A presente tese, de cunho qualitativo, versa sobre o universo da gravidez na adolescência, através de entrevistas semi-abertas, investigando de que modo adolescentes grávidas narram essa ocorrência. A pesquisa apresenta como objetivos principais oportunizar o entendimento de como adolescentes grávidas compreendem temas como iniciação sexual de jovens, gravidez juvenil, contracepção e aborto, analisando este entendimento frente à realidade que vivenciam, conhecendo e compreendendo as informações adquiridas através do meio escolar e familiar, bem como compreender o quanto o relacionamento que as adolescentes têm com seu meio sócio-familiar repercutiu para o acontecimento das gestações e como os aspectos conscientes e inconscientes destas pertenças familiares podem estar ligados a tais ocorrências. A análise do material é feita dentro do estudo de caso psicanalítico, e a ancoragem teórica situa-se nos campos de pesquisa da interlocução da psicanálise freudo-lacaniana, propiciando explicações sobre a temática não restritas ao referencial biológico e articuladas ao campo da Educação. / The present thesis, of a qualitative approach, embraces the universe of the pregnancy in the adolescence, through non-directive interviews, investigating the way pregnant adolescents tell this occurrence.The research presents as main objectives, the offering of some understanding of how adolescents comprehend a sexual life beginning, youth pregnancy, contraception and abortion, analyzing their own comprehension facing the reality they live, leading to know and understand the information adolescents have about these topics, which are got from a school-family environment, as well as comprehending how much the adolescents´ social-family environment has reflected the happening of these pregnancies, and how the conscious and unconscious aspects of the family characteristics can be connected to such occurrence. This material analysis is made throughout a case study in psychoanalysis and the theorist approach is based on a field research and on Freud - Lacan Psychoanalysis, favoring not some explanations about the biological aspects but a link to the Educational field.

This paper contributes to the discussion on the effects of single motherhood on happiness. We use a mixed-method approach. First, based on indepth interviews with mothers who gave birth while single, we explore mechanisms through which children may influence mothers' happiness. In a second step, we analyze panel survey data to quantify this influence. Our results leave no doubt that, while raising a child outside of marriage poses many challenges, parenthood has some positive influence on a lone mother's life. Our qualitative evidence shows that children are a central point in an unmarried woman's life, and that many life decisions are taken with consideration of the child's welfare, including escaping from pathological relationships. Our quantitative evidence shows that, although the general level of happiness among unmarried women is lower than among their married counterparts, raising a child does not have a negative impact on their happiness.

The diploma thesis is devoted to effects of social policy on marriage and family in Czech Republic. Significant demografic phenomenon of last 20 years in Czech Republic is rise of extra-marital childbearing. Childbearing outside marriage is especially common in the case of first birth and has become typical of young mothers, the lowest-educated women and the high-unemployment regions. The increasing trend of bachelor mothers was connected with the transformation process and generous social system in 90's of 20th century. Young couples often do not get married and they pretend incomplete family in order to obtain social incomes. Ministry of Labour expected from changes in the state social support system as well as in the formation of living minimum the solution of the problem with purposeful cohabitation. The target of the thesis is to show that couples can profit from the purposeful cohabitation after these changes as well as before and demonstrate how much higher incomes can be and how much more state can pay on social benefits.

Many women aged 20-30 are postponing their first pregnancies until their mid 30s and beyond, which has resulted in compressed childbearing years and/or infertility. Little is known about the knowledge and understanding that Canadian women of advanced age (age 35-45) possess of their reproductive capacity. This phenomenological study sought to explore these women's knowledge and perception of their reproductive capacity in relation to the timing of first pregnancy. Research questions using the constructs of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior were developed to explore how the behavioral, normative, and control beliefs of women's childbearing behaviors were based on their perceptions of their reproductive capacity. A purposeful sample of 10 participants provided data in semistructured interviews about their lived experiences of being pregnant for the first time at an advanced age. Thematic analysis was used to analyze interview transcripts. Emergent themes derived from the data included being naïve about natural conception, use of fertility specialist, discussions of childbearing plans by family doctors, lacking energy to care for young children, and feeling judged by others. Results indicated inaccuracies in the women's factual knowledge in terms of the narrow window for fertility, chances of natural conception, the impact of long-term use of contraception, and the use of artificial reproductive technologies to compensate for age-related fertility decline. This study may promote positive social change by offering healthcare providers information that assists them in tailoring reproductive messages for patients that dispel misconceptions regarding women's reproductive potential, which may reduce the number of women experiencing involuntary childlessness and infertility

The aim of the study “Gender and societal norms in change - Quantitative study on women's attitudes to childbearing and parenting” was to investigate women's attitude towards childbearing and parenthood, as well as women's attitude towards becoming a parent on their own. The goal was to develop knowledge regarding women's attitude towards having children in order to contribute with possible explanations for the downward trend of childbearing in Sweden. The study also investigates which factors can influence women's decisions towards having children. The questions that the study answered were: What does women's attitude towards becoming a parent look like on their own? What factors are important for women to consider when having children? How do the factors affect the timing of having children? The study was carried out using a quantitative method in the form of a survey. A total of 112 women participated in the study, which was based on theories of individualization, female individualization and gender socialization. The results of the study showed that the women did not experience a strong influence of gender and societal norms regarding childbearing and parenthood. However, the women felt that there are several important factors that they want to achieve before having children, which affect the timing. The majority of women were also positive about single parenthood and the use of medically assisted conception. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka kvinnors inställning till barnafödande och föräldraskap, samt kvinnors inställning till att bli förälder på egen hand. Målet var att utveckla kunskap gällande kvinnors inställning till att skaffa barn för att bidra med möjliga förklaringar till den nedåtgående trenden av barnafödande i Sverige. Studien undersöker även vilka faktorer som kan påverka kvinnors beslut att skaffa barn. De frågor som studien besvarade var: Hur ser kvinnors inställning ut till att bli förälder på egen hand? Vilka faktorer är viktiga för kvinnor att ta hänsyn till när de skaffar barn? Hur påverkar faktorerna tidpunkten för att skaffa barn? Studien genomfördes med en kvantitativ metod i form av en enkätundersökning. Totalt deltog 112 kvinnor i studien som tog avstamp i teorier om individualisering, kvinnlig individualisering och könsocialisering. Resultatet i studien visade att kvinnorna inte upplevde en stark påverkan av köns- och samhällsnormer när det gäller barnafödande och föräldraskap. Däremot ansåg kvinnorna att det finns flera viktiga faktorer som de vill uppnå innan ett barnafödande, vilket påverkar tidpunkten. Majoriteten av kvinnorna var dessutom positiva till ett ensamt föräldraskap och användning av medicinsk assisterad befruktning.

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Pregnancy and childbearing are most of the crucial milestones in women’s lives as they look forward to becoming mothers. During this time, they have positive expectations while pregnant, however, the physical, hormonal, neurotransmitters and psychosocial changes that occur can make pregnancy to be stressful and overwhelming. The disability associated with depression and its impact on maternal and child health has important implications for public health policy. While the prevalence of postnatal depression is high, there are no prevalence data and associated risk factors on antenatal depression in Helen Franz Hospital of Limpopo Province, South Africa. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with depression amongst pregnant women at Helene Franz Hospital. Methodology: A quantitative retrospective design was used in the study and a sample size of 336 was required which was calculated based on the 95% confidence interval, 5% sampling error and 38.5% prevalence of depression amongst pregnant women in KZN. A self-administered questionnaire with close-ended questions which was adopted from the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale was given to the participants to complete. The scoring of the questionnaire was that the maximum score was 30 and the persons who scored 10 or greater were considered depressed according to the Edinburg scale for assessing depression. Data were analysed using SPSS V.21.0 and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The participants ranged from 18 to 47 years with the mean age of 27.8±6.9 years. The majority of the pregnant women were in the age groups 20-24 years and 25-29 years. The mean depression score for pregnant women was 7.87±5.2 and ranged from 0 to 23. The prevalence rate of depression symptoms was 31%. Maternal age was not significantly associated with depression and a significantly higher proportion of married pregnant women were depressed as compared to unmarried women at p=0.017. Pregnant women who smoke were significantly more likely to be depressed than those who do not smoke at p=0.002. Pregnant women without financial support from partnerwere significantly likely to be depressed than those who receive financial support at p-=0.002. A significantly greater proportion of pregnant women with partner violent were likely to be depressed than those with non-violent partner at p <0.001. Pregnant women in relationships with unemployed spouses were significantly likely to experience depression than the employed spouse at p=0.035. lastly, pregnant women in relationship with a spouse with lower educational level were significantly likely to be depressed than the other groups at p-.006. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression among pregnant women was high and the main risk factors involved in the onset of antenatal depression have highlighted a complex multifactorial aetiology. These are related to different sources of chronic diseases, psychosocial, environmental, obstetric and pregnancy- related risk factors have been highlighted. Correctly identifying women at risk of suffering from depression would provide an opportunity to target those women who would benefit from preventive and supportive interventions. Therefore, a psychosocial assessment, in the sense of a comprehensive and multidimensional evaluation of a woman's psychosocial circumstances should be common practice for all women during the antenatal period. Key concepts Antenatal care; Pregnancy; Childbearing; Depression; Psychosocial

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This study compared women with a highly positive interest in becoming mothers with women having little interest in having children,with respect to biographical data, childrearing attitudes, and personality characteristics. One hundred twenty-one undergraduate college women were administered a biographical questionnaire, the Parental Attitude Research Instrument, the Adjective Check List, and an attitude index designed to assess level of interest in having children. A statistical analysis revealed the remarkable similarity of the two groups of women, as the groups differed significantly in only two areas. Women with little interest in having children scored higher on the subscale Ascendancy of the Mother, and the women also differed in their view of the ideal situation for an adult woman.

Les objectifs de notre étude étaient d’identifier et décrire les obstacles à la planification familiale ; d’analyser et déterminer les facteurs associés aux non recours par les femmes; et d’analyser l’attitude des professionnels de santé en matière de planification familiale. Une recherche bibliographique sur le thème et une enquête par questionnaire administrée lors d’entretiens face-à-face auprès des femmes en âge de procréer et auprès des professionnels de santé ont été réalisées. Les analyses statistiques ont été réalisées à l’aide d’EPI INFO 6 et SAS version 9.4. Une régression logistique a permis de mesurer l’association entre l’utilisation et non de méthodes de planification familiale. Au total, 314 femmes et 17 professionnels de santé ont été interrogés. L’accès aux services, l’âge, et l’ethnie étaient significativement associés au non recours à la planification familiale. Les obstacles, dont l’opposition du conjoint, manque d’information, manque de personnel qualifié limitaient le recours à la planification famille. La mise en oeuvre des interventions ciblées devront permettre de surmonter les obstacles et seraient les principaux déterminants au recours des services de planification par les femmes. / The objectives of our study were identified and describe the barriers to family planning; analyze and identify factors associated with non-use by women; and to analyze the attitude of health professionals regarding family planning. A literature search on the topic and a questionnaire survey administered in face-to-face interviews with women of childbearing age and health professionals were conducted. Statistical analyzes were performed using EPI INFO 6 and SAS version 9.4. Logistic regression measured the association between the use and non-use of family planning methods. A total of 314 women and 17 health professionals were interviewed. Access to services, age, and ethnicity were significantly associated with non-use of family planning. Barriers, including spousal opposition, lack of information, lack of qualified staff, limited the use of family planning. The implementation of targeted interventions will need to overcome barriers and be key determinants of women's use of planning services.