoneme discrimination were identified as covariates. Finally, discriminant analysis indicated that these measures of memory were able to significantly discriminate between 79.3% of the all children, correctly classifying 75% of children with SLI, 65% of SSD and 95% of TLD. Conclusion: Although all groups presented a similar pattern in performance regarding types and memory domains, children with SLI exhibited deficits that were not restricted to the verbal domain, while children with SSD showed deficits restricted to this domain exclusively. These findings support the central hypothesis formulated for this study and contribute to the better understanding of comprehensiveness and of factors that might mediate memory impairment of children with SLI

Comunicação Suplementar e/ou Alternativa (CSA) é uma área clínica reconhecida pela ASHA (1991) que visa suprir temporária ou permanentemente dificuldades severas de comunicação oral, seja qual for o fator etiológico e a idade do indivíduo em questão. É uma área ainda recente no Brasil, havendo poucos estudos científicos, sobretudo que a relacionem com o trabalho cognitivo e de linguagem e com quadros de alteração sensório-motora em crianças. A hipótese inicial é que haja pré-requisitos cognitivos e de linguagem para a abordagem direta da CSA. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo relacionar o nível de desenvolvimento cognitivo e de linguagem com o desempenho do trabalho de CSA com crianças com Paralisia Cerebral. Utilizou-se como amostra nove crianças com paralisia cerebral, com idades entre 4;0 e 9;11. Cada criança foi avaliada a partir de um protocolo estabelecido para determinar sua etapa de desenvolvimento cognitivo e de linguagem. Paralela a esta avaliação registrou-se o desempenho da criança no uso da CSA e a descrição detalhada do seu material - tipo de sistema utilizado, número de símbolos no total e por categoria semântica, forma de disposição e tipo de acesso. No caso das crianças que apresentaram uso eficiente da CSA, aplicou-se um questionário sobre sua comunicação aos pais/responsáveis. Os dados foram relacionados e analisados comparando essencialmente a etapa cognitiva com o desempenho no uso de CSA. Quanto ao questionário e análise comparativa do material de CSA, não foi possível estudo mais aprofundado visto que apenas uma criança apresentava uso eficiente da CSA no momento da avaliação. A partir da comparação realizada entre os desempenhos nas provas e no uso da CSA, verificou-se que apenas as crianças caracterizadas no período pré-operatório demonstraram usar a CSA de forma eficiente, o que sugere que de fato há pré-requisitos para o uso de sistemas gráficos de CSA / The Augmentative and/or Alternative Communication (AAC) is a clinical area recognized by ASHA (1991) that attempts to compensate, temporarily or permanently, severe expressive communication disorders, being whatever the etiologic factor and the age of the subject studied. It is still a recent area in Brazil, with few scientific studies, above all that associates the AAC with the cognitive and language intervention and with developmental neuromotor disorder. The initial hypothesis is that cognitive and language pre-requisites exist for a direct intervention with AAC. The present research had the aim of verifying the relationship between the cognitive and language development level and the learning of the AAC, in children with cerebral palsy. The subjects of the research were nine children with cerebral palsy, with age ranging from 4;0 to 9;11 years old. Each child was assessed by a set protocol in order to determine the cognitive and language development level. Moreover, it was registered the performance of the child with the AAC use and the detailed description of her material - type of system and selection, arrangement of symbols, and total number of symbols and by semantic category. In the case the children present efficient use of AAC, a questionnaire about their communication was applied to their parents/responsibles. The data were related and analyzed comparing, essentially (principally), the cognitive level and the performance in the use of the AAC. In relation to the questionnaire and the comparative analysis of the AAC material, it was not possible to make a deeper study due to only one child presented efficient AAC use in the assessment occasion. According to the comparison done between the performance in the tests and the use of AAC, it was verified that only the children in the preoperational level demonstrated an effective use of the AAC. The results suggest that it really exists a pre-requisite for the AAC representational systems use

<p>This study examines the distribution of adverbs among child heritage speakers of Spanish. As demonstrated by previous research, the grammar of Spanish heritage speakers can be compared to that of monolingual speakers, but with slight differences in their use and interpretation that can occur given their language dominance, usage, and exposition to the heritage language (Camacho & Kirova, 2018). In adverb placement, a relevant difference comes with verb-raising, a syntactic feature that allows the verb (V) to move in the sentence, and that is common in romance languages, but uncommon in morphologically poor languages such as English (Camacho & Sanchez, 2017; Guijarro-Fuentes & Larrañaga, 2011). Other differences in adverb distribution also stem directly from their semantic use and interpretation (Zagona, 2002), differences that may create instances of cross-linguistic influence or transfer between English and Spanish grammars. Hence, this study intends to study the extent to which these phenomena are produced in adverb placement, considering the patterns of language dominance, use, and exposure of the participants and current bilingual research discussing language transfer in bilingual grammars. Hence, an elicited production task was administered to 14 child heritage speakers of Spanish from the U.S. Midwest and to a comparison group, 25 child monolingual Spanish speakers from Mexico. Results suggest that child heritage speakers behave differently in their production of adverb placement compared to monolingual speakers, showing lower accuracy and little use of verb-raising structures that allow them to produce the post-verbal adverb position Sub-Verb-Adv-Obj. These findings suggest a different developmental path in the acquisition of adverb placement for heritage children in comparison to that of monolingual children.</p>

The deaf child’s primary handicap is his inability to hear human speech. The whole functioning of the deaf child is hampered by his hearing loss. This implicates that deafness can cause secondary problems such as: -- language problems; -- speech problems; -- thinking problems; -- social problems; -- emotional problems; -- educational problems; -- occupational problems; and -- family problems. These problems impose a special challenge to people who intervene with deaf children. The deaf child cannot communicate intelligibly. The therapist has to pay special attention to this problem and to the way in which communication will commence and continue. Pedotherapeutic intervention implicates effective communication. The use of language plays an important role in the Educational-psychological practice. Diagnostic tests and therapeutic techniques require an average language capability. The therapist must seek alternative concrete ways in which to assess the deaf child and to solve the child’s problems. The creation of a work of art is a concrete sensory act. A variety of authors state that, most children can project their deepest inner feelings through a work of art without fear and pain. The instructions given for art therapy are simple and most children feel safe to create. A child’s work of art has diagnostic as well as therapeutic value. It is important that the therapist will recognize and interpret the projected symbols and that he will use it to change and expand the deaf child’s world of meaning. During the assessment of a child’s drawing the therapist must take aspects of the art work, such as colour, form, line, art material, the content of the drawing, the perceptual and motor development of the child, the child’s age, non-verbal communication and verbal communication during the creative process, into consideration. The therapist must not use above-mentioned directions at random. Every individual’s work of art must be assessed in a phenomenological way, before any conclusions can be made. A private, well equipped art therapy room is necessary for the child in order to feel safe to explore and create. The therapist who intervenes with deaf children has to be well trained. He must have knowledge and experience of deafness, know sign language and should have exceptional language abilities. In this study the therapist applied art therapy with a deaf child. Both the child and his educators were involved in therapy. The therapy was successful. Most of the therapeutic goals were achieved. The therapist needed to adapt the way of communication in order to enhance the level of communication between her and the deaf child. Art therapy can be successfully used with the deaf child because adequate communication is possible, the deaf child can identify with the therapeutic content and transcendence is possible. Some deaf children do not respond well to art therapy. The uniqueness of each deaf child should be taken into consideration before a therapeutic technique can be chosen. / Dissertation (MEd (Educational Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Orthopaedic Surgery / unrestricted